Occupational health management of radiation workers in non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province, China / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To understand the basic information of the number, classification, and distribution of radiation work units in non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province, China, and to analyze the status quo of health management and radiation protection measures for radiation workers, so as to provide a scientific basis for occupational exposure protection in non-medical radiation work units and better protect the occupational health rights and interests of radiation workers. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate some non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province. On-site testing was carried out to determine the risk factors for radioactive occupational diseases in the selected non-medical institutions. Results In 220 non-medical institutions, there were 340 radiation devices and 2284 radioactive sources. The rate of individual dose monitoring was 92.7% and the rate of occupational health examination was 87.2%. These devices were equipped with 325 detection instruments for radiation protection, 1316 personal protective equipment, and 730 personal dose alarms. Radiation occupational disease risk factors were investigated in 101 institutions. Conclusion The occupational health management of radiation workers in non-medical institutions in Shanxi Province is generally in line with the national standards. However, there is still a big gap with the level of occupational health management in medical institutions. The health administration departments should clarify the management measures for non-medical institutions and strengthen their supervision and management functions.

Analysis of current radiation protection and occupational health management in non-medical institutions in Hebei Province, China, 2022 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the number, distribution, and types of radiation of non-medical radiation institutions in Hebei Province, China, and to explore the current radiation protection in the employing units and occupational health management of radiation workers in 2022. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in the non-medical institutions engaged in nuclear technology application in Hebei Province, and different types of employing units were selected to monitor the radioactivity level in the workplace. Results A total of 681 non-medical institutions engaged in radiation technology application completed the survey, covering all cities with subordinate districts in the province, including 1605 radioactive devices, 2960 active devices, 45 non-uranium metal mines, and 14 non-sealed workplaces. A total of 8617 radiation workers were surveyed, with a personal dose monitoring rate of 70.9%, a radiation protection training rate of 61.1%, and an occupational health examination rate for radiation workers of 59.3%. A total of 614 radiation protection monitoring instruments were provided, with a personal protective equipment allocation rate of 51.1% and a personal dose alarm device allocation rate of 51.8%. The radiation occupational hazardous factor testing was completed for 54 workplaces, and the results were all qualified. Conclusion There are still significant deficiencies in personal dose monitoring in the radiation work units in non-medical institutions and occupational health examination in the radiation work units in our province. The health administrative departments should strengthen health supervision and law enforcement, enhance radiation protection and skill training for employers, and more effectively control the impact of radiation hazards on personnel health.

Analysis of current status of radiation protection in non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai, China, 2022 / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To investigate the current status of radiation protection in non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for occupational health management in non-medical radiation workplaces. Methods Non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai were investigated using a questionnaire survey in 2022, including radiation source term, occupational health examination, personal dose monitoring, personal protective equipment, and radiation protection testing workplaces. Data were entered by a double-entry method and then analyzed. Results There were 56 non-medical radiation workplaces in Yantai, covering manufacturing, nonferrous metal ore mining, nuclear power plant, transportation, and technical services. There were 0 Class I radiation device, 150 Class II radiation devices, and 10 Class III radiation devices; there were 80 Class I radiation sources, 16 Class II radiation sources, 14 Class III radiation sources, 62 Class IV radiation sources, and 135 Class V radiation sources. There were 998 radiation workers, with an occupational health examination rate and personal dose monitoring rate of 98.3%. Among the 56 non-medical radiation workplaces, 47 (83.9%) were equipped with radiation protection monitoring instruments, 24 (51.1%) workplaces had verified the radiation protection monitoring instruments, with 2017 personal dose monitoring instruments and 2327 personal protective equipment in place, 42 (75%) workplaces carried out occupational health assessments, 44 (78.6%) workplaces carried out self-detection, and 53 (94.6%) workplaces carried out entrusting detections (monitoring pass rate: 100% [53/53]). The declaration rate of occupational hazard items was 87.5% (49/56). Conclusion There is still a gap between the current status and the requirements in the national regulations and standards regarding radiation protection in non-medical radiation workplaces. Therefore, the supervision and management of non-medical radiation workplaces should be further strengthened, especially the configuration and verification of radiation protection monitoring instruments.

Out of Pocket Expenditure among Cancer Patients Availing Treatment at A Tertiary Care Centre in Hyderabad, India

Background: The expenses that the patient or the family pays directly to the health care provider, without a third-party (insurer or State) is known as 'Out of Pocket Expenditure' (OOPE). These expenses could be medi-cal and non-medical. About 150 million people face financial catastrophe every year due to health care pay-ments and cancer is one of the leading causes of high OOPE. Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the OOPE among cancer patients and to determine the OOPE in relation to type of cancer and treatment modality.Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Hyderabad during August and September,2022 with a total study population of 400 cancer patients. After consenting the participants, data was collected via face-to-face interview using a semi structured questionnaire. Results: The mean OOPE per patient was found to be $1032.65 (₹84,643.20). This includes the medical and non-medical costs. Leukaemia was found to have the highest OOPE amongst all cancers followed by colon cancer. Similarly, radiotherapy + surgery was found to have the highest OOPE followed by chemotherapy + radiotherapy + surgery.Conclusion And Interpretation- This study is unique in its way that no other study has considered OOPE for different cancers in single research. We would like to highlight the quantification of OOPE among various types of cancers and its variation based on treatment modality used. It is necessary that future government in-itiatives consider the importance of mitigating the OOPE along with provision of cancer care.

Knowledge and practice of covid-19 preventive measures: comparative analysis of medical and non-medical students university of Port Harcourt

The influence of COVID-19 has impacted the education sector just like it has other sectors. This study examined the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures among medical and non-medical students of the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers StateMethod: A comparative cross sectional study design using a self-administered structured questionnaire involving a total of 406 students; medical (200) and non-medical (200), using multi-stage sampling. Frequency, percentages, means, and standard deviation were used to describe data where necessary. Chi-square and Fisher exact was used to compare knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures between medical and non-medical students. Results:The mean age of medical and non-medical students was 25.04 and 22.59 respectively. A total of 70% from medical students arm received COVID-19 vaccines while 15.5% of non-medical students arm. 152(73.8%) non-medical students and 123(61.5%) medical studentshad good knowledge of COVID-19. Positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures was showed by 119(59.5%) medical students and 62(30.1%) non-medical students. Concerning practice of COVID-19 preventive measures, 99(48.1%) medical students and78(39.0%) non-medical students practiced appropriately. A chi-square test for association showed that gender, academic level, religion, accommodation status, vaccination status, geopolitical zone, and faculty of students were significantly associated withknowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures. Chi-square test also showed that knowledge of COVID-19 was significantly associated with the practice of COVID-19 preventive measures. Conclusion: Non-Medical students had better knowledge than medical student although difference was not significant. Attitude was good and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures was poor among medical students, while poor attitude and poor practice among non-medical students was observed

Knowledge and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures: comparative analysis of medical and non-medical students University of Port Harcourt

Background: The influence of COVID-19 has impacted the education sector just like it has other sectors. This study examined the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures among medical and non-medical students of the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State Method: A comparative cross sectional study design using a selfadministered structured questionnaire involving a total of 406 students; medical (200) and non-medical (200), using multi-stage sampling. Frequency, percentages, means, and standard deviation were used to describe data where necessary. Chi-square and Fisher exact was used to compare knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures between medical and non-medical students. Results: The mean age of medical and non-medical students was 25.04 and 22.59 respectively. A total of 70% from medical students arm received COVID-19 vaccines while 15.5% of non-medical students arm. 152(73.8%) non-medical students and 123(61.5%) medical students had good knowledge of COVID-19. Positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures was showed by 119(59.5%) medical students and 62(30.1%) nonmedical students. Concerning practice of COVID-19 preventive measures, 99(48.1%) medical students and 78(39.0%) non-medical students practiced appropriately. A chi-square test for association showed that gender, academic level, religion, accommodation status, vaccination status, geopolitical zone, and faculty of students were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures. Chisquare test also showed that knowledge of COVID-19 was significantly associated with the practice of COVID-19 preventive measures. Conclusion: Non-Medical students had better knowledge than medical student although difference was not significant. Attitude was good and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures was poor among medical students, while poor attitude and poor practice among non-medical students was observed.

Resilience levels among Filipino non-medical personnel at a Tertiary Government Hospital in Metro Manial during the COVID-19 Pandemic - July 2021

Objectives@#This study aimed to measure the resilience level of non-medical personnel of the University of the Philippines Manila – Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) and determine whether this was associated with sociodemographic factors such as gender, length of service and job position.@*Methodology@#A cross-sectional study that included non-medical personnel using convenience sampling via email was done. Data was obtained through the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14) as well as a sociodemographic factors questionnaire. Descriptive and non-parametric correlational analysis of data was used.@*Results@#One hundred twenty five of the 153 respondents (81.70%) garnered a resilience score of 74-98 or moderate to high resilience level, while 28 or 18.30% had a resilience score corresponding to very low and on the low end. The mean resilience score was 81.8, corresponding to a moderate resilience level. More women than men had a resilience level of moderate to high. Respondents with greater than 5 years of work experience within the hospital had higher resilience levels than those who were less experienced. Moderate to high resilience levels were found in more administrative than non-administrative personnel. No significant association was found between resilience level and the factors analyzed. In terms of Resilience Core Characteristics, all comparisons between demographic factors of interest and Self-reliance, Purpose, Equanimity, Perseverance and Authenticity yielded insignificant results except for Self-reliance versus length of service, which showed a weak but significant relationship. Exploratory factor analysis found that the unidimensionality of the RS-14 Scale (US Version) still applied when administered to Filipinos in this particular population.@*Conclusion@#Majority of the non- medical personnel of the UP -PGH had moderate level of resilience. There was a lack of significant association between resilience level and demographic characteristics like age, length of service, and position in the study sample. In terms of Resilience Core Characteristics, comparison between length of service and self -reliance showed a weak but significant relationship.

Comparative study of effect of stress on peak expiratory flow rate and body mass index in medical and non-medical students

Background: This study was done to compare the effect of stress on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and body mass index (BMI) in medical and non-medical students. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of stress on PEFR and BMI in medical and non-medical students. Materials and Methods: In this study, stress, PEFR, and BMI comparison were made between 200 medical and non-medical students of S.N.M.C, Agra and Agra College, respectively, aged between 17 and 21 years. To estimate the prevalence of stress, we used perceived stress scale, PEFR was measured using Rossmax Portable Peak Flow Meter, which having a range of 60–800 l/min. BMI was calculated using formula, Quetelet Index. Cutoff for the subjects was taken as 25 as per the revised WHO standards. Results: In this study, moderate and high perceived level of stress was more common in medical students as compared to non-medical students and the result was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). PEFR was 400 ± 102 in medical students and 420 ± 86.77 was in non-medical students. By applying unpaired t-test, significant changes were observed in PEFR among both groups (P < 0.05). BMI was 22.5 ± 3.12 in medical students and 22.6 ± 1.98 in non-medical students. By applying unpaired t-test, insignificant changes were observed in BMI among both groups (P ? 0.05). Conclusion: From the results obtained from our study, incidence of stress was greater in medical students and that of highly perceived grades. Significant changes were observed for PEFR and insignificant change was observed for BMI among both groups.

Characterization of the professional physical education field in Brazilian multiprofessional health residency programs / Caracterização da área profissional da educação física nos programas de residências multiprofissionais em saúde do Brasil

ABSTRACT Multiprofessional residencies in the professional health field (MHR) are intersectoral cooperation programs to qualify health professionals. This study aimed to characterize the offer of vacancies meant for the professional Physical Education field in Brazilian MHR programs. It is a descriptive study of a documentary nature on the offer of training vacancies in MHR for the professional Physical Education field in 2022. The characterization of the programs considered: federative unit, proposing institution, total number of general vacancies, vacancies offered for Physical Education, focus of intervention of the programs, and other professional fields presented in the identified programs. A total of 184 vacancies offered by 77 MHR programs that include Physical Education in Brazil were identified. The Northeast region had the highest number of programs (n=29) and vacancies offered (n=89). Family Health was the major focus as to vacancies, while nursing appeared as the most frequent professional field among the identified programs (97.4%). This research work presented the characterization of the offer of vacancies intended for Physical Education in Brazilian MHR programs. Additionally, it evidences the need for a more equitable distribution of vacancies for Physical Education in the country.

RESUMO As residências multiprofissionais em área profissional de saúde (RMS) constituem-se em programas de cooperação intersetorial para qualificação de profissionais de saúde. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a oferta de vagas destinadas à área profissional da Educação Física nos programas de RMS no Brasil. Estudo descritivo de natureza documental sobre a oferta de vagas de formação em RMS para a área profissional da Educação Física no ano de 2022. A caracterização dos programas considerou: unidade federativa, instituição proponente, total de vagas gerais, vagas ofertadas para a Educação Física, ênfase de atuação dos programas e demais áreas profissionais apresentadas nos programas identificados. Foram identificadas 184 vagas ofertadas por 77 programas de RMS que contemplam a Educação Física no Brasil. A região Nordeste apresentou o maior número de programas (n=29) e de vagas ofertadas (n=89). A ênfase mais apresentada com vagas foi a Saúde da Família enquanto a enfermagem apareceu é área profissional mais frequente entre os programas identificados (97,4%). Este trabalho apresentou a caracterização da oferta de vagas destinadas à Educação Física nos programas de RMS no Brasil. Além disso, evidencia a necessidade de uma distribuição mais equitativa das vagas destinadas à Educação Física no país.

Non-medical cannabis use: international policies and outcomes overview. An outline for Portugal

Abstract Introduction Cannabis is probably the most commonly used illicit drug. It is often regarded as a relatively nonharmful experience, even though evidence indicates otherwise. Legalization of non-medical cannabis, which has already taken place in several countries, is currently a controversial issue. Objective To provide an up-to-date overview of current models and policies and their outcomes that can inform future political decisions regarding non-medical cannabis use. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar scientific databases were searched for articles written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published between 1990 and December 2020. The reference lists of these articles were similarly used as bibliography sources. Gray literature was also included. Results While non-medical cannabis has been decriminalized in many countries, it has only been legalized in Uruguay, Canada, and some U.S. states. Several benefits of legalization were identified: decreases in cannabis-related crimes, law-enforcement and judicial costs; reduction in synthetic cannabis supply; decline in black economies and possible diminution of other illegal drug buying; and tax revenue increases. Reported legalization problems included: increases in cannabis use; cannabis-related disorders; and cannabis-related accidents and hospitalizations. Harm-reduction strategies are available in the scientific literature. Conclusion Growing, although incomplete, evidence exists to guide policy makers, minimize cannabis-related harm, and positively contribute to public health, if the legalization path is to be followed. Dialogue between legislators and science should be encouraged. There are more than a few legalization pathways, with diverse economic, social and health wellbeing effects. Public health-driven, instead of profit-driven models, seem to offer the most benefits regarding non-medical cannabis legalization. Most of the true public health effects of cannabis legalization are still unknown, for we are still in the early stages of these policies and their implications. Future studies should address the medium-to-long-term social, economic, and health consequences of legalization policies.

Applications, industrial transformation and commercial value of brain-computer interface technology / 生物医学工程学杂志

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a revolutionary human-computer interaction technology, which includes both BCI that can output instructions directly from the brain to external devices or machines without relying on the peripheral nerve and muscle system, and BCI that bypasses the peripheral nerve and muscle system and inputs electrical, magnetic, acoustic and optical stimuli or neural feedback directly to the brain from external devices or machines. With the development of BCI technology, it has potential application not only in medical field, but also in non-medical fields, such as education, military, finance, entertainment, smart home and so on. At present, there is little literature on the relevant application of BCI technology, the current situation of BCI industrialization at home and abroad and its commercial value. Therefore, this paper expounds and discusses the above contents, which are expected to provide valuable information for the public and organizations, BCI researchers, BCI industry translators and salespeople, and improve the cognitive level of BCI technology, further promote the application and industrial transformation of BCI technology and enhance the commercial value of BCI, so as to serve mankind better.

Investigation of radiation protection status in non-medical radiation institutions in Fujian Province, China / 中国辐射卫生

@#<b>Objective</b> To investigate the number and categorical distribution of non-medical radiation institutions in Fujian Province, China, and to explore the current situation of radiation occupational hazards prevention and control and the occupational health management of radiation workers in employing units. <b>Methods</b> The industrial enterprises engaged in the application of nuclear technology in our province were investigated, and different types of employing units were selected to monitor the radioactivity level in the workplace. <b>Results</b> A total of 377 non-medical radiation institutions were reported in the province, with a total of 5221 radiation workers (except luggage detector units); 1246 radiation workers held radiation worker certificates, accounting for 23.87%; 5103 radiation workers carried out personal dose monitoring, accounting for 97.74%; 5061 radiation workers participated in radiation protection knowledge training, accounting for 96.94%; a total of 4895 (93.76%)radiation workers received physical examination. <b>Conclusion</b> Health supervision authorities in Fujian Province should strengthen the supervision of non-medical radiation institutions, further improve the level of occupational health management, and protect the health rights and interests of radiation workers to the maximum extent.

Association between primiparas’ willingness of a second child and cesarean section / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of primiparas’ intention to have a second child on their delivery mode. MethodsDuring March 1st， 2019 and November 30th， 2020， the enrolled pregnant women were investigated by questionnaires at two points， first trimester pregnancy registration and post-natal visit at maternal and child healthcare community centers of Xuhui District. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of willingness of a second birth and their mode of delivery. Results2 000 questionnaires were distributed and 1 664 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The overall cesarean delivery rate in nulliparous women was 40.08% （667/1 664）， with 8.95% （149/1 664） of non-medical indication cesarean delivery. Multiple Logistic regression analysis of overall delivery rate showed that age， willingness to have more children in the future， plan of vaginal delivery at first questionnaire， and complications during pregnancy were associated with overall cesarean delivery rate， and women without the willingness to have more children in the future were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery （OR=1.350， 95%CI： 1.052-1.732）. Age， whether to have a second child in the future， plan of vaginal delivery at first questionnaire， and complications during pregnancy were all factors associated with increased risks of non-medical indicated cesarean delivery， while women with no plan of a second child in the future had nearly 2 times of risk of non-medical indicated cesarean delivery （OR=1.909， 95%CI： 1.117-3.262）. ConclusionThe mode of delivery is affected by many factors， among which willingness to have more children in the future is an important factor associated with increased risks of overall cesarean delivery and non-medical indicated cesarean delivery.

The importance of nonmedical face masks in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. A narrative review / La importancia de las mascarillas no médicas en la población general durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Una revisión narrativa

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is a new and great challenge that medicine has had to face. Scientific evidence is growing rapidly and one of the aspects that has generated controversy is the role that the use of non-medical face masks can play when trying to stop the dissemination of cases. This narrative review examines the possible transmission mechanisms of the SARS-COV-2 virus, making emphasis on the role of aerosols, the history of their use inside and outside the hospital environment, the mechanisms by which they offer protection, as well as the efficiency in laboratory test where it is shown that face mask made with several layers of hybrid materials are more effective, and the beneficial impact that they have demonstrated in the general population. Evidence shows its widespread use helps reduce infection by decreasing the transmission of infectious droplets and aerosols, emphasizing that these results are superior when its use is more generalized. Given that it's impossible to provide the entire population with a medical face mask, public policies should be implemented in order to ensure the generalized use of non-medical face masks, along with hygiene strategies, social distance, avoiding closed places and contact tracking.

Resumen: La pandemia de COVID-19 es un nuevo y gran reto al que la medicina se ha tenido que enfrentar. La información científica crece rápidamente y uno de los aspectos que ha generado controversia es el posible papel que puede jugar el uso generalizado de los cubrebocas no médicos para tratar de detener la diseminación de casos. En esta revisión narrativa se examinan los posibles mecanismos de transmisión del virus SARS-CoV-2 con énfasis en el papel de los aerosoles, la historia de su uso dentro y fuera del medio hospitalario; se revisan los mecanismos por los que ofrecen protección, la eficiencia en pruebas de laboratorio donde se demuestra que los cubre bocas de varias capas de materiales híbridos son más eficaces, y el impacto benéfico que han demostrado en la población general. La evidencia demuestra que su uso generalizado ayuda a reducir los contagios al disminuir la transmisión de gotas y aerosoles infecciosos, y el resultado es superior mientras más generalizado es su empleo. Ante la imposibilidad de dotar a toda la población con cubre bocas médicos, se deben adoptar políticas públicas para el uso generalizado de cubre bocas no médicos de un diseño adecuado, junto con estrategias de higiene, distancia social, evitar lugares cerrados y seguimiento de contactos

Atuação do psicólogo no Núcleo de Apoio a Saúde da Família: uma experiência em um programa de residência multiprofissional / The practice of the psychologist in the Health Family Support Nucleus: an experience in a multiprofessional residency program

INTRODUÇÃO: A residência é uma modalidade de pós-graduação que se caracteriza pelo treinamento em serviço, tendo como base a aprendizagem pela prática cotidiana. Programas de residência multiprofissional objetivam capacitar profissionais para o exercício qualificado na Atenção Básica de Saúde, a porta de entrada principal do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), por meio de metodologias ativas, trabalho em equipe e cuidado humanizado. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência e a inserção do psicólogo, enquanto residente, em um programa de residência multiprofissional em Saúde da Família. MÉTODO: Foi realizado o relato de experiência de uma profissional da psicologia enquanto residente do Programa de Residência em Saúde da Família. A presente experiência ocorreu entre março de 2018 e março de 2020 e as seguintes atividades foram descritas: (a) matriciamento, (b) acolhimentos e atendimento individuais, (c) realização de grupos, (d) educação em saúde, (e) consultas compartilhadas e (f) visitas domiciliares. RESULTADOS: Pode-se afirmar que o processo de formação de profissionais em saúde pública constitui um desafio a gestores, educadores e trabalhadores envolvidos neste processo. Dificuldades em relação ao estímulo simultâneo de habilidades profissionais, interpessoais e humanísticas, bem como senso crítico sobre responsabilidade social são comuns. Ainda assim, a proposta de programas residência é uma oportunidade significativa de aprendizado e contato com outras áreas de saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Diversas limitações puderam ser identificadas ao longo das atividades cotidianas da residência, tal como falta de conhecimento dos profissionais sobre a estratégia de saúde da família e o papel da residência multiprofissional no serviço de saúde.

INTRODUCTION: The residency is a post-graduate modality characterized by in-service training based on learning by daily practice. Multiprofessional residency programs aim to train professionals for qualified exercise in Primary Health Care, the main gateway to the Unified Health System (SUS), through active methodologies, teamwork, and humanized care. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience and the insertion of the psychologist, as a resident, in a multi-professional residency program in Family Health. METHOD: The experience report of a psychology professional was carried out as a resident of the Family Health Residency Program. The present experience took place between March 2018 and March 2020, and the following activities were described: (a) matrix support, (b) Psychological care attendance, (c) groups, (d) health education, (e) consultations, and (f) home visits. RESULTS: It can be said that the process of training public health professionals is a challenge for managers, educators, and workers involved in this process. Difficulties regarding the simultaneous stimulation of professional, interpersonal, and humanistic skills, as well as a critical sense of social responsibility, are common. Even so, the proposal for residency programs is a significant opportunity for learning and contact with other health areas. CONCLUSION: Several limitations could be identified during the daily activities of the residence, such as the lack of knowledge of professionals about the family health strategy and the role of the multi-professional residence in the health service.

Marco Jurídico-Legal de la Homeopatía en México: análisis histórico y conceptual de los artículos 28 y 50 del reglamento de insumos para la salud / Juridical-Legal Framework of Homeopathy in Mexico: historical and conceptual analysis of articles 28 and 50 of the regulation of health supplies

El interés por diseñar un marco jurídico específico para la práctica de la Homeopatía ha generado diversos criterios alrededor del mundo, debido a la nomenclatura establecida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Este organismo, de una visión sociológica y antropológica, incluye a la Homeopatía en el concepto de medicina alternativa y/o complementaria (MAC o CAM, por sus siglas en inglés), pero, al mismo tiempo, señala que cada país es autónomo para reglamentar y formular políticas acordes a sus circunstancias. El caso de México merece una mención especial, pues a finales del siglo XIX formalizó la institucionalización, profesionalización e inclusión de la Homeopatía en el Sistema Nacional de Salud como parte de la medicina. A pesar de ello, la existencia del término "homeópata" en la legislación sanitaria ha generado un debate por más de dos décadas entre médicos homeópatas y homeópatas no médicos que buscan reglamentar su práctica mediante legislaciones hechas a modo. Dentro de este contexto, se analiza el proceso histórico y conceptual del término "homeópata" en la legislación sanitaria mexicana mediante el estudio de leyes y reglamentos desde su introducción, en 1850, permitiendo afirmar que dicho término reconoce a los médicos homeópatas formados en escuelas y facultades de medicina y no a homeópatas no médicos.

The interest in designing a specific legal framework for the practice of homeopathy has generated diverse criteria around the world; due to the nomenclature established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO, from a sociological and anthropological perspective includes homeopathy in the concept of Alternative and / or Complementary Medicine (MAC or CAM, for its acronym in English); however, at the same time it indicates that each country has the autonomy to regulate and formulate policies according to its circumstances. The case of Mexico deserves a special mention, since at the end of the 19th century it formalized the institutionalization, professionalization and inclusion of homeopathy in the National Health System as a part of formal medicine. Despite this, the term "Homeopath" in health legislation has generated a debate for more than two decades between homeopathic doctors and non-medical homeopaths who seek to regulate their practice through legislation made for this manner. Within this context, the historical and conceptual process of the term "Homeopath" in Mexican health legislation is analyzed through the study of the laws and regulations since its introduction in 1850, which confirms that said term recognizes Homeopathic Doctors trained in schools and colleges of medicine and not non-medical homeopaths.

Interdisciplinarity and interprofessionality in teamwork: perceptions of multiprofessional residents in Hospital Care

Multiprofessional Health Residency Programs were created to further align health training with the needs of the population and, through an emphasis on teamwork, have been contributing to the consolidation of the Brazilian Unified Health System. The present study sought to understand the perceptions of a group of multiprofessional residents in Hospital Care about interdisciplinarity and interprofessionality within the scope of teamwork. This is a qualitative study that had the participation of 29 multiprofessional residents in the 'Hospital Care' area of concentration, all female (six psychologists, six social workers, six nurses, six physiotherapists and five nutritionists). Data were collected by means of a semi-structured interview script. The corpuswas subjected to thematic content analysis. Most of the participants: (1) reported that their first contact with the notion of interdisciplinarity occurred when they were in college, which led to them assimilating it as a synonym for joint action, and (2) claimed to have no knowledge of the notion of interprofessionality, but valued the horizontalization of relations between health professionals. Additionally, important conditions concerning both interdisciplinarity and interprofessionality were not emphasized by the participants. Further studies on the subject are needed, due to its importance for public health.

Admission of alumni from Multiprofessional Residency Programs into the SUS / Inserção de egressos de Programas de Residência Multiprofissional no SUS

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The Multiprofessional Health Residency Programs (PRMS) were set up as a strategy for training workforce for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the proportion of alumni from Primary Health Care Multiprofessional Residency Programs admitted into the SUS and associated factors. METHODS: This is a sectional study developed with alumni from Primary Health Care Multiprofessional Residency Programs from all over Brazil, encompassing the period from 2015 to 2019. Participants answered an online questionnaire with general personal information, admission into stricto sensu graduate school, the labor market and, specifically, the SUS. We applied Pearson's chi-square test for bivariate analyses and Poisson's regression for multiple analysis. RESULTS: A total of 365 alumni from Programs from all Brazilian regions participated in the study. Of those, 80.2% reported entry into the labor market and 47.9% reported being employed in the SUS. Admission into the SUS has been associated with the professions that make up the Reference Team for Primary Health Care (PHC) (PR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.54-2.28) and non-admission into stricto sensu graduate programs (PR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.61-0.97). Regarding admission characteristics, the PHC scenario (47.4%) and work focused on health care (84.9%) were prevalent. Almost 40% of alumni who entered the SUS are working with unstable contracts. Besides, being a residency alumnus is often undervalued in recruitment (56.9%). Among those admitted into the SUS, 8.7% reported being selected to work in the Covid-19 pandemic effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study reinforce the need for a policy to encourage the maintenance, creation and valorization of the PRMS. They also warn about the possibility that admission into the SUS for workers is increasingly difficult due to the current underfunding of the health system.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Os Programas de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (PRMS) configuram-se como estratégia para a formação de força de trabalho para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). OBJETIVO: Investigar a proporção de egressos de PRMS voltados à Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) inseridos no SUS e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo seccional desenvolvido com egressos de PRMS voltados à APS de todo o Brasil, referente ao período de 2015 a 2019. Os participantes responderam a um questionário on-line com informações pessoais gerais, inserção na pós-graduação stricto sensu, no mercado de trabalho e especificamente no SUS. Foram aplicados o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, para análises bivariadas, e Regressão de Poisson, para a análise múltipla. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 365 egressos de Programas de todas as regiões brasileiras. Destes, 80,2% relataram inserção no mercado de trabalho e 47,9% informaram estar trabalhando no SUS. A inserção no SUS esteve associada às profissões que compõem a Equipe de Referência para a APS (RP = 1,87; IC95% 1,54-2,28) e à não inserção em programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu (RP = 0,77; IC95% 0,61-0,97). Quanto às características de inserção, prevaleceram o cenário da APS (47,4%) e o trabalho voltado à atenção à saúde (84,9%). Quase 40% dos egressos inseridos no SUS estão trabalhando por intermédio de vínculos instáveis, além de frequente não valorização do título da residência no recrutamento (56,9%). Entre os inseridos no SUS, 8,7% relataram terem sido selecionados para o enfrentamento da pandemia de covid-19. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo reforçaram a necessidade de política de incentivo à manutenção, criação e valorização dos PRMS e alertaram para possível aumento da dificuldade de inserção das categorias profissionais, frente ao cenário de desfinanciamento da saúde.

Health promotion conceptions and expressions in the training process of the multi-professional residency / Concepciones y expresiones de la promoción de la salud en el proceso de formación de la residencia multiprofesional / Concepções e expressões da promoção da saúde no processo formativo da residência multiprofissional

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the conception and manifestation of health promotion in the training process of the multi-professional residency in health. Method: a qualitative study anchored in the Theory of Social Representations, carried out from the collection of documentary data and from interviews with 13 professionals from the faculty of five multi-professional residency programs in health in Ceará, from March to July 2017. For data analysis, lexical analysis was performed using the ALCESTE software, with emphasis on the significance and correlation of the terms, through the chi-square test. Results: the training process of the multi-professional residency points to the overcoming of the biomedical model, with health promotion being understood as a training strategy and objective, since it is expressed in a transversal manner in the entire training process, by means of activities with emphasis, among others, in territorialization, health planning, teamwork, popular education, participation and social control. Conclusion: there is an alignment between the adopted and expressed conception of health promotion in the training process of the professional residency, representing advances in health practices and training.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la concepción y manifestación de la promoción de la salud en el proceso de formación de la residencia multiprofesional en salud. Método: estudio cualitativo anclado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, realizado a partir de la recolección de datos documentales y de la entrevista a 13 profesionales del equipo docente de cinco programas de residencia multiprofesional en salud en Ceará, de marzo a julio de 2017. Para el análisis de datos, se realizó el estudio lexical mediante el software ALCESTE, con énfasis en la significancia y correlación de términos, utilizando la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: el proceso de formación de la residencia multiprofesional apunta a la superación del modelo biomédico, entendida la promoción de la salud como estrategia y meta de la formación, dado que se expresa de manera transversal en todo el proceso formativo, a través de actividades con énfasis, entre otros aspectos, en la territorialización, planificación sanitaria, trabajo en equipo, educación popular, participación y control social. Conclusión: se advierte una alineación entre el concepto adoptado y expresado de promoción de la salud en el proceso de formación de la residencia profesional, lo que implica avances en las prácticas y en la formación en salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a concepção e manifestação da promoção da saúde no processo formativo da residência multiprofissional em saúde. Método: estudo qualitativo ancorado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizado a partir da coleta de dados documental e da entrevista com 13 profissionais do colegiado docente de cinco programas de residências multiprofissionais em saúde do Ceará, no período de março a julho de 2017. Para análise dos dados realizou-se a análise lexical através do software ALCESTE, com ênfase na significância e na correlação dos termos, através do teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: o processo formativo da residência multiprofissional aponta para a superação do modelo biomédico, sendo a promoção da saúde compreendida como estratégia e objetivo da formação, uma vez que este se expressa de forma transversal em todo o processo formativo, por meio de atividades com ênfase, entre outros, na territorialização, planejamento em saúde, trabalho em equipe, educação popular, participação e controle social. Conclusão: há um alinhamento entre a concepção adotada e expressa de promoção da saúde no processo formativo da residência profissional, representando avanços nas práticas e formação em saúde.

Analysis of the current status of radiation protection in non-medical sectors in China / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To analyzes the current status of radiation protection in non-medical sectors, together with the vulnerable spots in the prevention and control of occupational radiation sickness in China in order to provides both technical basis for occupational health management in non-medical radiation sectors and the better protection of occupational health benefits for radiation workers.Methods:The monitoring plan for this survey was worked out on the part of the National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC. Survey and monitoring of the current status of radiation protection and occupational health management were, under the monitoring the plan, completed by the relevant agencies of all provincial-level regions for the key industries of non-medical sectors countrywide, involving occupational health monitoring, personal dose monitoring, radiation protection monitoring instruments equipped, and radiation protection monitoring in workplace. Based on the survey result , the deficiencies in radiation protection and occupational health monitoring in non-medical sectors were analyzed.Results:The survey of non-medical sectors was divided into general investigation and detailed monitoring, with the general investigations covering 9 075 non-medical institutions in 31 provincial-level regions across the country. Of them, a total of 4 911 institutions within 329 district-level regions received detailed investigation and radiation protection monitoring. As survey result , the X, γ ambient dose equivalent rates for the institutions using ray-generator are greater than 2.5 μSv/h, about 2.35% of the total, with a maximum of 817 μSv/h. The values for those using radioactive sources were greater than 2.5 μSv/h, about 9.57%, with a maximum of 1 700 μSv/h. The frequencies of personal dose monitoring and occupational health examination were 72.9% and 82.1%, respectively.Conclusions:There is still a gap in radiation protection between the current status and the national regulations and standards in non-medical sectors, so both regulation and management of radiation protection should be further strengthened.