In vitro SCREENING ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Bidens pilosa LINNÉ AND Annona crassiflora MART. AGAINST OXACILLIN RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) FROM THE AERIAL ENVIRONMENT AT THE DENTAL CLINIC / Triagem in vitro da atividade antibacteriana de Bidens pilosa Linné e Annona crassiflora Mart. contra Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina (ORSA) provenientes do ambiente aéreo na clínica odontológica

Currently multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus is one common cause of infections with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which directs scientific endeavors in search for novel antimicrobials. In this study, nine extracts from Bidens pilosa (root, stem, flower and leaves) and Annona crassiflora (rind fruit, stem, leaves, seed and pulp) were obtained with ethanol: water (7:3, v/v) and their in vitro antibacterial activity evaluated through both the agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods against 60 Oxacillin Resistant S. aureus (ORSA) strains and against S. aureus ATCC6538. The extracts from B. pilosa and A. crassiflora inhibited the growth of the ORSA isolates in both methods. Leaves of B. pilosa presented mean of the inhibition zone diameters significantly higher than chlorexidine 0.12% against ORSA, and the extracts were more active against S. aureus ATCC (p < 0.05). Parallel, toxicity testing by using MTT method and phytochemical screening were assessed, and three extracts (B. pilosa, root and leaf, and A. crassiflora, seed) did not evidence toxicity. On the other hand, the cytotoxic concentrations (CC50 and CC90) for other extracts ranged from 2.06 to 10.77 mg/mL. The presence of variable alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins was observed, even though there was a total absence of anthraquinones. Thus, the extracts from the leaves of B. pilosa revealed good anti-ORSA activity and did not exhibit toxicity.

Atualmente Staphylococcus aureus multirresistente é causa comum de infecções com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade mundialmente, o que direciona esforços científicos na busca de novos antimicrobianos. Neste estudo, nove extratos de Bidens pilosa (raiz, caule, flor e folhas) e de Annona crassiflora (casca do fruto, caule, folha, semente e polpa) foram obtidos com etanol:água (7:3, v/v) e suas atividades antibacteriana in vitro avaliadas através de difusão em agar e microdiluição em caldo contra 60 cepas de Oxacillin Resistant S. aureus (ORSA) e contra S. aureus ATCC 6538. Os extratos de B. pilosa e A. crassiflora inibiram o crescimento dos isolados ORSA em ambos os métodos. O extrato da folha de B. pilosa apresentou média dos diâmetros dos halos de inibição significativamente maior que a clorexidina 0,12%, contra os isolados ORSA, e os extratos foram mais ativos contra S. aureus ATCC (p < 0,05). Paralelamente, teste de toxicidade pelo método MTT e triagem fitoquímica foram avaliadas, e três extratos (raiz e folha de B. pilosa e semente de A. crassiflora) não apresentaram toxicidade. Por outro lado, as concentrações citotóxicas (CC50 e CC90) para os outros extratos variaram de 2,06 a 10,77 mg/mL. Observou-se variável presença de alcalóides, flavonóides, taninos e saponinas, apesar de total ausência de antraquinonas. Portanto, os extratos das folhas de B. pilosa revelaram boa atividade anti-ORSA e não exibiram toxicidade.

Evaluación de la susceptibilidad a glicopéptidos en cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a oxacilina / Evaluation of susceptibility to glycopeptides in oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains

Candida albicans y Candida dubliniensis presentan una estrecha relación filogenética. La similitud de estas especies puede hacer que en un laboratorio microbiológico se identifique en forma errónea C. dubliniensis como C. albicans. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar diversos métodos fenotípicos para la diferenciación entre Candida dubliniensis y Candida albicans. Se utilizaron 6 cepas control de C. dubliniensis y una de C. albicans, provenientes de colecciones reconocidas y sometidas a genotipificación. También se utilizaron 70 aislados identificados como posibles C. albicans utilizando el medio CHROMagar Candida y el medio de bilis agar Feo. Los métodos evaluados fueron: agar Sabouraud dextrosa a 45°C, agar Sabouraud con NaCl al 6,5%, agar Tween 80, agar tabaco, agar Pal’s, agar tomate-zanahoria y aglutinación con partículas de látex (Bichro-Dubli Fumouze®). Encontramos que las técnicas más confiables para realizar la diferenciación fenotípica entre estas dos especies fueron: el agar tomate-zanahoria, el agar Pal’s, el agar tabaco y la aglutinación con partículas de látex (Bichro-Dubli Fumouze®). Además en este estudio, de los 70 aislados considerados como C. albicans, encontramos 1 (1.4%) posible Candida dubliniensis. Sin embargo, las pruebas de biología molecular son las más adecuadas para el diagnóstico certero de estas dos especies.

Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis have a close phylogenetic relationship. The similarity between these species can cause a microbiology laboratory to identify C. dubliniensis erroneously as C. albicans. The objective of this research was to evaluate diverse phenotypic methods for differentiating between Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans. Six control strains of C. dubliniensis and one of C. albicans from recognized collections were used and submitted to genotypification. Also, 70 isolates were used, identified as possible C. albicans utilizing CHROMagar Candida and bilis agar Feo mediums. The methods evaluated were: Sabouraud dextrosa agar at 45°C, Sabouraud agar with NaCl at 6.5%, Tween 80 agar, tobacco agar, Pal’s agar, tomato-carrot agar and agglutination with latex particles (Bichro-Dubli Fumouze®). It was found that the most reliable techniques for performing phenotype differentiation between these two species were tomato-carrot agar, Pal’s agar, tobacco agar and agglutination with latex particles (Bichro-Dubli Fumouze®). Of the 70 isolates considered to be C. albicans, one (1.4%) possible Candida dubliniensis was found. Nevertheless, molecular biology tests are the most appropriate means for achieving an accurate diagnosis of these two species.

Prevalência do staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina, isolado em hemoculturas de pacientes internados em alguns hospitais do Distrito Federal, Brasil / Prevalence of meticilin resistent Staphylococcus aureus isolated in blood cultures of hospitalized patients in Some Hospitals at Distrito Federal-Brazil

Introdução. O Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina é um problema identificado nos hospitais e, mais recentemente, na comunidade. Objetivo. Identificar a prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina em pacientes internados. Métodos. Foi realizado, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2006, levantamento de todas as hemoculturas positivas de Staphylococcus aureus de três hospitais públicos (A, B e C) e em três hospitais privados (D, E e F) do Distrito Federal.Resultados. Foram identificadas 265 amostras positivas de S. aureus com prevalência de 47,9%. Dentre os hospitais analisados, encontraram-se 69,1% (97/67) na instituição A; 28,6% (63/18) em B; 73,2% (41/30) em C; 14,8%(27/4) em D; 18,2% (22/4) em E; e 26,7% (15/4) na instituição F.Conclusão. A prevalência global de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina das instituições avaliadas é elevada e compatível com dados nacionais e internacionais. No entanto, a distribuição foi heterogênea com prevalência maior nas instituições públicas.

Introduction. The meticilin resistent Staphylococcus aureus is a problem identified in hospitals and more recently in the community. Objective. Identify the prevalence of meticilin resistent Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients. Methods. A survey of all Staphylococcus aureus positive blood cultures from January to December 2006 was carried at six hospitals, three public (A, B and C) and three private (D, E e F) institutions at the Distrito Federal. Results. Two hundred and sixty five Staphylococcus aureus positive samples were identified with a prevalence of 47,9% of the meticilin resistent strand. Of all the analyzed hospitals a prevalence of 69.1% (97/67) for the institution A; 28.6% (63/18) for the B; 73.2% (41/30) for the C; 14.8% (27/4) for the D; 18.2% (22/4) for the E; 26.7% (15/4) for the F. Conclusion. The global prevalence of meticilin resistent Staphylococcus aureus at evaluated institutions is high and compatible with national and international data. However the distribution was heterogeneous with a higher prevalence in public institutions.

The study by using the computerized tomography imaging in order to access to mandibular foramen while inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia

PURPOSE: This study was performed to provide an anatomical information of the mandibular ramus for the successful inferior alveolar nerve block. Three dimensional images were reconstructed from the computerized tomography (CT) and the anatomical evaluation of the mandibular ramus was done. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients who had been taken the facial CT scans from 2000, Jan to 2003, June was selected. The patients who had the anterior or posterior teeth misssing, edentulous ridge, and jaw fracture were excepted. In the occulusal plane, the lingual surface angle (LSA) between the mid-sagittal plane and the mandibular molar lingual surface from the 2nd premolar to the 2nd molar, the inner ramal surface angle (IRSA), the maximum inner ramal surface angle (MxIRSA), and the outer ramal surface angle (ORSA) to the-mid sagittal plane were MEASURED: The inner ramal surface angle in the ligular tip level (IRSA-L) and the outer ramal surface angle in the ligular tip level (ORSA-L), the ramal length (RL), and the anterior ramal length (ARL) were also measured in the lingular tip level. RESULTS: In the lingular tip level, the mean IRSA-L and ORSA-L were 28.6+/-6.3 degrees and 17.9+/-4.9 degrees respectively. The larger was the IRSA, the larger was the ORSA. In the lingular tip level, the mean ramal length was 35.8+/-3.4 mm. The larger was the IRSA-L, the shorter was the ramal length. On the lingular tip level, the mean anterior ramal length from anterior ramus to lingular tip was 19.6+/-3.3 mm. when the ramal length was longer, the anterior ramal length was also longer. On the lingular tip level, there was positive correlation vetween the IRSA and the ORSA, negative correlation between the IRSA and the ramal length, and positive correlation between the ramal length and the lingular tip level to the anterior ramus. There was no statistical meaning of data between sex and age. CONCLUSION: In the clinical view of the results so far achieved, if the direction of needle is closer to posterior it is able to contact bone on lingular tip when the internal surface of ramus is wided outer.