Cien años de vacuna BCG / One hundred years of BCG vaccine

Resumen La vacuna BCG fue administrada por primera vez en 1921, en París, a un recién nacido de madre tuberculosa. Entre 1924 y 1960, el Instituto Pasteur entregó cultivos de BCG a más de 50 labora torios de todo el mundo. En 1925, el Dr. Andrés Arena lo introdujo en Argentina, donde se comenzó a producir y aplicar la vacuna a recién nacidos por vía oral. La cepa original sufrió múltiples cambios genéticos que no parecen haber afectado su eficacia protectora, establecida aun sin que se conociera el mecanismo de acción. En Argentina, un estudio (1978-1985) demostró que la BCG previene la TB primaria en general, y en un 100% la meningitis y otras localizaciones extrapulmonares. Su efecto es independiente de las medidas de control de la TB (detección de casos y tratamiento). Además, BCG provee protección inespecífica contra diversas enfermedades infecciosas y se la usa en el tratamiento del cáncer de vejiga. En 2020 ya se habían establecido por lo menos cinco tecnologías para el desarrollo de vacunas anti-TB: vacunas celulares, de subunidades proteicas, de ácidos nucleicos, con vector adenovirus, y con virus influenza recombinante como vector. Actualmente hay más de 20 vacunas candidatas anti-TB en evaluación. La historia enseña, y la pandemia de COVID-19 ha confirmado que la vacunación es un instrumento fundamental para el control de las enfermedades infecciosas. Y hasta que haya disponible otra más eficaz, BCG seguirá figurando en el Calendario de Vacunación Nacional, para ser aplicada al recién nacido.

Abstract The BCG vaccine was given for the first time in 1921, in Paris, to a newborn of a mother with tuberculosis. Between 1924 and 1960, the Pasteur Institute delivered BCG cultures to more than 50 laboratories around the world. In 1925, Dr Andrés Arena introduced the BCG seed to Argentina, where the vaccine began to be produced and applied orally to newborns. The original strain underwent diverse genetic changes in different parts of the world, which did not seem to affect its protective efficacy. In Argentina, a study (1978-1985) showed that BCG prevents primary TB in general, and has 100% ef ficacy in meningitis and other extra-pulmonary TB locations. BCG effect is independent of TB control measures (case detection and treatment). Furthermore, BCG provides nonspecific protection from various infections and is used in the treatment of bladder cancer. By 2020, at least five technologies had already been established for the future development of anti-TB vaccines: cellular vaccines, protein subunits, nucleic acids, with adenovirus vector, and with recombinant influenza virus as a vector. There are currently more than 20 TB vaccine candidates under evaluation. History teaches, and the COVID-19 pandemic has confirmed, that vaccination is a fundamental instrument for the control of infectious diseases. Until a more effective vaccine becomes available, BCG will continue to be included in the Argentine National Vaccination Calendar for application to newborns.

Study on Antibacterial Activity and Immunomodulation Effect ofRe-Du-Ning Injection / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to discuss the antibacterial and immunomodulation effect ofRe-Du-Ning (RDN) injection. Mice were randomly divided into the normal group, model group,Shuang-Huang-Lian (SHL) group (7.8 mL·kg-1), RDN high dose group (20.30 g·kg-1), middle dose group (10.15 g·kg-1), and low dose group (5.08 g·kg-1), in order to observe the death protective effect of mice with bacterial infection on antibacterial experimentin vivo. Mice were randomly divided into the normal group, model group,Xiang-Gu Duo-Tang (XGDT) group (0.19 mg·kg-1), RDN high dose group (20.30 g·kg-1), middle dose group (10.15 g·kg-1), and low dose group (5.08 g·kg-1). The 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene was used to induce delayed hypersensitivity. Immunomodulation was observed by the content of serum hemolysin and the carbon particle clearance index. The results showed that the RDN high dose group and middle dose group had antibacterial effect, which reduced the mortality of mice. The RDN high dose, middle dose and low dose group can enhance the phagocytosis of macrophage in immunosuppressive mice, increase the formation of hemolysin, and strengthen delayed hypersensitivity reaction among immunocompromised mice. It was concluded that RDN injection had antibacterial effect. Its immunomodulation effect was through the enhancing of non-specific immunity, humoral immunity and cellular immunity of mice.

Study on immunomodulatory activity of root and rhizome of Rosa laevigata from different habitats / 中草药

Objective: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the roots and rhizomes in Rosa laevigata (Rosa Laevigata Radix) in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces. Methods: The effects of cellular immunity, humoral inmunity, and non-specific immunity were investigated on delayed-type hypersensitivity, serum hemolysin antibody, and carbon clearance of mice, respectively. Results: Rosa Laevigata Radix could inhibit the delayed-type hypersensitivity and serum hemolysin antibody in mice, but had no effect on carbon clearance. All the roots and rhizomes of R. laevigata from different habitats had no statistically significant difference on immunomodulatory activity. Conclusion: The roots and rhizomes of R. laevigata from different habitats have the similar immunosuppressive activity.

Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) Extract Induces Eel (Anguilla japonica) Non-specific Immunity

BACKGROUND: The immunomodulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the innate immune responses of eel (Anguilla japonica) were studied. METHODS: Mistletoe, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control was injected into eel peritoneal cavities. RESULTS: Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of eel were significantly augmented by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) were more produced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that in the serum of the control fish. The optimal concentration of mistletoe in inducing the highest serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 500microgram/200 g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. CONCLUSION: Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of eel.

Study on Pharmacodynamics of Guben Yangxue Oral Liquid / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Guben yangxue oral liquid on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced suppression of the immune and hematopoietic system in mice. METHODS:Immunosuppressive model mice were induced by intraperitoneal injection of CTX 50 mg?kg-1. Different dose groups were Guben yangxue oral liquid at the same time with Zhenqi fuzheng capsules as control. Several index such as peripheral blood cells, the weight of immune organ, serum hemolysin were determined. RESULTS:The levels of white blood cells (WBC,87.3、26.3、7.96 g?kg-1), lymphocytes (L,87.3 g?kg-1), neutrophils (N,87.3、26.3、7.97 g?kg-1), hemoglobin (Hb,87.3、26.3 g?kg-1), red blood cell (RBC,87.3、26.3 g?kg-1), platelets (PLT,87.3、26.3 g?kg-1), sp- leen index(87.3,26.3 g?kg-1), thymus index(87.3 g?kg-1), serum hemolysin (87.3、26.3、7.96 g?kg-1)in CTX-induced immunosuppressive mice were increased after administrated of Guben yangxue oral liquid. CONCLUSION:Guben yangxue oral liquid can enhance the non-specific immunity and humoral immune function of CTX-induced immunosuppressive mice, and it can improve CTX-induced hematopoietic dysfunction significantly.

Immunoloregulation effect of polysaccharide isolated from Angelica Sinensis on mouse / 中成药

AIM: To investigate the immunoloregulation effect of Angelica polysaccharide extracted from Angelica Sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. METHODS: Index of immune organs were weighed and calculated. Phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophage (M) were determined with carbon particle clearance test. Spectrophotography was used to estimate levels of serum hemolysis IgG, IgM. The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. RESULTS: In certain doses (10-100 mg/kg), Angelica polysaccharide significantly increased phagocytic function and spleen index in immunosuppression mice caused by hydrocortisone, while showed no obviouse influnence on thymus index. It also remarkble decreased levels of serum hemolysis IgG, IgM. In vitro experiments, Angelica polysaccharide could increase the proliferation of mouse spleen cell and macrophage. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Angelica polysaccharide has potent enhancement on non specific immunity, however, it could suppress humoral immunity.

Immunoloregulation effect of Angelica polysaccharide isolated from Angelica sinensis / 中国药理学通报

AIM To investigate the immunolore gulation effect of Angelica polysaccharide purified from Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels. METHODS Index of immune organs was weighed and caculated. Phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophage (M?) was determined with carbon particle clearance test. Spectrophotography was used to estimate levels of serum hemolysis IgG, IgM. Mixed lymphocyte reaction was measured by MTT assay. RESULTS In certain concentrations (10～100 mg?kg -1 ), Angelica polysaccharide significantly in creased phagocytic function and spleen index inboth normal and immunosuppression mice,caused by sc cyclophosphamide, but showed no obviouse influnence on thymus index. It also remarkbly decreased levels of serum hemolysis IgG, IgM. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Angelica polysaccharide has potent enhancement on non specific immunity. However, it could suppress humoral immunity.

EFFECTS OF GLUCOSAMINE ON IMMUNE FUNCTION IN MICE / 营养学报

Objective:To study the effects of glucosamine(GlcNH2) on immune function in mice.Method:The effects of GlcNH2 on murine proliferation of splenocytes were carried out in vitro.After feeding mice by GlcNH2,the phagocytotic functions of mononuclear macrophage,murine delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) caused by sheep red blood cells(SRBC),the ability of antibody production(tested by HC50),and the index of immune organs(thymus and spleen) were deteimined in vivo.Results:GlcNH2 could promote the proliferation of splenocytes,phagocytotic functions of mononuclear macrophage,DTH,the ability of antibody production and the index of immune organs.Conclusion:Glucosamine can enhance immune function in mice such as cellular immunity,humoral immunity and non-specific immunity.