RESUMO
@#Overweight and obesity are main risk factors for chronic metabolic diseases, and are strongly associated with the increased risk of premature death. Low carbohydrate diet (LCD) has been proven to effectively control body weight and fat mass in overweight and obese patients by short-term (≤6 months) dietary intervention studies. The mechanisms include regulation of energy metabolism, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, alteration in expression of lipid metabolic-related genes and modulation of intestinal flora. However, the conclusions are inconsistent on whether LCD can cause durable weight loss and reduce the risk of overweight and obesity. This review summarizes the current research progress on the mechanisms, epidemiological studies, intervention studies and potential risks of LCD in controlling overweight and obesity, providing a reference for the future research and clinical application.
RESUMO
Introdução: A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Além das diversas alterações metabólicas encontradas em indivíduos obesos, há evidências de alterações no sistema endócrino, como observado no metabolismo da vitamina D. Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de deficiência de vitamina D em uma amostra de pacientes adultos com obesidade. Material e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo analisando 183 prontuários dos pacientes atendidos pela primeira vez buscando tratamento para obesidade. Após os fatores de exclusão, restaram 113 prontuários válidos. Resultados: O IMC variou de 30.1 a 77.1, com uma mediana de 44.5 kg/m2. Trinta pacientes (26,55 %) tinham a Vitamina D abaixo de 20 ng/ml, sendo considerados com diagnóstico de Deficiência de Vitamina D. Nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre os níveis de Vitamina D e os parâmetros antropométricos. Houve associação significativa estatística dos níveis de Vitamina D com colesterol total (r=-0.26; p=0.0053), LDL-colesterol (r=-0.25; p=0.0071), além de uma tendência à significância com os níveis de TGP (r=0.16; p=0.088). Conclusão: Houve uma elevada frequência de deficiência de vitamina D em pacientes obesos. Não houve correlação entre os níveis de vitamina D e os marcadores antropométricos, porém foi encontrada uma correlação inversa de vitamina D com níveis de colesterol total e LDL-colesterol, mostrando a relação com a dislipidemia. Também, houve uma tendência à significância com os níveis de TGP, o que provavelmente remete à esteatose hepática, comum em obesos.
Introduction: Obesity is a global public health problem. In addition to the various metabolic alterations found in obese individuals, there is evidence of alterations in the endocrine system, as observed in vitamin D metabolism. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of vitamin D deficiency in a sample of adult patients with obesity. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out analyzing 183 medical charts of who seek treatment for obesity. After exclusion factors, there were 113 valid medical records. Results: The BMI ranged from 30.1 to 77.1, with a median of 44.5 kg / m2. Thirty patients (26.55%) had Vitamin D below 20 ng/ml, being considered as vitamin D deficiency. No correlation was found between vitamin D and anthropometric parameters. There was a statistically significant association of hypovitaminosis D with total cholesterol (r = -0.26, p = 0.0053), LDL cholesterol (r = -0.25, p = 0.0071), and a trend towards significance with TGP levels (r = 0.16; p = 0.088). Conclusion: There was an increased frequency of vitamin D deficiency in obese individuals. There was no correlation between vitamin D levels and anthropometric markers, but an inverse correlation of vitamin D with total and LDL-cholesterol levels was found, showing the relation with dyslipidemia. Also, there was a trend toward significance with TGP levels, which probably refers to hepatic steatosis, common in obese patients.