Compression Properties of Fat Layer under Impact Loading / 医用生物力学

Objective To study dynamic compression performance of adipose tissues, so as to further reveal the damage mechanism, and provide references for medical treatment.Methods Based on the improved split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental device, the adipose tissue dynamic compression experiment was conducted. The stress-strain curves of adipose tissues at different strain rates were obtained. Then the numerical model of SHPB was established, and the experimental process was simulated and analyzed. The numerical simulation for penetration process of 32 mm diameter rubber non-lethal projectile into the simulated target in human abdomen was carried out.Results Adipose tissues had a noticeable strain rate effect. The stress-strain curves at two high strain rates were approximately straight lines. The slope was similar, and the elastic modulus was 3.25 MPa, which was about 6 times of that under a quasi-static state. The simulation curves of fat SHPB were consistent with the experimental curves, which verified correctness of the constitutive model. In the process of non-lethal projectile penetrating human abdomen, an annular convex area similar to water wave appeared on skin surface, and the fat layer absorbed about 67% of the impact kinetic energy.Conclusions The experimental data of adipose tissues are very accurate. Numerical simulation can reproduce the penetration process well, and provide references for studying the damaging effect of non-lethal weapons on human body.

Use of a nursery area by cownose rays (Rhinopteridae) in southeastern Brazil

Using non-lethal methods for data collection of individuals and participatory monitoring by fishermen, we provide the first empirical evidence of the use of a nursery area by neonate and young-of-the-year cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus and R. brasiliensis in southeastern Brazil. Two methods were used to collect data: (1) information provided by fishermen (reports, pictures, and videos) and (2) field sampling by researchers. A total of 746 cownose rays were captured; 113 have been identified as R. bonasus, 15 as R. brasiliensis, and 618 were reported by fishermen and could not be identified to the species. Records of newborns were made only in late spring and summer in 2015, 2016, and 2017, which suggests an annual reproductive cycle, with birth in late spring, extending to summer. A repeated use of this area by R. bonasus suggests that it is potentially important to the reproduction of this species. However, R. brasiliensis requires more studies. Small increases in mortality, resulting from increased fishing or other anthropogenic stressors, can have a disproportionately large effect on population viability. Thus, management of areas used during critical stages of the life cycle of rays is crucial to their conservation.(AU)

Usando métodos não-letais para levantamento de dados dos indivíduos e o monitoramento participativo dos pescadores fornecemos a primeira evidência empírica do uso de uma área de berçário por neonatos e jovens do ano de raias Ticonha Rhinoptera bonasus e R. brasiliensis no sudeste do Brasil. Dois métodos foram utilizados para coletar dados: (1) informações fornecidas pelos pescadores (relatórios, fotos e vídeos) e (2) amostragem de campo pelos pesquisadores. Um total de 746 raias Ticonha foram capturadas; 113 foram identificadas como R. bonasus, 15 como R. brasiliensis e 618 foram registrados pelos pescadores e não puderam ser identificadas em nível específico. Os registros de recém-nascidos foram feitos apenas no final da primavera e no verão de 2015, 2016 e 2017, o que sugere um ciclo reprodutivo anual, com nascimento no final da primavera, se estendendo até o verão. O uso repetido desta área por R. bonasus sugere sua potencial importância para a reprodução destas espécies. No entanto, R. brasiliensis requer mais estudos. Pequenos aumentos na mortalidade, resultantes do aumento da pesca ou outros estressores antropogênicos, podem ter um efeito desproporcionalmente grande na viabilidade populacional. Assim, o gerenciamento das áreas usadas durante os estágios críticos do ciclo de vida das raias é crucial para sua conservação.(AU)

Manejo quirúrgico de la deformidad vertebral en un paciente con síndrome de Escobar: revisión de la literatura / Surgical management of spinal deformity in a patient with Escobar syndrome

Resumen: Antecedentes: El síndrome de Escobar o de pterigium múltiple en su variante no letal es una entidad con tipo de herencia autosómica recesiva ligada al cromosoma X; se caracteriza por presentar múltiples pterigiones -de ahí su nombre-, principalmente localizados en cuello (95%) y axilas (55%), así como otras malformaciones de tipo ortopédico como astrágalo vertical, luxación congénita de cadera y escoliosis congénita. Objetivo: Dar a conocer una técnica quirúrgica opcional para el manejo de deformidades vertebrales severas en pacientes con este síndrome. Caso clínico: Femenina de 12 años de edad con diagnóstico de síndrome de Escobar con escoliosis severa que condiciona malformaciones de la caja torácica con compromiso pulmonar, produciendo restricción de la mecánica ventilatoria e incrementando el riesgo de infección severa de vías aéreas inferiores. Se realiza instrumentación posterior con manos libres y sistema PASS LP más osteotomías de Smith-Petersen. Conclusiones: Mejora del ángulo de Cobb de 62° a 23°, así como del balance sagital de 125 mm a 73 mm.

Abstract: Background: The non-lethal variant of the Escobar or multiple pterygium syndrome is an entity of autosomal recessive inheritance linked to the X chromosome; it is characterized by multiple pterygia (hence its name) located mainly in the neck (95%) and armpits (55%), as well as other orthopedic malformations such as a vertical talus, congenital hip dislocation, and congenital scoliosis. Objective: To present an optional surgical technique for the management of severe spinal deformities. Case report: Twelve-year-old female diagnosed with Escobar syndrome with severe scoliosis which conditions malformations of the chest with lung involvement, producing mechanical ventilatory restriction and increasing the risk of severe lower respiratory tract infection. We performed a hands-free posterior instrumentation with PASS LP system and Smith-Petersen osteotomies. Conclusions: The Cobb angle improved from 62° to 23° and the sagittal balance from 125 mm to 73 mm.

Desesperanza y afrontamiento centrado en la tarea median la relación entre sintomatologia depresiva y conducta suicida no letal en pacientes de salud mental / Hopelessness and task-oriented coping mediate the association between depressive symptomatology and non-lethal suicidal behavior in mental health patients

Introduction: Suicide is a relevant subject to public health. Its incidence has increased in Chile during the last decade. The current study aims to analyze psychological factors mediating the influence of depressive symptomatology in suicide ideation and attempt in mental health patients. Method: 96 mental health patients from public services and private practice, 67 percent female, with an average age of 30.7 years (SD = 12.2) answered Goldberg’s 12 item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12), Beck’s hopelessness scale (BHS) and coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS-21). Logistic regression and mediation analysis were used to establish suicide ideation and lifetime suicide attempt risk. Results: 22.9 percent of patients had suicide ideation during the last six months and 41.7 percent tried to commit suicide at least once during their lives. Logistic regression results shows that, after controlling for depressive symptomatology, hopelessness influences suicide ideation, and task-oriented coping influences lifetime suicide attempt. Hopelessness mediates the association between depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, and task-oriented coping mediates between depressive symptomatology and history of suicide attempt. Conclusions: Psychological factors such as hopelessness and task-oriented coping mediate the association between depressive symptomatology and non-lethal suicidal behavior, therefore they must be specifically considered in the treatment of patients at suicide risk.

Introducción: El suicidio es un problema de salud pública. Pese a los avances en salud mental, las tasas de suicidio han aumentado en Chile en la última década. El presente estudio busca identificar factores psicológicos que medien la influencia de la sintomatología depresiva en la ideación e intento de suicidio en pacientes de salud mental. Método: 96 pacientes de salud mental, de servicios públicos y consulta particular, 67 por ciento mujeres, con edad promedio de 30,7 años (DS = 12,2) respondieron los cuestionarios de salud de Goldberg (GHQ-12), de desesperanza de Beck (BHS) y de afrontamiento a situaciones estresantes (CISS-21). Se realizaron análisis de regresión logística y de mediación para determinar la influencia de los factores psicológicos en la ideación e intento suicida de los pacientes evaluados. Resultados: Un 22,9 por ciento de los pacientes encuestados había pensado en quitarse la vida en los últimos seis meses y un 41,7 por ciento había intentado suicidarse al menos una vez durante su vida. Los resultados de las regresiones logísticas muestran que, controlando la sintomatología depresiva, la desesperanza influye sobre ideación suicida, y el afrontamiento centrado en la tarea sobre el antecedente de intento de suicidio. La desesperanza media la relación entre síntomas depresivos e ideación suicida, y el afrontamiento centrado en la tarea media entre la sintomatología depresiva y antecedente de intento de suicidio. Conclusiones: Factores psicológicos como desesperanza y afrontamiento centrado en la tarea mediarían la relación entre sintomatología depresiva, y conducta suicida no letal, por lo que deben ser considerados de forma específica en el tratamiento de pacientes con riesgo suicida.

Ichthyometry and electrical bioimpedance analysis to estimate the body composition of tambatinga / Ictiometria e bioimpedância elétrica para estimativa da composição corporal do tambatinga

Body composition analysis is relevant to characterize the nutritional requirements and finishing phase of fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ichthyometric (weight, total and standard length, density and yields), bromatological (fat, protein, ash and water content) and bioelectrical-impedance-analysis (BIA) (resistance, reactance, phase angle and composition indexes) variables in the hybrid tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomus). In a non-fertilized vivarium, 520 juveniles were housed and fed commercial rations. Then, 136 days after hatching (DAH), 15 fish with an average weight of 37.69 g and average total length of 12.96 cm were randomly chosen, anesthetized (eugenol) and subjected to the first of fourteen fortnightly assessments (BIA and biometry). After euthanasia, the following parts were weighed: whole carcass with the head, fillet, and skin (WC); fillet with skin (FS); and the remainder of the carcass with the head (CH). Together, FS and CH were ground and homogenized for the bromatological analyses. Estimates of the body composition and yields of tambatinga, with models including ichthyometric and BIA variables, showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 (for the FS yield) to 1,00 (for the total ash). Similarly, models that included only BIA variables had correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 (FS and CH yields) to 0.98 (for the total ash). Therefore, in tambatinga, the BIA technique allows the estimation of the yield of the fillet with skin and the body composition (water content, fat, ash, and protein). The best models combine ichthyometric and BIA variables.

Analisar composição corporal é relevante para caracterizar necessidades nutricionais e fase de terminação de peixes. Objetivou-se estudar a relação entre variáveis ictiométricas (peso, comprimentos total e padrão, densidade e rendimentos), bromatológicas (gordura, proteína, cinza e umidade) e aquelas da análise por bioimpedância ou BIA (resistência, reatância, ângulo de fase e índices de composição), no híbrido tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus). Em um viveiro não fertilizado, 520 juvenis foram cultivados com ração comercial. Com idade de 136 dias após a eclosão dos ovos, 37,69 g de peso, 12,96 cm de comprimento total, 15 peixes, colhidos ao acaso, foram anestesiados (eugenol) e submetidos à primeira de quatorze avaliações quinzenais (BIA e biometria). Após eutanásia foram dissecados e pesados: carcaça inteira com cabeça, filé e pele (CICFP), filé com pele (FCP) e resto da carcaça com cabeça (CCC). Juntos, FCP e CCC foram moídos e homogeneizados para análise bromatológica. Estimativas da composição corporal e de rendimentos do tambatinga, com modelos incluindo variáveis ictiométricas e da BIA, apresentaram coeficientes de correlação entre 0,81 (para o rendimento do FCP) e 1,00 (para cinzas totais). Analogamente, modelos com a inclusão apenas de variáveis da BIA mostram coeficientes de correlação entre 0,81 (rendimento do FCP e do CCC) e 0,98 (para cinzas totais). Portanto, no tambatinga, a técnica da BIA possibilita a estimativa do rendimento de filé com pele e composição corporal (umidade, gordura, cinza e proteína). Os melhores modelos agregam variáveis ictiométricas e da BIA.

Fratura de mandíbula provocada por projétil não letal: Relato de caso / Mandible fracture caused by non-lethal projectile: Case report

As armas de fogo são largamente utilizadas para a prática de homicídios, suicídios e lesões corporais. Utilizadas pelas forças policiais em todo o mundo, provocam lesões caracterizadas por extensa destruição tecidual, cujo tratamento é complexo e requer, muitas vezes, grandes reconstruções. Na tentativa de controlar situações de agitação social, manifestações, tumultos ou depredações sem, contudo, matar ou ferir gravemente os participantes, a polícia vem utilizando armas de munição não letal. embora não letal, se a munição atingir partes delicadas do corpo, pode causar danos importantes ou, até mesmo, levar à morte da vítima. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico de um paciente atendido no Serviço de emergência do Hospital Municipal Salgado Filho/RJ-Brasil, vítima de fratura de mandíbula, em decorrência de uma agressão por projétil não letal bem como discutir a capacidade de morbidade dessas munições que, embora consideradas não letais, se incorretamente utilizadas, podem levar ao óbito.

Firearms are widely used for the practice of homicides, suicides and injuries. Used by police forces around the world, causing lesions characterized by extensive tissue destruction, whose treatment is complex and often requires, large reconstructions. In an attempt to control situations of social unrest, demonstrations, riots or vandalism without, however, kill or seriously injure the participants, the police have been using non-lethal weapons ammunition. While not lethal, if the ammunition reaches delicate parts of the body can cause serious damage or even lead to death of the victim. The aim of this study was to report a case of a patient treated at the emergency Service of the Salgado Filho Municipal Hospital / RJ-Brazil, victim of mandible fracture as a result of an assault by non-lethal projectile, as well as discuss the ability of morbidity this ammunition that, while considered non-lethal, if used incorrectly, can lead to death.