Características clínico-demográficas de sujetos de sala de cirugía general que requirieron interconsulta con la unidad de kinesiología de un hospital público de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo / Clinical-demographic characteristics of subjects from the general surgery ward who required consultation with the physical therapy unit of a public hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a descriptive and retrospective study

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-demográficas de sujetos internados luego de una intervención quirúrgica que recibieron asistencia kinésica (AK) en la sala de cirugía general de un hospital público de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA). El objetivo secundario consiste en describir el uso de dispositivos de oxigenoterapia, el desarrollo de complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias (CPP) y el tiempo transcurrido hasta la AK. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron datos extraídos de fichas kinésicas de sujetos que se sometieron a una intervención quirúrgica abdominal, torácica o pélvica y recibieron AK entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2022. Se registraron datos demográficos y clínicos, motivo de consulta kinésica, desarrollo de CPP, cantidad de días de AK y uso de dispositivos de oxigenoterapia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 151 fichas kinésicas. Del total, 15 sujetos (9,9 %) desarrollaron CPP. En este grupo, la mediana de días transcurridos entre el procedimiento quirúrgico y el comienzo de la AK fue de 8 días (RIQ 4-16), mientras que para los sujetos que no desarrollaron complicaciones fue de 4 días (RIQ 2-7). Un total de 57 sujetos (37,5 %) requirieron oxigenoterapia, de los cuales 3 requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva y 1 no invasiva. Conclusión: Se describieron las características clínico-demográficas de sujetos postquirúrgicos internados en la sala de cirugía general de un hospital general de agudos de la CABA. Aquellos sujetos con CPP recibieron más días de AK y requirieron oxígeno suplementario durante un período más extenso. Los sujetos que no desarrollaron CPP recibieron AK en una etapa más temprana, en comparación con los que desarrollaron complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the clinical-demographic characteristics of subjects who were hospitalized after a surgical intervention and received physical therapy (PT) in the general surgery ward of a public hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA). The secondary objective is to describe the use of oxygen therapy devices, the development of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC), and the time elapsed until PT. Materials y methods: We included data from the PT records of subjects who underwent abdominal, thoracic, or pelvic surgical interventions and received PT between January 2019 and December 2022. Demographic and clinical data, reason for PT consultation, development of PPC, number of days of PT, and use of oxygen therapy devices were recorded. Results: A total of 151 records were included; of them, 15 subjects (9.9 %) developed PPC. In this group, the median number of days elapsed between the surgical intervention and the onset of PT was 8 days (IQR 4-16), while for subjects who did not develop complications, it was 4 days (IQR 2-7). A total of 57 subjects (37.5 %) needed oxygen therapy, with 3 subjects requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and 1 requiring non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: We described the clinical-demographic characteristics of postoperative subjects hospitalized in the general surgery ward of a general acute hospital in the CABA. Subjects with PPC received PT over an extended period and required supplemental oxygen for a longer period. Subjects who did not develop PPC received PT earlier, compared with those who developed complications.

Oxigenoterapia en insuficiencia respiratoria aguda: Impacto de la automatización del flujo de oxígeno (estudio preliminar) / Oxygen Therapy in Acute Respiratory Failure: Impact of Automated Oxygen Administration (Preliminary Study)

RESUMEN El control de la saturación de oxígeno durante el ingreso hospitalario es un desafío cotidiano para el médico tratante, ya sea en contexto de una exacerbación de EPOC o cualquier enfermedad aguda que curse con insuficiencia respiratoria. El ajuste de flujo del oxígeno administrado al paciente es en la mayoría de los casos manual, habitual mente sin una prescripción médica clara del rango de SpO2 deseado, lo que implica una sobrecarga del servicio de enfermería con el riesgo de realizar un aporte inade cuado de este, ya sea por sobreadministración o por aporte insuficiente. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir una experiencia preliminar con la administración automatizada del flujo de O2 mediante el uso del dispositivo O2matic. Se estudió un grupo de pacientes adultos con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda quienes se encontraban internados usando oxigenoterapia continua con flujímetros convencionales y controles manuales periódicos de enfermería, por lo que se indica, luego, iniciar oxigenoterapia en forma controlada usando el dispositivo O2matic durante 30 min. Se ha observado que el flujo de oxígeno alcanzado utilizando el dispositivo de control automático O2ma tic ha sido menor al flujo utilizado en el control manual, con diferencias significativas entre ambos valores hallados, con adecuada seguridad y tolerancia del paciente. Que la automatización de la oxigenoterapia durante el ingreso hospitalario pueda reducir la duración de la admisión, y posiblemente mejorar la supervivencia entre pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda queda aún por determinar, por lo que son necesarios futuros estudios aleatorizados con una muestra mayor de pacientes.

ABSTRACT The control of oxygen saturation during hospital admission is a daily challenge for the treating physician, whether in the context of a COPD exacerbation or any acute disease that occurs with respiratory failure. The adjustment of the oxygen flow administered to the patient is mostly manual, usually without a clear medical prescription for the desired SpO2 range, implying an overload of the nursing service with the risk of making an inad equate contribution, either over-administering it or providing it incorrectly. insufficient. The objective of this work is to describe a preliminary experience with the automated administration of the O2 flow through the use of the O2matic device. A group of adult patients with acute respiratory failure who were hospitalized using continuous oxygen therapy with conventional flowmeters and periodic nursing manual controls was studied, after which it was indicated to start oxygen therapy in a controlled manner using the O2matic device for 30 minutes. It was observed that the oxygen flow achieved using the O2matic automatic control device has been lower than the flow used in manual control, with significant differences between both values found, with adequate safety and patient tolerance. Whether the automation of oxygen therapy during hospital admission could reduce the length of admission, and possibly improve survival among patients with acute respiratory failure remains to be determined, requiring future randomized studies with a larger sample of patients.

Value of modified ROX index in predicting the prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy / 中国基层医药

Objective:To evaluate the value of the ROX index [blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2)/fraction of inspiration O 2 (FiO 2)/respiratory rate (RR)], ROX-heart rate (HR) index (ROX index/HR × 100), modified ROX (mROX) index [partial pressure of oxygen in the blood (PaO 2)/FiO 2/RR], and mROX-HR index (mROX index/HR × 100) in predicting prognosis for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treated with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC). Methods:The clinical data of 100 patients with ARDS who received HFNC between January 2018 and December 2022 at The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Jianghan University, were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups based on whether HFNC treatment was successful or not: a success group with 65 patients and a failure group with 35 patients. The differences in the ROX index, ROX-HR index, mROX index, and mROX-HR index in the observation group were observed at the designated time points: 2, 12, and 24 hours after HFNC treatment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to evaluate the value of ROX index, ROX-HR index, mROX index, and mROX-HR index in predicting the success or failure of HFNC treatment at 2, 12, and 24 hours. Cutoff values were determined.Results:There were no significant differences in age, gender, body mass index, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, or the proportions of underlying diseases and pulmonary causes between the success and failure groups (all P > 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in baseline HR, RR, FiO 2, SpO 2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2), PaO 2, pH, lactate, oxygenation index, ROX index, mROX index, ROX-HR index, or mROX-HR index between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The ROX index in the success group at 2, 12, and 24 hours after HFNC treatment was 6.86 ± 1.09, 6.31 ± 1.61, and 8.24 ± 2.29, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in the failure group (6.36 ± 0.67, 5.65 ± 1.44, and 5.41 ± 0.84) at the corresponding time points ( F = 5.97, 4.04, 49.40, all P < 0.05). At 2, 12, and 24 hours after HFNC treatment, the mROX index in the success group was 5.94 ± 1.28, 5.74 ± 1.23, and 8.51 ± 2.64, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in the failure group (5.26 ± 0.74, 4.80 ± 0.97, 4.81 ± 1.17) at the corresponding time points ( F = 8.23, 15.38, 61.79, all P < 0.05). At 2, 12, and 24 hours after HFNC treatment, the ROX-HR index in the success group was 6.53 ± 1.32, 6.85 ± 1.44, and 7.57 ± 1.47, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in the failure group (5.79 ± 1.04, 5.87 ± 1.03, 5.57 ± 0.63) at the corresponding time points ( F = 8.28, 12.61, 58.34, all P < 0.05). At 2, 12, and 24 hours after HFNC treatment, the mROX-HR index in the success group was 6.11 ± 1.30, 6.86 ± 1.13, and 7.79 ± 1.79, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in the failure group (5.20 ± 1.06, 5.66 ± 1.46, 4.92 ± 0.90) at the corresponding time points ( F = 12.60, 20.87, 78.56, all P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the optimal thresholds were 6.56, 6.02, 6.24, and 5.25 for the ROX index, mROX index, ROX-HR index, and mROX-HR index, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.63, 0.66, 0.68, and 0.72, with sensitivity of 55.4%, 47.7%, 56.9%, and 76.9%, and specificity of 71.4%, 91.4%, 77.1%, and 62.9%, respectively. At 12 hours after treatment, the optimal thresholds were 6.09, 5.53, 6.52, and 5.99, with AUC values of 0.62, 0.70, 0.67, and 0.80, sensitivity of 55.4%, 53.8%, 61.5%, and 80.0%, and specificity of 74.3%, 77.1%, 71.4%, and 74.3%, respectively. At 24 hours after treatment, the optimal thresholds were 6.23, 6.4, 5.99, and 6.22, with AUC values of 0.88, 0.90, 0.91, and 0.93, sensitivity of 81.5%, 80.0%, 87.7%, and 83.1%, and specificity of 91.4%, 94.3%, 80.0%, and 91.4%, respectively. Conclusion:The use of the ROX index, mROX index, ROX-HR index, and mROX-HR index can aid in predicting the prognosis of ARDS patients. The predictive value of these indices increases as treatment time progresses. The mROX-HR index offers marked advantages during the initial stages of treatment and could serve as a reliable early predictor.

Physiological effect of high flow oxygen therapy measured by electrical impedance tomography in single-lung transplantation / Efectos fisiológicos del alto flujo de oxígeno medido por tomografía de impedancia eléctrica en trasplante unipulmonar

Abstract In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease (COPD), single lung transplantation (SLT) is some times performed as an alternative to bilateral lung trans plantation due to limited organ availability. However, the postoperative management of SLT presents challenges, including complications related to the distinct compli ance of each lung. This case report presents the case of a 65-year-old male patient who underwent SLT and was in the weaning period from mechanical ventilation. High-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) was administered, and the physiological effects were measured using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). The results demonstrated that the application of HFOT increased air trapping and overdistention in the native lung without benefiting the transplanted lung. HFOT through a tracheostomy tube or nasal cannula resulted in a more heterogeneous distri bution of ventilation, with increased end expiratory lung impedance, prolonged expiratory time constants, and an increase in silent spaces. The drop in tidal impedance after applying HFOT did not indicate hypoventilation but rather overdistention and air trapping in the native lung, while the transplanted lung showed evidence of hypoventilation. These findings suggest that HFOT may not be beneficial for SLT patients and could potentially worsen outcomes. However, due to the limited scope of this case report, further prospective studies with larger patient cohorts are needed to confirm these results.

Resumen En pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), el trasplante pulmonar unilateral (SLT, por sus siglas en inglés) se realiza como alternativa a la disponibilidad limitada de donantes para el trasplante pulmonar bilateral. Sin embargo, el manejo postoperato rio del SLT presenta desafíos, incluyendo complicaciones relacionadas con la distinta complacencia de cada pul món. Este reporte presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 65 años que fue sometido a un SLT y se encontraba en el proceso de destete de la ventilación mecánica. Se administró terapia de oxígeno de alto flujo (HFOT, por sus siglas en inglés) y se midieron los efectos fisiológicos utilizando la tomografía de impedancia eléctrica (EIT, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados demostraron que la aplicación de HFOT aumentó la retención de aire y la hiperinflación en el pulmón nativo sin beneficiar al pulmón trasplantado. Tanto la HFOT a través de un tubo de traqueostomía como a través de cánula nasal resultaron en una distribución más heterogénea de la ventilación, con un aumento en la impedancia pulmonar al final de la espiración, prolongación de las constantes de tiempo espiratorias y un aumento en los espacios silentes. La disminución de la impedancia tidal después de aplicar HFOT no indicó hipoventilación, sino más bien hiperinsuflación y retención de gas en el pulmón nativo, mientras que el pulmón trasplantado mostró evidencia de hipoventilación. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el HFOT puede no ser beneficioso para los pacientes con SLT y podría empeorar los resultados. Sin embargo, debido al alcance limitado de este informe de caso, se necesitan estudios prospectivos con cohortes de pacientes más amplias para confirmar estos resultados.

Long-term oxygen therapy to reduce length of hospital stay in COVID-19

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of long-term oxygen therapy as a strategy to reduce hospitalization time in patients affected by COVID-19. METHODS: Between April and December 2021, COVID-19 patients with stable clinical conditions needing supplementary oxygen therapy during hospitalization were oriented to have hospital discharge with long-term oxygen therapy and reassessment after 15 days. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were evaluated and, 15 days after discharge, 69% of patients had suspended long-term oxygen therapy, with no difference between the groups admitted to the intensive care unit or the ward (p=0.319). Among the individuals who needed to maintain long-term oxygen therapy, in addition to worse P/F ratio (265±57 vs. 345±51; p<0.001) and lower partial pressure of oxygen (55±12 vs. 72±11 mmHg; p<0.001), were those more obese (37±8 vs. 30±6 kg/m2; p=0.032), needed more time for invasive mechanical ventilation (46±27 vs. 20±16 days; p=0.029), had greater persistence of symptoms (p<0.001), and shorter time between the onset of symptoms and the need for hospitalization (7 [2-9] vs. 10 [6-12] days; p=0.039). CONCLUSION: Long-term oxygen therapy is an effective strategy for reducing hospitalization time in COVID-19 patients, regardless of gravity. Additionally, more obese patients with persistence of respiratory symptoms, faster disease evolution, and more days of invasive mechanical ventilation needed to maintain the long-term oxygen therapy longer.

Efficacy of different modes of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen in preventing hypoxemia during general anesthesia in obese patients without intubation / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To assess the efficacy of different modes of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy modes in preventing hypoxaemia during general anesthesia in obese patients without endotracheal intubation.Methods:Eighty-four American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of either sex, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2, undergoing non-intubated general anesthesia surgery, were divided into 3 groups ( n=28 each) by a random number table method: nasal cannula oxygen therapy group (NC group), HFNC oxygen therapy full-course non-pure oxygen group (HFNC1 group) and HFNC oxygen therapy half-course non-pure oxygen group (NHFC2 group). NC group received oxygen through bilateral nasal cannula, and the oxygen flow rate was 5 L/min, and the oxygen flow rate remained unchanged after anesthesia induction. In NHFC1 group, the flow rate was 30 L/min and the FiO 2 was 41%, and the flow rate was adjusted to 60 L/min after anesthesia induction, and the FiO 2 remained unchanged. NHFC2 group received HFNC oxygen inhalation with a flow rate of 30 L/min and FiO 2 100%, and the flow rate was adjusted to 60 L/min and FiO 2 41% after anesthesia induction. Sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg was intravenously injected after 3 min of oxygen pre-inhalation and target effect-site concentration of propofol was 4 μg/ml in open-loop TCI mode, the closed-loop mode was used to continue intravenous infusion of propofol when the BIS value reached 60 with the same target effect-site concentration, and the intraoperative BIS value was maintained at 45-60. The occurrence and total duration of hypoxemia (SpO 2 <92%) and the lowest value of SpO 2 during anesthesia were recorded. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed before anesthesia induction, at 3 min of oxygen pre-inhalation and at 10 min after anesthesia, and PaO 2 and PaCO 2 were recorded. Respiratory interventions and adverse events were recorded. Results:One patient was excluded due to change of anesthesion method in NC group.Compared with NC group, the incidence of hypoxemia was significantly decreased, the total duration of hypoxemia was shortened, the lowest value of SpO 2 was increased, and the usage rate of respiratory intervention methods was decreased, and PaO 2 was increased and PaCO 2 was decreased at 3 min of oxygen pre-inhalation and 10 min after anesthesia in HFNC2 group ( P<0.05), and PaCO 2 was significantly decreased at 3 min of oxygen pre-inhalation, PaO 2 was increased and PaCO 2 was decreased at 10 min after anesthesia ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the other parameters in HFNC1 group ( P>0.05). Compared with HFNC1 group, the incidence of hypoxemia was significantly decreased, the total duration of hypoxemia was shortened, the lowest value of SpO 2 was increased, the usage rate of respiratory intervention methods was decreased, and PaO 2 was increased at 3 min of oxygen pre-inhalation in HFNC2 group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in adverse events between the three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:HFNC in the mode of FiO 2 100% during oxygen pre-inhalation and FiO 2 41% during anesthesia maintenance can reduce the occurrence of hypoxemia during general anesthesia in obese patients without intubation.

Efficacy of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in optimizing painless transesophageal echocardiography in elderly patients / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy in optimizing painless transesophageal echocardiography in elderly patients.Methods:Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅱ patients, regardless of gender, aged 60-75 yr, with body mass index of 18.5-23.9 kg/m 2, were randomized into 2 groups ( n=30 each) by a random number table method: group HFNC and conventional ventilation group (group C). Pure oxygen 10 L/min was inhaled for 3 min preoxygenation using the HFNC device in group HFNC. Group C inhaled pure oxygen at 6 L/min for 3 min preoxygenation via a nasal cannula. Sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg and remazolam 0.25-0.30 mg/kg were intravenously injected in turn. Group HFNC was connected to a high-flow humidification oxygen therapy device and inhaled pure oxygen at 60 L/min (37℃, FiO 2 100%). The flow rate of pure oxygen was maintained at 6 L/min (FiO 2 100 %) in group C. The patients were placed in left lateral decubitus position, esophageal ultrasound was performed after the eyelash reflex disappeared, and remazolam 0.1 mg/kg was intravenously injected intermittently when bucking and body movement were induced by operation stimulation. The occurrence of hypoxia-related adverse events, mandibular intervention and ventilation-related adverse events was observed during examination. The operation time, time of emergence from anesthesia and consumption of remazolam were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, the incidence of severe hypoxia and rate of mandibular intervention were significantly decreased (7%/0 and 53%/17%, P<0.05), the lowest intraoperative SpO 2 was increased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the operation time, time of emergence from anesthesia and consumption of remazolam in group HFNC ( P>0.05). No ventilation-related adverse events occurred in both groups. Conclusions:HFNC can markedly optimize the ventilation management of elderly patients undergoing painless transesophageal echocardiography.

Successful Treatment of an Infant Case of Apnea Caused by Rhinovirus Infection with High-flow Nasal Cannula / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

The case involved a one-month-old male infant. Around two weeks after birth, cold-like symptoms were observed within the family. Over the course of approximately one month, the infant gradually developed coughing, apnea, and cyanosis, leading to a visit to a nearby medical facility. The episodes of apnea were initiated by a wet-sounding, choking cough. Respiratory pathogen multiplex screening revealed rhinovirus infection. The infant was managed in the intensive care unit and treated with a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), which resulted in an improvement of the recurrent episodes of apnea. We discontinued HFNC on the 7th day of hospitalization; however, the patient had recurrence of apnea. After relieving abdominal distension through rectal enema, the infant was successfully weaned off HFNC and discharged on the 14th day of hospitalization. In addition to the immaturity of the respiratory center in infants, laryngeal chemoreflex triggered by chemical receptors in the larynx is known to contribute to apnea. In the present case, we considered that the reduction of respiratory effort through HFNC, the expectorant effect of warmed and humidified air, and the decrease in gastroesophageal reflux due to alleviation of abdominal distension played roles in the successful outcome.

Vivências de idosos com doença pulmonar crônica em uso de oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada no relacionamento amoroso e sexual / Experiences of older adult with chronic pulmonary disease using long-term home oxygen therapy in romantic and sexual relationships

Resumo Objetivo Compreender os significados atribuídos pela pessoa idosa com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) em uso da Oxigenoterapia Domiciliar Prolongada (ODP) referente ao relacionamento amoroso e a prática sexual. Método Estudo qualitativo, no qual foram realizadas sete entrevistas semidirigidas com pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de DPOC e em uso de ODP, atendidos em serviço ambulatorial. A técnica de análise de conteúdo foi aplicada com o apoio do software WebQDA 2.0®. Os critérios COREQ foram usados ​​para relatar o método e o resultado. Resultados Duas categorias emergiram: 1- Desestabilização no relacionamento amoroso e na vida sexual do usuário de ODP: revelou que a terapia causa perturbação nos relacionamentos, mudança de parceiro depois que foi prescrita a ODP ou até a ideia de procurar uma pessoa extraconjugal. 2- Vivência e significados da DPOC e da oxigenoterapia durante a relação sexual: o sofrimento com as questões fisiológicas, o quanto o paciente sente falta de ar para ter relação sexual e o impacto disso no desempenho e na frequência, diminuindo esses momentos com o parceiro Conclusão A percepção da pessoa idosa com DPOC em uso da ODP indica que a oxigenoterapia impactou sobre a prática sexual e nos relacionamentos amorosos. Ter boa qualidade nos relacionamentos e na prática sexual é condição fundamental para promover a saúde.

Abstract Objective To understand the meanings attributed by older adult with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) using the Long-Term Home Oxygen Therapy (LTOT) regarding romantic relationships and sexual practice. Method Qualitative study in which seven semi-structured interviews were carried out with patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD and using LTOT, treated in an outpatient service. The content analysis technique was applied with the support of the WebQDA2.0 software license. COREQ criteria were used to report method and outcome. Results Two categories emerged: 1- Destabilization in the romantic relationship and in the sexual life of the LTOT user: : revealed that therapy causes relationship breakup, change of partner after prescription of the LTOT or even the idea of ​​looking for an extramarital person; 2- Experience and meanings of COPD and oxygen therapy during sexual intercourse: suffering with physiological problems, how much the patient feels short of breath to have sexual intercourse and the impact of this on performance and frequency, reducing these moments with the partner. Conclusion The perception of elderly people with COPD using LTOT indicates that oxygen therapy had an impact on sexual practice and romantic relationships. Having good quality in relationships and sexual practice is a fundamental condition for health promotion.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en ingresados en un centro provisional para pacientes con CO VID-19 moderada / Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in patients admitted to a provisional center for moderate COVID-19 patients

Introducción: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva es una alternativa ventilatoria para los casos con COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir las características y la evolución de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva en los pacientes egresados en el Centro Provisional para pacientes moderados con COVID-19 en Figali, Panamá. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal. Incluyó a todos los pacientes adultos egresados entre junio y julio del 2021 que recibieron ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Se utilizó un cuestionario cuya fuente primaria fue la historia clínica individual digital. Se emplearon técnicas de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De 217 ingresados con COVID-19 moderado, 78 (35,9 por ciento) necesitaron ventilación mecánica no invasiva, iniciada con media al noveno día de síntomas y segundo después del ingreso. De estos, el 62,8 por ciento eran obesos y el 29,5 por ciento hipertensos. En el 56,4 por ciento, la frecuencia respiratoria ≥30 y la disminución de la razón PaO2/FiO2 fueron los indicadores principales que decidieron el inicio de la VMNI. Del total de ventilados, el 62,8 por ciento tuvo un síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo moderado-grave y esto se relacionó con el fracaso de la ventilación. La ventilación fue exitosa en el 65,4 por ciento. La razón PaO2/FiO2 <150 (62,9 por ciento), la frecuencia respiratoria ≥30 (55,6 por cientpo y el agotamiento físico (51,85 por ciento), indicaron la falla de la ventilación. Conclusiones: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva es un proceder efectivo en pacientes con COVID-19 y distrés respiratorio moderado o severo; aunque su éxito se relaciona con las formas menos graves. La PaO2/FiO2 baja junto a la clínica, fueron indicadores clave para evaluar inicio, éxito o fracaso de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva; no así los valores de PaO2, PaCO2 y SpO2(AU)

Introduction: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation is a ventilatory alternative for COVID-19 cases. Objective: To describe the characteristics and evolution of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in patients discharged from Provisional Center for moderate COVID-19 patients in Figali, Panama. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal stu was carried out in all adult patients discharged from June to July 2021 and who received non-invasive mechanical ventilation. A questionnaire was used using the digital individual medical record as primary source. Descriptive statistics techniques were used. Results: 35.9percent of the patients (78/217) who were admitted required non-invasive mechanical ventilation on the ninth day of symptoms and the second day after admission. 62.8percent (49/78) were obese and 29.5percent (23/78) hypertensive. The respiratory rate ≥30 and the decrease in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio decided the begining of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in 56.4percent (78/217) of those admitted. 62.8percent (49/78) had moderate-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the severity was related to ventilation failure out of the total number of ventilated patients. Ventilation was successful in 65.4percent (51/78). PaO2/FiO2 <150 (62.9percent), respiratory rate ≥30 (55.6percent) and physical exhaustion (51.85percent) decided ventilation failure. Conclusions: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation is an effective procedure in COVID-19 patients and moderate or severe respiratory distress; although its success is related to the less severe forms. Low PaO2/FiO2, together with symptoms, were key indicators to assess the begining, success or failure of NIMV; not so the values of PaO2, PaCO2 and SpO2(AU)

Avaliação da capacidade física em pacientes hospitalizados com diagnóstico de COVID-19 / Evaluación de la capacidad física en pacientes hospitalizados por Covid-19 / Physical capacity assessment in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 diagnose

RESUMO A infecção por SARS-CoV-2 pode ocasionar a síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG), levando a hipoxemia. A avaliação da capacidade física pode ser realizada anteriormente à alta hospitalar, através de testes de exercícios submáximos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade física e a tolerância ao exercício físico por meio do teste de degrau de seis minutos (TD6) em pacientes hospitalizados com diagnóstico de COVID-19 que fizeram uso de suporte de oxigênio (O2) durante a internação. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo e intervencionista, incluindo pacientes com idade entre 18 e 90 anos, que necessitaram de oxigenoterapia durante a hospitalização. Foi realizada avaliação através do Perme escore, seguida do TD6, com análise da saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA) e percepção subjetiva do esforço através da escala de Borg, antes e imediatamente após o TD6. Foram avaliados 31 pacientes, com idade média de 51,9 anos. O dispositivo de O2 mais utilizado foi o cateter nasal (CN), em 64,5% dos pacientes. Em relação à FC, PA e escala de Borg, pudemos observar um aumento no valor médio dessas variáveis após o TD6. A SpO2 teve uma média menor quando comparada à avaliação inicial do TD6. O teste foi finalizado por 86,9% dos pacientes, sendo que, destes, 48,3% finalizaram com interrupções; 12,9% dos participantes suspenderam o teste. O TD6 foi capaz de avaliar a capacidade física e a tolerância ao exercício, tornando-se uma ferramenta eficaz para avaliação do paciente com COVID-19.

RESUMEN La infección por SARS-CoV-2 puede provocar el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SRAS), resultando en hipoxemia. La evaluación de la capacidad física se puede realizar antes del alta hospitalaria mediante pruebas de ejercicio submáximas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad física y la tolerancia al ejercicio a través del test de escalón de seis minutos (TE6) en pacientes hospitalizados por Covid-19 que utilizaron soporte de oxígeno (O2) durante la hospitalización. Se trata de un estudio prospectivo e intervencionista, en el que se incluyeron a pacientes con edades entre los 18 y los 90 años, que necesitaron la oxigenoterapia durante su hospitalización. La evaluación se realizó mediante el puntaje de Perme, seguido del TE6, con análisis de saturación de oxígeno periférico (SpO2), frecuencia cardíaca (FC), presión arterial (PA) y esfuerzo percibido mediante la escala de Borg, antes e inmediatamente después del TE6. Se evaluaron a 31 pacientes, con una edad media de 51,9 años. El dispositivo de O2 más utilizado fue el catéter nasal (CN) por el 64,5% de los pacientes. Con relación a la FC, PA y la escala de Borg, se observa un aumento en el valor medio de estas variables después del TE6. La SpO2 tuvo una media más baja en comparación con la evaluación inicial del TE6. El 86,9% de los pacientes completaron el test, de los cuales el 48,3% terminó con interrupciones; y el 12,9% lo suspendió. El TE6 pudo evaluar la capacidad física y la tolerancia al ejercicio, lo que resulta ser una herramienta eficaz para evaluar a los pacientes con Covid-19.

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), leading to hypoxemia. Physical capacity assessment can be performed before hospital discharge using submaximal exercise testing. This study sought to assess physical capacity and exercise tolerance with the six-minute step test (6MST) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients who required oxygen (O2) support during hospitalization. A prospective, interventional study was conducted with patients aged from 18 to 90 years who required oxygen therapy during hospitalization. Assessment was performed using Perme Score, followed by the 6MST tests, assessing the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and subjective exertion perception by Borg Scale, before and immediately after the 6MST. A total of 31 patients, with a mean age of 51.9 years, were evaluated. Nasal cannula (NC) was the most used device (64.5% of patients). Regarding HR, BP, and Borg Scale, their mean value increased after 6MST. SpO2 showed a lower mean value after 6MST. Out of the 86.9% of patients who completed the test, 48.3% completed it with interruptions, and 12.9% had to suspend it. The 6MST was able to assess physical capacity and exercise tolerance, proving to be an effective tool for evaluating COVID-19 patients.

Método madre canguro con oxigenoterapia domiciliaria: cuidados culturales maternos, una mirada desde la enfermería / Kangaroo mother care method with home oxygen therapy: cultural maternity care, a nursing perspective / Método mãe-canguru com oxigenoterapia domiciliar: cuidados culturais maternos, o olhar de enfermagem

Introducción: Un 40% de los niños prematuros son egresados de las unidades neonatales y las familias se ven enfrentados a una situación inesperada. Criar un niño prematuro y bajo peso al nacer en posición canguro en el hogar no es tarea fácil para las madres es un cuidado extremo, significa un reto que será compensado con el crecimiento infantil. Objetivo: describir el significado del cuidado materno cultural del lactante prematuro y/o de bajo peso al nacer con oxígeno domiciliario. Metodología: estudio de tipo cualitativo con abordaje etnográfico, realizado en un Programa Canguro ambulatorio de un hospital de Bogotá Colombia. En la investigación previo consentimiento informado y aprobación institucional, participaron 8 madres, la descripción densa o la saturación de la muestra se dio con 21 entrevistas grabadas en los hogares y transcritas textualmente. Para la recolección y análisis de la información se usó la teoría de la diversidad y de la universalidad de los cuidados culturales de Madeleine Leininger y la entrevista a profundidad de James Spradley. Resultados: El significado que asignan las madres al cuidado del niño/a con oxígeno domiciliario es descrito en 9 dominios: El oxígeno como una necesidad vital, conocimientos culturales, conocimientos y educación sobre la administración de oxígeno domiciliario, trámites y sus dificultades, el desplazamiento de la madre con el niño/a prematuro con oxígeno domiciliario, higiene y vestido, los costos se aumentan, participación del padre y familiar y alteración de las emociones maternas. Conclusiones: En el saber de las madres el cuidar a su hijo con oxígeno domiciliario significa "estar pendiente" e interpretan el oxígeno como una necesidad vital. Se requiere incluir el tema en los programas de pregrado y posgrado de enfermería y generar investigaciones al respecto.

Introduction: Forty percent of premature infants are discharged from neonatal intensive care units, and their families face an unexpected situation. Raising a premature or low-birthweight baby using the kangaroo method at home is not an easy task, and, for mothers, it involves extreme care and is a challenge that will be compensated with the infant's growth. Objective: To describe the cultural meaning assigned by mothers to the care they give to their preterm or low-birthweight infants with home oxygen therapy. Methods: Qualitative study with an ethnographic approach conducted with mothers enrolled in an outpatient kangaroo program in a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Eight mothers participated in the research after informed consent and institutional approval were obtained. Thick description or data saturation was achieved with 21 interviews recorded at the participants' homes and transcribed verbatim. For data collection and analysis, Madeleine Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality and James Spradley's in-depth interview were used. Results: T h e m e a n i n g assigned by the mothers to the care given to their children with home oxygen therapy is described in nine domains: oxygen as a vital necessity, cultural knowledge, knowledge and education about oxygen therapy administration at home, paperwork and paperwork difficulties, mother's trips with a preterm infant on home oxygen therapy, hygiene and dressing, increased costs, father and other family member involvement, and maternal emotion alterations. Cultural beliefs and practices immersed in the three types of cultural care (preservation, accommodation, and repatterning) are also identified from the analysis of Madeleine Leininger's theory. The technological, religious and physiological, social, cultural, political, economic, and educational factors that influence the culture of the mothers interviewed are evident. Conclusions: In the mothers' minds, caring for their children receiving home oxygen therapy means "being vigilant," and they interpret oxygen as a vital necessity. It is necessary to include the topic in undergraduate and graduate nursing programs and to conduct research on the subject.

Introdução: 40% das crianças prematuras recebem alta das unidades neonatais e as famílias se deparam com uma situação inesperada. Criar um bebê prematuro e/ou de baixo peso ao nascer na posição canguru em casa não é uma tarefa fácil, e para as mães é um cuidado extremo e representa um desafio que será compensado com o crescimento da criança. Objetivo: descrever o significado cultural que as mães atribuem aos cuidados que prestam aos filhos prematuros e/ou de baixo peso com oxigênio domiciliar. Método: estudo qualitativo com abordagem etnográfica, realizado em um programa ambulatorial canguru de um hospital de Bogotá, Colômbia. Oito mães participaram da pesquisa, com Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e aprovação institucional. A saturação da amostra ocorreu com 21 entrevistas gravadas nos domicílios e transcritas na íntegra. Para a coleta e análise das informações, utilizou-se a teoria da diversidade e universalidade dos cuidados culturais de Madeleine Leininger e a entrevista em profundidade de James Spradley. Resultados: o significado que as mães atribuem ao cuidado da criança com oxigênio domiciliar é descrito em nove domínios: oxigênio como necessidade vital, conhecimentos culturais, conhecimentos e educação sobre administração de oxigênio domiciliar, procedimentos e suas dificuldades, deslocamento do mãe com o prematuro com oxigênio domiciliar, higiene e vestuário, aumento de custos, participação do pai e da família e alteração das emoções maternas; Também são identificadas crenças e práticas culturais imersas nos três tipos de cuidado: preservação, adaptação e reorientação do cuidado cultural a partir da análise com a teoria de Madeleine Leininger e os fatores tecnológicos, religiosos e fisiológicos, sociais, culturais, políticos, econômicos e educacionais que influenciam a cultura das mães entrevistadas. Conclusões: no conhecimento das mães, cuidar do filho com oxigênio domiciliar significa "estar atentas" e elas interpretam o oxigênio como uma necessidade vital. É necessário incluir o tema nos programas de graduação e pós-graduação em enfermagem e gerar pesquisas sobre o assunto.

Outcome of patients with COVID pneumonia on High Flow Nasal Oxygen Therapy

Background & Aims: The coronavirus pandemic has caused a rapid surge in patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The mainstay of treatment is supplemental oxygen therapy by an oxygen mask, nonrebreathing mask, high flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT), non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation. HFNOT is a relatively newer, easy-to-use technique with better patient compliance. This study aimed to assess the outcome of HFNOT in Corona Virus disease (COVID) patients in ICU. Methods: This record based; retrospective study included 43 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) confirmed COVID patients whose respiratory support was initiated on HFNOT as per the inclusion criteria. The primary outcome of this study was to assess the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation (HFNOT failure). The secondary outcome was to assess the association of HFNOT failure with age, co-morbidity index, and severity of illness. Results: Out of forty-three patients, twenty-five patients (58%) required conversion to mechanical ventilation. Eighteen patients (42%) were managed with HFNOT alone. HFNOT failure was more with increasing age and higher comorbidity score (p value<0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that HFNOT can be successfully used in COVID patients in ICU without the need for mechanical ventilation. However, it should be used cautiously in patients with higher 4C mortality scores.

Consideraciones sobre la ventilación mecánica artificial en la neumonía por COVID-19 / Considerations on artificial mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 pneumonia

Objetivo: Analizar las consideraciones sobre la ventilación mecánica artificial en la neumonía por COVID 19. Método: Revisión sistemática. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 15 documentos en base a su relación directa y aporte con el tema investigado. Conclusiones: El proceso de retirada del soporte ventilatorio debe estar basado en la resolución de los problemas clínicos, gasométricos y radiológicos, que constituyeron criterios de ventilación, en el retiro es utilizado alrededor de 40% del tiempo total de la VM. En las modalidades de ventilación a utilizar, algunos autores prefieren modalidades ventilatorias que permitan minimizar la PEEP, otros sin embargo prefieren valorar la ventilación con liberación de presión en la vía aérea (APRV), herramienta con la cual se puede realizar reclutamiento pulmonar, si a los 5 min de ventilación no se lograron las metas propuestas, controlando siempre la hemodinamia.

Objective: To analyze the considerations on artificial mechanical ventilation in COVID 19 pneumonia. Method: systematic review. Results: 15 documents were selected based on their direct relationship and contribution to the investigated topic. Conclusions: The process of withdrawal of ventilatory support should be based on the resolution of clinical, gasometric and radiological problems, which constituted ventilation criteria, in the withdrawal is used about 40% of the total time of MV. In the ventilation modalities to be used, some authors prefer ventilatory modalities that allow minimizing PEEP, others however prefer to value ventilation with airway pressure release (APRV), a tool with which lung recruitment can be performed, if at 5 min of ventilation the proposed goals were not achieved, always controlling hemodynamics.

Effect of oxygen supply via transnasal self-made pharyngeal oxygen catheter on safe apnea time in pediatric patients undergoing tonsil surgery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of oxygen supply via the transnasal self-made pharyngeal oxygen catheter on the safe apnea time in pediatric patients undergoing tonsil surgery. Methods:Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of either sex, aged 2-6 yr, weighing 10-20 kg, scheduled for elective tonsillectomy under general anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=30 each) using a random number table method: transnasal self-made pharyngeal oxygen catheter for oxygen supply group (group NO) and control group (group C). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous midazolam, propofol, fentanyl and cis-atracurium, and then ventilation was performed with a mask, and the mask was removed when the exhaled oxygen concentration (C ETO 2) reached more than 90%.In group NO, the self-made oxygen catheter was implanted into the oropharynx through the nose, and the 100% oxygen at 10 L/min was aspirated through the humidification bottle until the intubation was successful.In group C, the transnasal self-made oxygen catheter was not implanted, and the rest of the protocol was similar to those previously described in group NO.The visual laryngoscope was implanted to simulate difficult airways.When SpO 2 ≤ 95% or the safe apnoea time reached 600 s, the observation of apnea was stopped, and mechanical ventilation was started after successful rapid endotracheal intubation.The safe apnea time (from removing the mask until SpO 2 decreased to 95%), value of C ETO 2 at the end of mask ventilation, and the minimum value of SpO 2 after stopping mask ventilation were recorded.Heat rate and mean arterial pressure were observed and recorded on admission to the operating room, immediately after onset of apnea and immediately after successful endotracheal intubation.The SpO 2, P ETCO 2 and cross-sectional area of gastric antrum were also recorded immediately after onset of apnea and immediately after successful endotracheal intubation, and the rate of increase in P ETCO 2 was calculated.The nasal bleeding, nasal dryness, postoperative pharyngeal discomfort and other adverse reactions were recorded when the self-made pharyngeal oxygen catheter was placed. Results:Compared with group C, the safe apnea time was significantly prolonged, the rate of increase in P ETCO 2 was decreased, the minimum value of SpO 2 after stopping mask ventilation was increased, and the heat rate, mean arterial pressure, SpO 2 and P ETCO 2 were increased immediately after successful intubation ( P<0.05), no significant change was found in C ETO 2 after stopping mask ventilation and cross-sectional area of gastric antrum at each time point in group NO ( P>0.05). No adverse reactions such as nasal bleeding, nasal dryness and postoperative pharyngeal discomfort were found when the self-made pharyngeal oxygen catheter was inserted in group NO. Conclusions:The oxygen supply with the transnasal self-made pharyngeal oxygen catheter technique can prolong the safe apnea time in the pediatric patients undergoing tonsil surgery.

Subcutaneous terbutaline and oral nifedipine for intrapartum fetal resuscitation: a prospective randomized controlled study / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To compare the safety and efficacy of terbutaline and nifedipine for acute intrapartum fetal resuscitation (IUFR).Methods:This was a prospective randomized controlled study involving 110 pregnant women with non-reassuring fetal heart rate tracings (NRFHT) during delivery at Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center between January and April 2021. These women were randomly allocated to receive subcutaneous terbutaline sulphate (0.25 mg, terbutaline group) or oral nifedipine (10 mg, nifedipine group), with 55 subjects in each group. Hemodynamic parameters including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation before and 5, 15 and 30 min after treatment as well as the success rate of intrapartum resuscitation, the onset time of medication, and the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage were analyzed using t test, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results:Two groups both showed no significant difference in the mean arterial pressure or oxygen saturation before or after treatment (all P>0.05). The heart rate was not affected in nifedipine group at any time points ( P>0.05). While the patients treated with terbutaline showed accelerated maternal heart rate 5, 15 and 30 min after administration as compared with the baseline[(97.0±20.2), (99.2±13.8), (91.8±12.6) vs (81.7±11.3) bpm, all P<0.001], but it began to decrease at 30 min, with a drop of 6.4 bpm compared with that at 15 min (95% CI: 1.5-11.2, P<0.05). None of the pregnant women had adverse reactions requiring medical intervention. The rates of successful acute resuscitation were similar in the two groups [terbutaline: 78.2% (43/55) vs nifedipine: 70.9% (39/55), χ 2= 0.77, P=0.381]. Terbutaline had a shorter onset time than nifedipine in slowing the frequency of contractions and returning fetal heart rate to class Ⅰ category [2(1-6) vs 6(1-10) min, U=2 348.50, P<0.001]. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of NRFHT-indicated cesarean section, assisted vaginal delivery, or second dose of tocolysis within 1 h (all P>0.05) nor in blood loss volume, postpartum hemorrhage rate, low Apgar score, low umbilical artery pH value (pH<7.2), neonatal asphyxia rate, or neonatal intensive care admission rate (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Terbutaline spends less time than nifedipine to take effect and may be an alternative for acute IUFR without significant adverse outcomes.

Analysis of the status quo and influencing factors of nurse′s knowledge, attitude and practice line on adult oxygen inhalation therapy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of adult oxygen inhalation therapy among nurses and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the status of knowledge, attitude and practice of adult oxygen inhalation therapy among 1 410 nurses from many tertiary, secondary and lower hospitals in Chongqing, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Shanxi and other provinces and cities from December 2020 to January 2021 by convenient sampling method.Results:The score of nurses′ knowledge of adult oxygen inhalation therapy was 1-39 (23.10 ±4.82) points, the standard score was (44.42 ±9.27) points, the score of excellent was 0, the score of moderate was 1.8%(25/1 410), the score of poor was 98.2%(1 385/1 410). The score of nurses′ attitude of adult oxygen inhalation therapy was 6-30 (25.06 ±4.37) points, the standard score was (83.53 ±14.58) points, positive attitude accounted for 42.9%(605/1 410), neutral attitude accounted for 54.6%(770/1 410), negative attitude accounted for 2.5%(35/1 410). The score of nurses′ practice of adult oxygen inhalation therapy was 9-54 (33.82 ±6.32) points, and the standard score was (75.12 ±13.99). Positive practice accounted for 21.2%(299/1 410), neutral practice accounted for 70.4%(993/1410) points, negative practice accounted for 8.4%(118/1 410). The knowledge and attitude of nurses to adult oxygen inhalation therapy were positively correlated with practice( r=0.193, 0.554, both P<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that nurses′ knowledge, attitude and training frequency were the influencing factors of adult oxygen inhalation therapy practice( t=3.17, 23.33, 8.64, all P<0.01). Conclusions:Nurses should strengthen the study and training of adult oxygen inhalation therapy, correct attitude and improve practice, reduce or avoid the occurrence of excessive oxygen therapy and oxygen therapy complications, standardize clinical oxygen therapy to ensure the safety and effectiveness of oxygen therapy.

Oxigenoterapia con cánula nasal de alto flujo: experiencia en un servicio de urgencias de la ciudad de Bogotá / Oxygen therapy with a high-flow nasal cannula: experience in emergency service in the city of Bogotá

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar desenlaces clínicos de oxigenoterapia con cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) en niños con dificultad respiratoria aguda en un servicio de urgencias. Estudio longitudinal, retrospectivo de datos panel en niños con diagnóstico de dificultad respiratoria moderada- severa. El resultado primario de interés fue ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) o requerir intubación 24 horas posteriores al inicio de la terapia. Se calcularon medidas de frecuencia y tendencia central. Los grupos se compararon con las pruebas Chi2, Fisher, Wilcoxon y Kruskal-Wallis. El análisis de datos panel balanceados identificó puntos de inflexión en las curvas de normalización de respuesta respiratoria. Un total de 339 niños de 0 a 16 años cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Mayoría hombres (62,24%), mediana de edad 2 años (RIQ= 0,75-3) y neumonía como principal causa de dificultad respiratoria (33,92%). El ingreso a UCIP (14,5%) y la intubación (0,9%) fue baja en la cohorte. En las primeras tres horas con CNAF se evidenció mejoría en los parámetros respiratorios, sin diferencias significativas entre pacientes con y sin respuesta clínica (frecuencia cardiaca p=0,317; frecuencia respiratoria p=0,423; SatO2 p=0,297; FiO2 p=0,116). No se presentaron eventos adversos ni casos de mortalidad. Los resultados sugieren que la oxigenoterapia con CNAF puede ser una alternativa de soporte respiratorio inicial en niños ≤16 años con dificultad respiratoria moderada a severa. La incidencia de intubación e ingreso a UCIP fue baja. La CNAF fue bien tolerada en los diferentes grupos de edad.

Objective: To analyze clinical outcomes of oxygen therapy with a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in children with acute respiratory distress in an emergency department. We design a longitudinal retrospective study of panel data in children with a diagnosis of moderate-severe respiratory distress. The primary outcome of interest was admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) or requiring intubation 24 hours after initiation of therapy.We calculated the statistics of frequency and central tendency. Finally, the Chi2, Fisher, Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare groups. Balanced panel data analysis identified inflexion points in the respiratory response normalization curves. Children (n = 339) from zero to 16 years old met the inclusion criteria. Most men (62.24%), median age= 2 years (IQR = 0.75-3) and pneumonia as the main cause of respiratory distress (33.92%). Admission to the PICU (14.5%) and intubation (0.9%) was low in the cohort. In the first three hours with HFNC, improvement in respiratory parameters was evidenced, with no significant differences between patients with and without clinical response (heart rate p = 0.317; respiratory rate p = 0.423; SatO2 p = 0.297; FiO2 p = 0.116). There were no adverse events or mortality cases. The results suggest that oxygen therapy with HFNC can be an alternative for initial respiratory support in children ≤16 years of age with moderate to severe respiratory distress. The incidence of intubation and admission to the PICU was low. The HFNC was well tolerated in the different age groups.

Prescription de l'oxygène dans le service d'urgence d'un hôpital de référence de Mahajanga

Introduction : L'oxygène est un médicament. Une prescription non appropriée peut occasionner une insuffisance ou un excès d'apport source de dépenses hospitalières dans les pays en développement. L'objectif était d'évaluer la prescription de l'oxygénothérapie dans un service d'urgence et de soins intensifs et d'observer les modalités d'utilisation pour permettre d'ajuster les objectifs et les cibles thérapeutiques en prenant comme référence les recommandations. Matériels et Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude prospective descriptive sur trois mois, en 2018, de la prescription de l'oxygène au service des urgences et de soins intensifs dans un hôpital de référence de Mahajanga. Quatre obus et quatre extracteurs étaient les sources d'oxygène pour 18 lits d'accueil, de déchoquage et de soins intensifs. Ni un générateur d'oxygène ni des matériels de ventilation spécifique n'étaient disponibles. L'étude statistique a été réalisée avec le logiciel SPSS® v.20, le test Khi2 utilisé pour la comparaison des valeurs avec un seuil de signification p˂0,05. Résultats : Sur 599 admissions, 244 patients (40,7%) bénéficiant d'un apport en oxygène ont été inclus dans l'étude. L'âge moyen était de 47,6 ans avec prédominance masculine (sex-ratio de 1,4). Une saturation d'au plus 90% a été retrouvée dans 25% des cas. Les 40% des patients ont été référés pour une « oxygénothérapie ¼. Les pathologies en cause étaient neurologiques dans 34,4% des cas, touchant la tranche d'âge de 40 à 60 ans (p=0,006), respiratoires pour 21,7% et cardio-vasculaires dans 13,9%. Les lunettes à oxygène étaient utilisées à 71,7%, l'obus à oxygène à 69,3% dans les premières 24 heures (p=0,001). La mortalité était de 22,5% avec 60,6% des patients décédés qui avaient une saturation en oxygène de 90% au maximum (p=0,05). Conclusion : Un algorithme standard avec une saturation pulsée en oxygène ciblée et des techniques plus appropriées auraient permis d'économiser l'oxygène hospitalier et de réduire la mortalité.

Background: Oxygen is a drug. An inappropriate prescription can lead to insufficient or excessive intake, which is a source of hospital expenditure in low-income countries. The aim of the study was to assess the prescription of oxygen therapy in an emergency and intensive care unit and to observe the modalities of its use to allow adjustment of the therapeutic objectives and targets according to the current recommendations. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective descriptive study over three months, in 2018, of the prescription of oxygen in the Emergency and Intensive Care Department, of a referral hospital in Mahajanga. Four oxygen cylinder and 4 concentrators were available as oxygen sources for 18 beds intended for patient reception, destock and intensive care. The hospital did not have an oxygen generator or specific ventilation equipment. The statistical study was carried out with SPSS® v.20 software, the Khi2 test used for the comparison of values with a significance level p˂0.05. Results: Of 599 admissions, 244 patients (40.7%) receiving oxygen were included in the study. The average age was 47.6 years with a male predominance (sex ratio : 1.4). Oxygen saturation ≤90% was found in 25% of cases. The 40% of patients were referred for "oxygen therapy". The main disease were neurological in 34.4%, affecting the age group of 40 to 60 years (p=0.006); respiratory for 21.7% and cardiovascular in 13.9%. Nasal cannulas were used in 71.7%, the oxygen cylinder in 69.3% in the first 24 hours (p=0.001). Mortality was 22.5% of which 60.6% had oxygen saturation ≤90% (p=0.05). Conclusion: Using a standard algorithm with targeted SpO2 and more appropriate techniques would have saved hospital oxygen and reduced mortality.

2022 Brazilian Thoracic Association recommendations for long-term home oxygen therapy / Recomendações para oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (2022)

ABSTRACT Some chronic respiratory diseases can cause hypoxemia and, in such cases, long-term home oxygen therapy (LTOT) is indicated as a treatment option primarily to improve patient quality of life and life expectancy. Home oxygen has been used for more than 70 years, and support for LTOT is based on two studies from the 1980s that demonstrated that oxygen use improves survival in patients with COPD. There is evidence that LTOT has other beneficial effects such as improved cognitive function, improved exercise capacity, and reduced hospitalizations. LTOT is indicated in other respiratory diseases that cause hypoxemia, on the basis of the same criteria as those used for COPD. There has been an increase in the use of LTOT, probably because of increased life expectancy and a higher prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases, as well as greater availability of LTOT in the health care system. The first Brazilian Thoracic Association consensus statement on LTOT was published in 2000. Twenty-two years later, we present this updated version. This document is a nonsystematic review of the literature, conducted by pulmonologists who evaluated scientific evidence and international guidelines on LTOT in the various diseases that cause hypoxemia and in specific situations (i.e., exercise, sleep, and air travel). These recommendations, produced with a view to clinical practice, contain several charts with information on indications for LTOT, oxygen sources, accessories, strategies for improved efficiency and effectiveness, and recommendations for the safe use of LTOT, as well as a LTOT prescribing model.

RESUMO Algumas doenças respiratórias crônicas podem evoluir com hipoxemia e, nessas situações, a oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada (ODP) está indicada como opção terapêutica com o objetivo principal de melhorar a qualidade e a expectativa de vida desses pacientes. O oxigênio domiciliar é usado há mais de 70 anos, e a ODP tem como base dois estudos da década de oitenta que demonstraram que o uso de oxigênio melhora a sobrevida de pacientes com DPOC. Existem evidências de que a ODP tem outros efeitos benéficos como melhora da função cognitiva e da capacidade de exercício e redução de hospitalizações. A ODP está indicada para outras doenças respiratórias que cursam com hipoxemia, segundo os mesmos critérios estabelecidos para a DPOC. Tem sido observado aumento no uso da ODP provavelmente pela maior expectativa de vida, maior prevalência de doenças respiratórias crônicas e maior disponibilidade de ODP no sistema de saúde. O primeiro consenso sobre ODP da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia foi publicado em 2000; após 22 anos, apresentamos esta versão atualizada. Este documento é uma revisão não sistemática da literatura, realizada por pneumologistas que avaliaram evidências científicas e diretrizes internacionais sobre ODP nas diversas doenças que cursam com hipoxemia e em situações específicas (exercício, sono e viagens aéreas). Estas recomendações, tendo em vista a prática clínica, oferecem diversos quadros com informações sobre indicações, fontes de oxigênio, acessórios e estratégias para melhor eficiência, efetividade e uso seguro da ODP, assim como um modelo para sua prescrição.