RESUMO
Partindo das reflexões de Hannah Arendt, o autor descreve, do ponto de vista psicanalítico, a formação e o funcionamento da mente totalitária, isto é, daquela que orientou a ação dos regimes hitlerista e stalinista. Busca caracterizar a estrutura psíquica sem a qual a mente totalitária não se organiza e cuja presença a torna operacional. Apresenta a hierarquia necessária à existência dela e as diferentes formas que assume (mentor, aderente e vítima). A compreensão da estrutura e do funcionamento da mente totalitária é fundamentalmente baseada em Melanie Klein, Wilfred Bion, Donald Meltzer e André Green.
The author uses Hannah Arendt's reflections as underlying ideas to describe, from a psychoanalytic perspective, the development and functioning of a totalitarian mind, i.e. the mind that was behind both Hitler's and Stalin's regimes. The author's purpose is to characterize the mental structure that enables the totalitarian mind to operate. Without this structure, he explains, the totalitarian mind cannot be even organized. He presents the hierarchy that is vital to this totalitarian mind and the different roles it may play (mentor, adherent, or victim). The comprehension of the structure and functioning of the totalitarian mind is mainly based on Melanie Klein's, Wilfred Bion's, Donald Meltzer's, and Andre Green's work.
Partiendo de las reflexiones de Hannah Arendt, el autor describe, desde el punto de vista psicoanalítico, la formación y el funcionamiento de la mente totalitaria, es decir, aquella que orientó la acción de los regímenes hitleriano y estalinista. Busca caracterizar la estructura psíquica sin la cual la mente totalitaria no se organiza y cuya presencia la hace operativa. Presenta la jerarquía necesaria para su existencia y las diferentes formas que asume (mentor, adherente y víctima). La comprensión de la estructura y el funcionamiento de la mente totalitaria está basada, fundamentalmente, en Melanie Klein, Wilfred Bion, Donald Meltzer y André Green.
L'auteur décrit, du point de vue psychanalytique, partant des réflexions de Hannah Arendt, la formation et le fonctionnement de l'esprit totalitaire, c'està- dire, de celui qui a orienté l'action des régimes hitlérien et stalinien. Il cherche à caractériser la structure psychique sans laquelle l'esprit totalitaire ne s'organise pas et dont la présence permet qu'il devienne opérationnel. L'auteur présente la hiérarchie nécessaire à son existence et les différentes formes qu'il prend (mentor, adhérant et victime). La compréhension de la structure et du fonctionnement de l'esprit totalitaire est fondamentalement basée sur Mélanie Klein, Wilfred Bion, Donald Meltzer et André Green.
RESUMO
RESUMEN En este trabajo se propone un modelo matemático consistente de cuatro ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias que describen la evolución del VIH en un individuo seropositivo y el efecto de un antirretroviral en el proceso de replicación del virus en las células T CD4+. Con el propósito de determinar la efectividad del medicamento en el largo plazo se analizan los casos con y sin el tratamiento antirretroviral para observar el efecto en la población de células T CD4+ sanas e infectadas. Con el modelo matemático propuesto se encuentra un caso en el cual el tratamiento antirretroviral permite mantener una concentración de T CD4+ no infectadas clínicamente saludable en el organismo. Mediante la aplicación del método de Conjuntos Compactos Invariantes se establecen los límites máximos para las poblaciones de células sanas e infectadas, así como la concentración del VIH libre en el organismo. Finalmente, se realizan simulaciones numéricas para ilustrar los resultados en el plano temporal, se grafican las soluciones del sistema y los límites superiores obtenidos, estos permiten observar el valor máximo que pueden llegar a alcanzar las poblaciones de células sanas, las infectadas y la concentración de VIH en el torrente sanguíneo.
ABSTRACT In this work, we present a proposal of a mathematical model of four ordinary differential equations that describe the evolution of HIV in an HIV-positive individual and the effect of an antiretroviral in the process of virus replication in CD4+ T cells. In order to determine the long-term effectiveness of the drug, the cases with and without antiretroviral treatment are analyzed to observe the effect on the population of healthy and infected CD4+ T cells. With our mathematical model, we are able to obtain a case where the antiretroviral allows a clinically healthy concentration of uninfected CD4+ T cells. Additionally, by applying the Compact Invariant Sets method we determine maximum values for the concentration of free HIV and both cells populations, healthy and infected. Finally, we perform numerical simulations in order to illustrate our results in the temporal plane, we plot the solutions of the system and their corresponding upper bounds, the latter allow us to define the maximum values of the HIV concentration in the bloodstream and the infected and healthy cells populations.
RESUMO
Background: Vector-borne diseases are important public health issues and, consequently, in silico models that simulate them can be useful. The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model simulates the population dynamics of an epidemic and can be easily adapted to vector-borne diseases, whereas the Hardy-Weinberg model simulates allele frequencies and can be used to study insecticide resistance evolution. The aim of the present study is to develop a coupled system that unifies both models, therefore enabling the analysis of the effects of vector population genetics on the population dynamics of an epidemic. Methods: Our model consists of an ordinary differential equation system. We considered the populations of susceptible, infected and recovered humans, as well as susceptible and infected vectors. Concerning these vectors, we considered a pair of alleles, with complete dominance interaction that determined the rate of mortality induced by insecticides. Thus, we were able to separate the vectors according to the genotype. We performed three numerical simulations of the model. In simulation one, both alleles conferred the same mortality rate values, therefore there was no resistant strain. In simulations two and three, the recessive and dominant alleles, respectively, conferred a lower mortality. Results: Our numerical results show that the genetic composition of the vector population affects the dynamics of human diseases. We found that the absolute number of vectors and the proportion of infected vectors are smaller when there is no resistant strain, whilst the ratio of infected people is larger in the presence of insecticide-resistant vectors. The dynamics observed for infected humans in all simulations has a very similar shape to real epidemiological data. Conclusion: The population genetics of vectors can affect epidemiological dynamics, and the presence of insecticide-resistant strains can increase the number of infected people. Based on the present results, the model is a basis for development of other models and for investigating population dynamics.(AU)
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Resistência a Inseticidas , Epidemias , InseticidasRESUMO
Abstract Background: Vector-borne diseases are important public health issues and, consequently, in silico models that simulate them can be useful. The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model simulates the population dynamics of an epidemic and can be easily adapted to vector-borne diseases, whereas the Hardy-Weinberg model simulates allele frequencies and can be used to study insecticide resistance evolution. The aim of the present study is to develop a coupled system that unifies both models, therefore enabling the analysis of the effects of vector population genetics on the population dynamics of an epidemic. Methods: Our model consists of an ordinary differential equation system. We considered the populations of susceptible, infected and recovered humans, as well as susceptible and infected vectors. Concerning these vectors, we considered a pair of alleles, with complete dominance interaction that determined the rate of mortality induced by insecticides. Thus, we were able to separate the vectors according to the genotype. We performed three numerical simulations of the model. In simulation one, both alleles conferred the same mortality rate values, therefore there was no resistant strain. In simulations two and three, the recessive and dominant alleles, respectively, conferred a lower mortality. Results: Our numerical results show that the genetic composition of the vector population affects the dynamics of human diseases. We found that the absolute number of vectors and the proportion of infected vectors are smaller when there is no resistant strain, whilst the ratio of infected people is larger in the presence of insecticide-resistant vectors. The dynamics observed for infected humans in all simulations has a very similar shape to real epidemiological data. Conclusion: The population genetics of vectors can affect epidemiological dynamics, and the presence of insecticide-resistant strains can increase the number of infected people. Based on the present results, the model is a basis for development of other models and for investigating population dynamics.