The characteristics of stingless bee nests (Apidae: Meliponini) in the Cycloop Mountain Nature Reserve, Indonesia

Introduction: Stingless bees are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In Indonesia, the distribution of stingless bees are grouped in three regions, namely Indo-Malayan, Wallacea, and Indo-Australian. Ten species of stingless bees have been recorded in Papua, seven of which are endemic. The Cycloop Mountains Nature Reserve (CMNR) is one of the conservation area in Papua, Indonesia, for flora and fauna. Unfortunately, the study of the diversity of stingless bees in Papua has been limited. Objective: To measure the diversity, nesting sites, nest entrance characteristics and nest architecture of stingless bees. Methods: Observation of the stingless bee nests in the nature reserves and in the residential areas used a road sampling method and information from local people, respectively. A total of 22 colonies were studied. Results: Two species of stingless bee were found, namely Tetragonula sapiens (Cockerell, 1911) and Heterotrigona (Platytrigona) planifrons (Smith, 1865). The current study showed new distribution records for T. sapiens and H. planifrons in the CMNR. The nesting site of T. sapiens was commonly found in house foundation, while that of H. planifrons was in coconut palm cavities. The nest entrance of T. sapiens varied, i.e., elliptical, oval, rounded, irregular, horizontally or vertically elongated. Meanwhile, the nest entrance of H. planifrons was vertically elongated. The brood cells of T. sapiens varied, i.e., vertical, horizontal, or semi-clusters, while in H. planifrons was layered vertically. Conclusions: Two species of stingless bees found, T. sapiens and H. planifrons, showed a new distribution records and T. sapiens was a dominant species in Papua. The nest entrance of the species varied in shape, color, and texture.

Introducción: Las abejas sin aguijón están muy extendidas en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales. En Indonesia, la distribución de las abejas sin aguijón se agrupa en tres regiones: Indo-Malayan, Wallacea e Indo-Australian. Se han registrado diez especies de abejas sin aguijón en Papua, siete de las cuales son endémicas. La Reserva Natural de las Montañas Cycloop (CMNR) es una de las áreas para la conservación de flora y la fauna en Papua, Indonesia. Desafortunadamente, el estudio de la diversidad de abejas sin aguijón en Papua ha sido limitado. Objetivo: Medir la diversidad, los sitios de anidación y describir la arquitectura y características de entrada al nido de las abejas sin aguijón. Métodos: Se observaron los nidos de abejas sin aguijón en reservas naturales y áreas residenciales, mediante el método de muestreo de caminos e información de la población local, respectivamente. Se estudiaron 22 colonias. Resultados: Se encontraron dos especies de abejas sin aguijón, Tetragonula sapiens (Cockerell, 1911) y Heterotrigona (Platytrigona) planifrons (Smith, 1865). Este estudio mostró nuevos registros de distribución de T. sapiens y H. planifrons en el CMNR. El sitio de anidación de T. sapiens se encontró comúnmente en los cimientos de las casas, mientras que el de H. planifrons estaba en las cavidades de las palmas de coco. La forma de la entrada al nido de T. sapiens varió: elíptica, ovalada, redondeada, irregular, alargada horizontal o verticalmente. Mientras tanto, la entrada al de H. planifrons se alarga verticalmente. Las celdas de cría de T. sapiens variaron, entre verticales, horizontales o semi-racimos, mientras que en H. planifrons eran verticales. Conclusiones: Se encontraron dos especies de abejas sin aguijón, T. sapiens y H. planifrons, que mostraron nuevos registros de distribución y T. sapiens fue una especie dominante en Papúa. La entrada al nido de las especies varió en forma, color y textura.

The myocardial protection of HTK versus del Nido cardioplegia solutions in neonates with surgeries for transposition of the great arteries : A propensity score matching study / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To compare and analyze the effect of myocardial protection between HTK and del Nido cardioplegia solutions in neonates with surgeries for transposition of the great arteries. Methods    The clinical data of 208 neonates with complete transposition of the great arteries in our institution from 2014 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the cardioplegia solutions utilized in the operations, the patients were divided into two groups: a HTK group and a del Nido group. Propensity score matching was conducted to eliminate the biases. The cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamping time, total amount of cardioplegia solutions, transfusion frequency of cardioplegia, ICU stay time, mechanical support time, inotropic score, hospital stay, left ventricular ejection fraction, N-terminal proBNP and troponin I were compared and analyzed between the two groups after matching. Results    After 1:1 propensity score matching, a total of 54 patients were analyzed with 27 patients in each group. In the HTK group, there were 22 males and 5 females with a median age of 7.0 (2.0, 11.0) d. In the del Nido group, there were 23 males and 4 females with a median age of 8.0 (3.0, 11.0) d. A total of 3 children died after the surgery: 2 (7.4%) patients in the HTK group and 1 (3.7%) patient in the del Nido group. There was no significant difference in hospital mortality between the two groups (P=1.000). The total amount of cardioplegia solutions in the HTK group was significantly higher than that of del Nido group (P<0.001). Transfusion frequency of cardioplegia in del Nido group was significantly higher than that of the HTK group (P=0.043). There was no significant difference in the postoperative ICU time, mechanical support time, length of hospital stay, inotropic score, left ventricular ejection fraction, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide precursor or troponin I between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion    For neonates with surgeries for complete transposition of the great arteries, HTK cardioplegia solutions can provide effective and safe myocardial protection, which is similar to del Nido cardioplegia solutions.

Clinical Outcomes of Del Nido Cardioplegia and St Thomas Blood Cardioplegia in Neonatal congenital Heart Surgery

Objectives:Cardioplegia is essential for adequate myocardial protection. There continues to remain ambiguity regarding the ideal cardioplegia for adequate myocardial protection in congenital heart surgery. This study compares clinical outcomes using St Thomas II solution and Del Nido cardioplegia in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: All neonates (<30 days) from 2011 to 2017 who underwent surgery requiring cardioplegic arrest were analyzed retrospectively. We divided the cohort into two groups depending on cardioplegia received, as group A (Blood cardioplegia with St Thomas II solution, n = 56) and group B (Del Nido cardioplegia, n = 48). Various demographic, intraoperative, early postoperative, and discharge variables were analyzed. Results: Two groups were similar in age, gender, pre?operative diagnosis, and risk category. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (P = 0.002), aortic cross?clamp (ACC) time (P = 0.018), and the number of doses of cardioplegia (P < 0.001) were significantly lower with Del Nido group. Though vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) (P = 0.036) was high during the first 24 h in the immediate postoperative period in group A, there was no difference in early mortality among both groups (P = 0.749). Both groups did not show significant differences related to various postoperative and discharge variables. Conclusion: When compared to St. Thomas solution, the use of Del Nido cardioplegia solution in neonates is associated with a significant decrease in CPB and ACC times and VIS in the first 24 h after surgery. The choice of cardioplegia (St Thomas/Del Nido) in neonates does not affect early mortality and early postoperative clinical outcomes.

Depredación de huevos de la mirla pechi pálida por el tucán Ariel in Brasil: fallo de la estrategia antidepredatoria / Predation of pale-breasted thrush eggs by the ariel toucan in brazil: failure of the anti-predatory strategy

ABSTRACT The Channel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos vitellinus) is an omnivorous bird that eventually is nest-robbers. Several birdsongs display anti-predatory strategies such as attacks and mobbing calls to face this kind of predator. This note reports a predatory event of one Channel-billed Toucan upon eggs of Pale-breasted Thrush (Turdus leucomelas) and describes the anti-predatory behavior, principally alert and mobbing calls of the thrush. Even though the Pale-breasted Thrush displayed the anti-predatory behaviors to harass the toucan, the egg predation was not avoided. Although the predation upon eggs by Ramphastos vitellinus has been reported several times, the majority of reports lack the identity of the bird species affected, this being the first confirmed record in Turdus leucomelas.

RESUMEN El tucán de Ariel (Ramphastos vitellinus ariel) es un ave omnívora que eventualmente es ladrona de nidos. Varias aves paseriformes muestran estrategias anti-depredatorias, tales como ataques y llamadas de acoso para enfrentarse a este tipo de depredadores. Esta nota reporta un evento de depredación de un tucán de Ariel sobre huevos de la mirla pechi pálida (Turdus leucomelas), y describe el comportamiento antipredador, principalmente el relacionado con las llamadas de alerta y de acoso de la mirla. A pesar de que la mirla pechi pálida mostró un comportamiento anti-depredatorio acosando al tucán, no se evitó la depredación de los huevos. Aunque la depredación de huevos por parte del Ramphastos vitellinus se ha registrado varias veces, la mayoría de los reportes carecen de la identidad de la especie de ave afectada, siendo este el primer registro confirmado en Turdus leucomelas.

Arthropods associated with a Bombus pauloensis (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) nest in the Sabana of Bogotá (Colombia) / Artrópodos asociados a un nido de Bombus pauloensis (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) en la Sabana de Bogotá (Colombia)

ABSTRACT Bumblebees are important natural pollinators due to their services to wild and cultivated plants. They commonly nest in cavities in the ground where they are exposed to numerous organisms or interact with them. One Bombus pauloensis nest in the Sabana of Bogotá (Colombia) was transferred to an artificial nest and relocated close to a honeybee apiary after the original nest was threatened by an intentional fire. The objective was to preserve the colony and simultaneously identify arthropods associated with a bumblebee nest as this is poorly studied in Colombia. Samples of the organisms found in the bumblebees' nest were collected for taxonomic identification. Several commensal, scavenger and parasitic organisms were found, including Antherophagus sp. (Coleoptera: Crytophagidae), wireworm beetles (Coleoptera: Elateride), Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Fanniidae), and mites of genera Parasitellus and Pneumolaelaps. This is the first report of other organisms besides Antherophagus from a B. pauloensis nest in Colombia.

RESUMEN Los abejorros son polinizadores importantes en la naturaleza, debido a que prestan su servicio a plantas silvestres y cultivadas. Naturalmente, anidan en cavidades en el suelo, donde se pueden exponer a una gran variedad de organismos o interactuar con estos. Un nido de Bombus pauloensis en la Sabana de Bogotá fue transferido a un nido artificial y reubicado cerca de un apiario, debido a que el nido original fue quemado intencionalmente. Se tuvo por objetivo preservar la colonia e identificar los artrópodos asociados, ya que son poco estudiados en Colombia. Se tomaron muestras de los organismos encontrados en el nido, para determinación taxonómica. Varios organismos con hábitos comensales, descomponedores y parásitos se encontraron, incluyendo Antherophagus sp. (Coleoptera: Crytophagidae), cucarrones del gusano alambre (Coleoptera: Elateride), Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Fanniidae) y ácaros de los géneros Parasitellus y Pneumolaelaps (Acarina). Este es el primer reporte de otros organismos, diferentes de Antherophagus, para un nido de B. pauloensis, en Colombia.

Síndrome do ninho vazio: experiências de idosos integrantes da universidade da maturidade do amapá

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar como idosos integrantes do Projeto Universidade da Maturidade do Amapá (UMAP) vivenciam o fenômeno da Síndrome do Ninho Vazio. Material e Método: Trata-se de estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu com sete idosos, com idades entre 63 e 83 anos, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, contemplando uma questão central: conte-me como foi a sua experiência mediante a saída dos filhos de casa? Para análise dos dados adotou-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin, subsidiada pelo software ATLAS.ti versão 8.0 que por meio de uma matriz de análise originou três categorias temáticas. Resultados: As categorias resultaram de um processo analítico e explicativo da experiência vivenciada pelos idosos e compreenderam três momentos: A vida sendo invadida pela solidão, Beneficiando se da liberdade e Alçando novos voos. Conclusão: Em resposta ao objetivo do estudo, foi possível identificar que a experiência do ninho vazio vivenciada pelos idosos perpassou por diferentes fases, entretanto o convívio na UMAP viabilizou superar a solidão e transformar esta experiência em oportunidade de fortalecimento e crescimento.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify how elderly members who participate of the Project University of Maturity (UMAP), of the Federal University of Amapá in Brazil, experience the Empty Nest Syndrome phenomenon. Materials and Methods: Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study, using narratives to understand the story of the participants. Data collection took place with seven elderly people, aged between 63 and 83 years, through semi-structured interviews, an focusing on a central question: How was your experience when your children grew up and left home? For data analysis, Bardin's content analysis was adopted, supported by the software ATLAS. ti version 8.0. To guarantee methodological rigor, the principles of credibility, reliability, confirmability and transferability were respected. Results: The resulting categories emerged from an analytical and explanatory process of the experience lived by the elderly and consisted of three moments: life invaded by loneliness, benefiting from freedom and taking new chances. Conclusion: The study shows that the empty nest experience undergoes different phases. However, the experience at UMAP made it possible to overcome loneliness and transform this experience into an opportunity for strengthening and growth.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar cómo los adultos mayores que participan en el Proyecto Universidad de Madurez de Amapá (UMAP) experimentan el fenómeno del Síndrome del Nido Vacío. Material y Método: Estudio con enfoque cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, que a través de la narrativa buscó comprender el relato de los participantes. La recopilación de datos se llevó a cabo con siete personas mayores, de edades comprendidas entre 63 y 83 años, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, contemplando una pregunta central: cuénteme ¿cómo fue su experiencia cuando sus hijos crecieron y se fueron de casa? Se adoptó el análisis de contenido de Bardin, subsidiado por el software ATLAS.ti versión 8.0. Para garantizar el rigor metodológico se cumplieron los principios de credibilidad, confiabilidad, confirmabilidad y transferibilidad. Resultados: Las tres categorías originadas resultaron de un proceso analítico y explicativo de la experiencia vivida por los ancianos y comprendió tres momentos: la vida invadida por la soledad, el beneficio de la libertad y la toma de nuevos vuelos. Conclusión: La experiencia del nido vacío experimentada por las personas mayores pasó por diferentes fases, sin embargo, la experiencia en UMAP permitió superar la soledad y transformar esta experiencia en una oportunidad de fortalecimiento y crecimiento.

Use of del nido cardioplegia versus St. thomas solution 2 in adult mitral valve replacement surgery at a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata, India

Background: del Nido cardioplegia has been historically used in paediatric cardiac surgery. However it’s use in adults has also been documented. It has the advantage of 90 minutes of cardiac inactivity over St. Thomas solution no.-2, which requires repeated dosing at 20 minutes interval. Aim of this study to find out whether del Nido cardioplegia with longer duration of arrest is advantageous over St. Thomas solution no. 2 in adult mitral valve replacement.Methods: Total 60 patients of severe mixed mitral valve disease of comparable patient profiles, underwent mitral valve replacement with preservation of anterolateral and posteromedial chordae. Half the patients received del Nido cardioplegia and other half received St. Thomas solution no 2. (ST-2). The two groups were compared.Results: del Nido group had lesser CPB time (70.73±12.15min) as compared to ST-2 group (81.76±20.03min) with  p=0.01 ; lesser Cross clamp time (del Nido- 68.8±10.64min; ST-2- 75.83±14.00min) with p=0.02; lesser time taken to arrest heart  (del Nido- 21.58±13.37 sec; ST-2- 25.26±5.27 sec) with p=0.04 & lesser time taken for normal ECG activity to manifest after release of cross clamp (del Nido- 19.86±6.10 min; ST-2- 31.03±5.28min) with p=0.02. All other parameters did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: del Nido cardioplegia group of patients required significantly less CPB time; Cross-clamp time; Mean time taken to arrest the heart; as well as that taken to manifest normal ECG morphology when compared to ST-2 group.

A Retrospective Comparative Study of Del Nido Versus Intermittent St Thomas Hospital Blood Cardioplegia Solutions in Aortic-Mitral Double Valve Replacement

Introduction: It is not uncommon in patients, havingrheumatic mitral and aortic valve disease, to undergo mitralvalve replacement with aortic valve replacement that is,double valve replacement (DVR) operation who oftenhave severe cardiac dysfunction optimized with medicalmanagement before surgery. In this retrospective studywe investigated 60 such patients, who underwent DVRoperation with either conventional cold blood cardioplegiawith St Thomas 2 solution (STH), or del Nido cardioplegia(DN) over five years and compared the effects of the twotypes of cardioplegia during perioperative and postoperativeperiod with simultaneous comparative study betweenchanges of cardiac performances in the patients with largerleft ventricle as compared to those with less enlargedones.Material and methods: For this retrospective study, the dataof 60 patients of DVR over five years, in Medical College,Kolkata, India, were retrieved for study. The cases wereplaced into 2 groups: STH and DN according to cardioplegiaused during DVR. Demographic, echocardiographic, andseveral perioperative and postoperative data of the two groupsof patients, were collected. Differences between perioperativebehaviour between STH and DN groups and post operativechanges in the echocardiographic parameters betweenpredominantly mitral stenosis (MS) and mitral regurgitation(MR) patients, were analyzed.Results: The aortic cross clamp (CC) and cardiopulmonarybypass (CPB) time in both predominant MS and MR patientswas shorter in the DN than the STH groups. There was lessarrhythmia, less inotropic and ventilator support in the DNgroup. There was 10% mortality in the series with majoritybeing in the STH and MR predominant patients. Postoperativeimprovement of LVEF, reduction of LVIDS and LVIDDwere also observed in MS predominant in comparison toMR predominant patients after DVR in both STH and DNgroups.Conclusion: Use of DN has been found to have a betteroutcome and survival when compared to STH cardioplegiasolution. DVR could reversely remodel depressed heartswith relatively smaller LV volume and restore LV functionof relatively smaller LV of predominant MS patients betterin comparison to MR predominant patients with relativelydilated hearts.

Intra-Operative Hemodilution During Mitral Valve Replacement Surgery Using St Thomas Vs Del Nido Cardioplegia- A Single Centre Study.

Aim To assess the hemodilution during mitral valve surgery performed using St Thomas cardioplegia versus Del Nido cardioplegia. We also compared the volume of cardioplegia required, cross clamp time and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time in each group. Methods and Materials Patients admitted between the period of January 2015 to June 2018 for mitral valve disease were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups each comprising of 50 patients according to type of cardioplegia received during surgery. Results The hemodilution was much lesser in the patients who underwent mitral valve surgery using St Thomas cardioplegia (Haematocrit 26.3 ± 2.5%) as compared to those patients underwent the same surgery using del Nido Cardioplegia (Haematocrit 24.8 ± 2.2%). The volume of cardioplegia, cross clamp time and cardiopulmonary bypass time was less with del Nido cardioplegia as compared to St. Thomas cardioplegia (922.6 ± 95.4 vs 1854 ± 228.1 ml; 65.5 ± 8.2 vs 71.52 ± 8.8 minutes and 99.3 ± 13.1 vs 110.6 ± 14.6 minutes respectively). Conclusion The use of St Thomas Cardioplegia in patients during mitral valve replacement surgery has less hemodilution on CPB as compared to del Nido cardioplegia. But the patients who received del Nido cardioplegia has less requirement of number and volume of cardioplegia required during surgery with shorter cross clamp and CPB time

Application of Del Nido cardioplegia in adult valve surgery: A case control study / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To investigate the myocardial protective effects of Del Nido cardioplegia and analyze its advantages in adult cardiac surgery. Methods    We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 96 adult patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery who received Del Nido cardioplegia (a DNC group) from June 2016 to January 2017 in our hospital. There were 44 males and 52 females with a mean age of 51.36±13.31 years. Meanwhile 96 patients who received conventional cardioplegia were recruited as a control group (a CTC group) and there were 53 males and 43 females with a mean age of 52.91±10.95 years. Cross-clamping time, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, total volume of and transfusion frequency of cardioplegia, the rate of spontaneous defibrillation, red blood cell transfusion and vasoactiveinotropic score at postoperative 24 hours (VIS 24) were recorded. Results    No significant difference was found in age, body weight, ejection fraction, hematokrit, CPB time and cross-clamping time between the DNC group and CTC group. There was no significant difference in the rate of spontaneous defibrillation, VIS 24, cardiac enzymes and cardiactroponinI and length of ICU stay between the two groups. The total volume and transfusion frequency of cardioplegia, perioperative blood transfusion were lower in the DNC group. There was no new atrial fibrillation or in-hospital death in the two groups. Conclusion    Del Nido is a good myocardial protection solution in adult cardiac valve surgery, and requires less static preload volume and reduces hemodilution and perioperative blood transfusion.

Modified Del Nido cardioplegia versus St.Thomas cardioplegia for myocardial protection in adult patients with combined valve replacement / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective     To analyze the effect of myocardial protection between modified Del Nido cardioplegia and St. Thomas Hospital Cardioplegia in adult patients with aortic valve and mitral valve replacement. Methods     From January 2014 to June 2016, 140 patients underwent aortic valve and mitral valve replacement in our hospital. According to different cardioplegia, the patients were divided into two groups including a modified Del Nido cardioplegia group (70 patients, 37 males, 33 females at mean age of 53.13±9.52 years) and a St. Thomas cardioplegia group (70 patients, 32 males, 38 females, at age of 50.71±9.29 years). We collected clinical data of the patients before operation (T1), 2 h after aortic unclamping (T2), 24 h after operation (T3) and 48 h after operation (T4). Indexes of muscle enzymes including blood center creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) concentration and liver function indexes including urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations, and compared the postoperative and follow-up clinical data. Results     There was no statistical difference in age, weight, gender, ejection fraction baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05). All patients were successfully completed  combined valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass. The cardiopulmonary time was no statistical difference between the two groups (P>0.05). However, compared with St. Thomas cardioplegia group, modified Del Nido group was less in perfusion (1.19±0.39 vs. 2.99±0.75, P<0.001), shorter in aortic clamping time (P=0.003). No statistical difference was found in defibrillation rate after resuscitation between the two groups (P=0.779). Biochemical indicators were not statistically different at different time points between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion     Modified Del Nido cardioplegia has the same effect on myocardial protection with St. Thomas cardioplegia in adult patients. It reduces the frequency of reperfusion, and shortens the clamping time. There is no additional injury in the important organs such as liver, kidney. Modified Del Nido cardioplegia myocardial protection ability in adult heart valve surgery is feasible.

Conforto térmico em colônias de Tetragonisca weyrauchi no município de Rio Branco-Acre / Thermal comfort in Tetragonisca weyrauchi colony the municipality of Rio Branco-Acre / Confort térmico en colonias de Tetragonisca weyrauchi en el municipio de Rio Branco, Acre

A espécie Tetragonisca weyrauchi é capaz de manter a temperatura interna do ninho em homeostase, variando entre 29 e 35 °C, embora ainda não se conheçam os mecanismos usados por esse grupo de insetos para manter o controle da temperatura interna da colônia.O controle termorregulatório no interior da colônia pode ser importante para incubação da cria e para sobrevivência da colmeia, em temperaturas extremas. Para o monitoramento das temperaturas utilizou-se Data Logger (modelo HOBO U12 ­ 012 com exatidão de ±0,35 °C e sensor para medição interna). A temperatura interna foi obtida com sensor Data Logger, introduzido na região dos favos de cria, por meio de um furo na lateral do ninho; já a temperatura externa foi obtida com Data Logger, mantido a 10cm da colmeia. Para verificar a existência do controle termorregulatório da colônia, a temperatura externa foi comparada com a temperatura interna, utilizando-se a correlação de Pearson (R2= 0,514; n= 1159; p<0,05) para determinar os parâmetros de correlação entre as variáveis.O presente estudo demonstrou que existe controle termorregulatório no interior do ninho de T. weyrauchi, que apresentou pouca variação em relação à temperatura externa, ficando em 5,7 °C entre a temperatura mínima e a máxima, no decorrer da investigação.

The Tetragonisca weyrauchi species is able to maintain the internal temperature of the nest in homeostasis, ranging between 29 and 35 °C, although it is not known yet the mechanisms used by this group of insects to maintain control of the internal temperature of the colony. The thermoregulatory control within the colony may be important for establishing incubation and hive survival in extreme temperatures. For monitoring temperatures was used Data Logger (model HOBO U12 - 012 with accuracy of ± 0.35 °C and sensor for internal measurement). The internal temperature was obtained with the sensor (Data Logger) introduced in the region of the combs through a hole beside the nest, also the external temperature was obtained with data logger held 10cm from the hive. To check the existence of thermoregulatory control of the colony, the external temperature was compared with the internal temperature using thePearson correlation(R2= 0,514; n= 1159; p<0,05) to determine the parameters of correlation between the variables. This study .demonstrated that there is thermoregulatory control inside the nest T. weyrauchi that showed a little change from the outside temperature, remaining at 5.7 ° C between the minimum and the maximum temperature during the investigation.

La especie Tetragonisca weyrauchi es capaz de mantener la temperatura interna del nido en homeostasis, que oscilan entre 29 y 35 °C, aunque todavía no conocemos los mecanismos utilizados por ese grupo de insectos para mantener el control de la temperatura interior de la colonia. El control termorregulador dentro de la colonia puede ser importante para eclosión de la cría y para supervivencia de la colmena, en temperaturas extremas. Para el control de las temperaturas se ha utilizado Data Logger (modelo HOBO U12 - 012 con precisión de ±0,35 °C y sensor para medición interna). La temperatura interna se obtuvo con el sensor Data Logger introducido en la región de los panales de cría, a través de un agujero en la lateral del nido; ya la temperatura externa ha sido obtenida con Data Logger, mantenido a 10cm de distancia de la colmena. Para comprobar la existencia del control termorregulador de la colonia, la temperatura externa ha sido comparada con la temperatura interna, utilizándose la correlación de Pearson (R2= 0,514; n= 1159; p<0,05) para determinar los parámetros de correlación entre las variables. El presente estudio ha demostrado que existe control termorregulador en el interior del nido de T. weyrauchi, que mostró poca variación en relación a la temperatura externa, quedando en 5,7 °C entre la temperatura mínima y la máxima, en el curso de la investigación.

Reproductive biology of Pleurodema guayapae (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) / Biología reproductiva de Pleurodema guayapae (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

Pleurodema guayapae is a species that inhabits saline environments and semidesert zones from central Argentina. To date, the knowledge about the reproductive biology of this species is very poor, and our aim is to contribute to its knowledge with the description of some important reproductive aspects. For this, field work was undertaken in an area near to Patquía, La Rioja province. Sampling was undertaken during three summer periods (2006-2007; 2007-2008; 2008-2009) in Chamical-Patquía area, where we could find reproductively active populations. We observed and described breeding sites, type of clutch, process of foam nest construction, clutch and egg number and sizes, and hatching time and stage. Behaviour observations were performed from the time that males began to call until the pairs ended up the foam nests building, and layed the eggs. Additionally, one amplected pair was observed and filmed in the process of foam nest construction, and four amplectant pairs were collected and separatelly placed in plastic containers, for nests observations in the laboratory. Hatching time was based on three different foam nests of known age. We found that P. guayapae populations were acoustically active only after a rainfall. Its breeding sites were represented by ephemeral ponds of fresh water, product of rains. The males emitted their calls inside or outside these ponds. A detailed description of the foam nest construction process by both females and males was made. The clutches were in dome-shaped foam nest type of 6-9cm in diameter and 1-3cm in height, some of which were in communal nests. The nests had an average of 1 137 pigmented eggs. This species showed a short hatching time. Our results allow us to conclude that this species should be considered an extreme explosive breeder. Our results are discussed with others obtained for related species.

Pleurodema guayapae es una especie que habita en zonas semidesérticas y salinas del área central de Argentina. Los conocimientos actuales sobre la biología reproductiva de esta especie son muy pobres, por lo que nuestro objetivo fue contribuir a su conocimiento con la descripción de algunos aspectos reproductivos importantes. Para ello se realizaron tres campañas de muestreo durante los veranos (2006-2007, 2007-2008 y 2008-2009) en el área de Chamical-Patquía, provincia de La Rioja, donde se encontraron poblaciones reproductivamente activas. Se observaron y describieron los sitios reproductivos, tipo de puesta, proceso de construcción del nido de espuma, tamaño de la puesta y de los huevos, número de huevos por puesta y tiempo y estado de eclosión de la larva. Las observaciones de comportamiento se realizaron desde el momento en que los machos comenzaron a emitir los cantos hasta que la pareja en amplexo terminó de construir el nido de espuma con los huevos en su interior. Además, se observó y filmó una pareja en amplexo, en el proceso de construcción del nido de espuma y se recolectaron cuatro parejas en amplexo y se colocaron separadamente en recipientes plásticos para que sus puestas pudieran ser observadas en el laboratorio. El tiempo de eclosión se determinó en tres nidos de espuma de edad conocida. Se encontró que las poblaciones de P. guayapae solo estuvieron acústicamente activas luego de una lluvia torrencial. Los sitios de reproducción fueron charcas efímeras de agua de lluvia. Los machos emitieron sus cantos de advertencia desde adentro o fuera de esas charcas. Se realizó una descripción detallada del proceso de construcción del nido de espuma por parte de la hembra y el macho de P. guayapae. El tipo de la puesta en esta especie es un nido de espuma flotante con forma de domo de 6 a 9cm de diámetro y de 1 a 3cm de alto, algunos de los cuales estaban unidos entre sí formando puestas comunales. Los nidos de espuma poseen en promedio 1 137 huevos pigmentados. Esta especie mostró un tiempo de eclosión corto. Nuestros resultados nos permiten concluir que P. guayapae debe ser considerada como reproductor explosivo extremo. Nuestros resultados son discutidos con los obtenidos en otras especies afines.

Mandibular and postpharyngeal gland secretions of Acromyrmex landolti (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as chemical cues for nestmate recognition

Nestmate recognition is fundamental for the cohesiveness of the colony in social insects. Acromyrmex landolti is a higher Attini, a leaf-cutter ant with largest nest and morphological castes. We studied the location of the recognition signal of A. landolti on the whole ant body, the isolation effect on the capacity of nestmaterecognition, and the role of the mandibular (MG) and post-pharyngeal glands (PPG) as putative sources for chemical recognition signals in this species. We performed behavioral bioassays and chemical analyses of MG and PPG glands; MG volatiles in different castes were also characterized. In order to determine the occurrence of nestmate recognition signals, behavioral tests were performed for which the whole body, body parts or gland extracts from a nestmate and an alien worker ant, were placed on the central axis of an active field trail. Besides, the isolation effect of the nestmate chemical signal persistence was evaluated by repeating the experiments with whole ant bodies after 12h, 24h and 48h of isolation. The agonistic behavior of the ants on the trail was classified as inspection, threatening and biting. Gland volatiles were obtained by headspace solid phase microextraction, and PPG by solid sample analyses; and chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Workers performed agonistic behaviors more frequently towards non-nestmate whole bodies, body parts and gland extracts, primarily those from the post-pharyngeal glands. Nestmate thoraces odorized with alien extracts were also recognized from aliens. Nestmate recognition ability persists for 12h and 24h after isolation, but decreases after 48h, suggesting that the chemical signal changes over time. Inter-colonial chemical analyses showed no differences in the PPG hydrocarbon profiles, while the relative proportions of MG compounds showed significant differences between colonies. These results showed that nestmate recognition was achieved by MG volatiles. Possibly, the PPG secretion works as a matrix that absorbs MG volatiles. We report, for the first time, some mandibular gland compounds for the genus Acromyrmex and for the tribe Attini group.

El reconocimiento de compañeras de nido es fundamental para la cohesión de la colonia en los insectos sociales. Las señales de reconocimiento de compañeras en Acromyrmex landolti fueron estudiadas mediante bioensayos de comportamiento y análisis químicos de los componentes de la glándula mandibular (GM) y postfaríngea (GPF). Los bioensayos de comportamiento fueron realizados usando cuerpos completos de hormigas, partes del cuerpo y extractos glandulares de GM y GPF de una compañera de nido y una intrusa en el centro de una trilla activa. Los comportamientos agonísticos de las obreras se clasificaron en exploración, ataque y mordida. Las obreras se mostraron más agresivas hacia los cuerpos completos, partes del cuerpo y extractos glandulares de las intrusas que hacia los de las compañeras de nido. Los volátiles glandulares se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de espacio en cabeza con microextracción en fase sólida, y los hidrocarburos de la PPG por análisis de muestra sólida. Se encontró que los volátiles de la GM conforman la señal de reconocimiento. No se encontraron diferencias intercoloniales para los volátiles de la GM. Posiblemente los hidrocarburos cuticulares actúan como una matriz que absorbe volátiles de la GM.

Descripción del nido de Scolomys melanops (Rodentia, Cricetidae) y su relación con Lepidocaryum tenue (Arecales, Arecaceae)

Se describe el nido de Scolomys melanops (Rodentia: Cricetidae), encontrado en el Nororiente de Perú en un hábitat de Colinas bajas. Se identificó tres estructuras en el nido: a) Orificio de acceso y salida; b) Túnel y c) Dormidero, en este último se encontraron restos de frutos, fibras del pedúnculo y tallos de Lepidocaryum tenue (Arecales: Arecaceae) "Irapay". Se sugiere en base al material vegetal encontrado en el nido, la existencia de una relación de depredación entre el roedor Scolomys melanops y la palmera Lepidocaryum tenue.

We describe the nest of Scolomys melanops, (Rodentia: Cricetidae) found in low hill habitats in northeastern Peru. We identified three structures in the nest: a) an orifice of access and exit; b) a tunnel and c) roosting area. In the last structure, we found fruit and fiber remains of peduncle and stems of Lepidocaryum tenue (Arecales: Arecaceae) "Irapay". Based on the vegetal remains found in the nest, we suggest the existence of a predation relationship between the rodent Scolomys melanops and the palm Lepidocaryum tenue.

Duérmete mi niño que viene el coco / Duérmete my child the coconut comes

Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación realizada en 2008. El objetivo fue caracterizar el apego vivido por niños testigos de violencia de género. También se tuvo en cuenta la vivencias de sus madres, maltratadas físicamente con el fin de evaluar su modo de experienciar su papel de continentes y base de seguridad y referente para sus hijos. . Es un estudio cualitativo que utilizó el test del nido para evaluar niños y sus madres, quienes se encontraban en hogares de protección en España. El resultado mostró que el maltrato físico tiene consecuencias perjudiciales en el establecimiento d e las pautasde apego establecidas entre niño y madre y que el test del nido es un herramienta diagnóstica valiosa en estos casos.

This article is the result of an investigation conducted in 2008. The aim was to characterize the atachment lived by children who witnessed domestic violence.. It also took into account the experiences of their mothers, mothers physically battered by their husbands, It is a qualitative study that used the nest test for evaluating nine mothers who were in protection houses in Spain and their children. The results showed that physical abuse has detrimental consequences in the establishment of attachment patterns established between child and mother and that the nest test is an effective diagnostic tool in this kind of cases.

Relación entre el tamaño de hembra y la producción de huevos en el morrocoy sabanero Geochelone (Chelonoidis) carbonaria (Spix, 1824) en un zoocriadero comercial de Venezuela / Relation between female size and egg production in red-footed tortoise Geochelone (Chelonoidis) carbonaria (Spix, 1824) in a comercial farm in Venezuela / Relacão entre o tamanho da fêmea e a produção de ovos do jabuti-piranga Geochelone (Chelonoidis) carbonaria (spix, 1824) em um zoocriadeiro comercial na Venezuela

A fin de conocer la estrategia reproductiva de Geochelone carbonaria en cuanto a la producción de huevos y su relación con la talla corporal, se seleccionaron tres grupos (I, II, III) de 12 hembras cada uno, con promedios de 364,50; 303,75 y 254,66mm respectivamente, de largo lineal de caparazón. Los especimenes seleccionados fueron mantenidos bajo las mismas condiciones de alimentación y densidad, y su reproducción se evaluó entre mayo 1997 y marzo 1998. Se encontró muy poca variación en el promedio de nidos por grupo, sin observarse tendencia alguna según el tamaño la hembra. El total de huevos por hembra por temporada aumentó con el tamaño de la hembra. En los tres grupos se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tamaño del huevo (largos máximo y mínimo, y volumen) y en el tamaño de la nidada, aumentado estas variables con el tamaño de la hembra. La duración de la temporada reproductiva de los tres grupos (I, II y III) fue de 160, 207 y 191 días, respectivamente, sugiriendo que los animales grandes mejoran su aptitud al reducir el tiempo del periodo de anidación. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tiempo de incubación según el tamaño del huevo. Los resultados corroboran que esta especie no cumple con la teoría del óptimo tamaño de huevo. Se reporta un récord máximo de ocho nidadas por temporada y un tamaño récord de nidada de 13 huevos.

In order to determine the reproductive strategy of Goechelone carbonaria, inasmuch egg production and its relationship with body size, three groups (I, II, III) of 12 females each were selected, with averages of 364.50, 303.75 and 254.66mm, respectively, in lineal size of the carapace. The selected specimens were kept under similar nutritional and density conditions. The observations were made between May 1997 and March 1998. Very few variations were found with respect to the average number of nests per group, without any tendency in relation to the size of the female. The total number of eggs per female per season increased with female size. Statistically significant differences were found between the three groups with respect to egg size (maximal length, minimal lenght and volume) and nest size, all of which increased together with the female size. The duration of the reproductive season of groups I, II and III was 160, 207 and 191 days, respectively, suggesting that larger animals improve their performance with a reduced nesting season. There were no significant differences in the incubation time according to egg size. The results corroborate that this species does not behave according to the theory of the optimum egg size. A record maximum of 8 nests per season and a record nest size of 13 eggs are reported.

Com o fim de conhecer a estratégia reprodutiva de Geochelone carbonaria quanto à produção de ovos e sua relação com o tamanho corporal, se selecionaram três grupos (I, II, III) de 12 fêmeas cada um, com médias de 364,50; 303,75 e 254,66mm respectivamente, de comprimento lineal da carcaça. Os espécimes selecionados foram mantidos sob as mesmas condições de alimentação e densidade, e sua reprodução se avaliou entre maio 1997 e março 1998. Encontrou-se muito pouca variação na média de ninhos por grupo, sem observar-se tendência alguma segundo o tamanho da fêmea. O total de ovos por fêmea por temporada aumentou com o tamanho da fêmea. Nos três grupos se encontraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas no tamanho do ovo (comprimentos máximo e mínimo, e volume) e no tamanho da ninhada, aumentado estas variáveis com o tamanho da fêmea. A duração da temporada reprodutiva dos três grupos (I, II e III) foi de 160, 207 e 191 dias, respectivamente, sugerindo que os animais grandes melhoram sua atitude ao reduzir o tempo do período de nidificação. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas no tempo de incubação segundo o tamanho do ovo. Os resultados comprovam que esta espécie não cumpre com a teoria do ótimo tamanho de ovo. Relata-se um recorde máximo de oito ninhadas por temporada e um tamanho recorde de ninhada de 13 ovos.