RESUMO
RESUMEN Fundamento: el tratamiento de los trastornos nutricionales por exceso genera distintos niveles de estrés que en muchas ocasiones son los responsables del abandono de la dieta o de la no adherencia terapéutica. Objetivo: implementar rutina de ejercicios de Yoga como terapia alternativa para el control del estrés. Métodos: se realizó una investigación aplicada, cuasi experimental, consistente en la implementación de un programa de yoga en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad sometidos a tratamiento. El universo estuvo constituido por 78 pacientes, de los cuales 69 formaron parte de la muestra. Se aplicó un cuestionario de estrés al inicio de la investigación y después de terminar el programa de ejercicio. Se utilizó prueba no paramétrica de McNemar para identificar significación de los cambios en el nivel de estrés de los pacientes investigados. Resultados: el promedio de edad de 46,28 años con predominio de pacientes femeninas, con sobrepeso y comorbilidades asociadas, donde la hipertensión arterial fue la más frecuente. Predominaron niveles de estrés elevado al inicio del estudio y bajos al finalizar la intervención. Conclusiones: la implementación del programa de ejercicios de Yoga provocó cambios estadísticamente significativos en la disminución de los niveles de estrés de los pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad.
ABSTRACT Background: the treatment of excess nutritional disorders generates different levels of stress that often are responsible for abandoning the diet or for the non-therapeutic adherence. Objective: to implement Yoga exercise routine as an alternative therapy for stress management. Methods: it was carried out an applied, quasi-experimental research, consisting of the implementation of a yoga program in patients with overweight and obesity undergoing treatment. The universe was constituted of 78 patients, and 69 were part of the sample. A stress questionnaire was applied at the beginning and the end of the application to the exercise program. McNemar's non-parametric test was used to identify significance of changes in the stress level of the investigated patients. Results: With a predominance of female patients over 46.28 years on average, with the presence of overweight and the associated comorbidities, where arterial hypertension was the most frequent. High stress levels predominated at the beginning of the study and low levels at the end of the intervention. Conclusions: the implementation of the Yoga exercise program provided statistically significant changes in the decrease of stress levels in overweight and obese patients.
RESUMO
Central obesity have an important impact on the development of risk factors for coronary heart disease, including dislipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hypertension. These factors contribute to building cardiovascular (CV) disease as a major cause of death. The approach to obesity therapy should be designed to reduce CV risk and mortality. Diet and lifestyle changes remain the cornerstones of therapy for obesity, but the resultant weight loss is often small and long-term success is uncommon and disappointing. Drug therapy is considered for individuals with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m² or ranging from 25 to 30 kg/m² if they have comorbid conditions. Antiobesity agents can be helpful to some patients in achieving and maintaining meaningful weight loss, but yet our pharmaceutical tools are of limited effectiveness considering the magnitude of the problem. At the present, only two drugs, orlistat and sibutramine, are approved for long-term treatment of obesity and promote no more than 5 to 10 percent of weight loss. Rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist, was withdrawn from the market because of concerns about its safety, including risk of suicidal and seizures, although very effective in promoting clinically meaningful weight loss, reduction in waist circumference, and improvements in several metabolic risk factors, rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist was withdrawn from the market because it concerns about its safety, including risk of suicidal and seizures. Fortunately, recent fundamental insights into the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating body weight provide an expanding list of molecular targets for novel, rationally designed antiobesity drugs. In this review, the therapeutic potential of some antiobesity molecules in the development will be analyzed based on an understanding of energy homeostasis.
Obesidade e, particularmente, a obesidade central têm influência importante na predisposição a fatores de risco para doença coronariana, incluindo dislipidemia, intolerância à glicose, resistência à insulina e hipertensão. Tais fatores contribuem para tornar as doenças cardiovasculares (DC) causas frequentes de morte. Os métodos de tratamento da obesidade deveriam ser voltados à redução do risco e da mortalidade devido às doenças cardiovasculares. Dietas e mudanças no estilo de vida continuam sendo fatores-chave no tratamento à obesidade, mas a perda de peso resultante é geralmente pequena e o sucesso em longo prazo costuma ser incomum e frustrante. O tratamento com medicamentos é indicado para indivíduos com índice de massa corpórea superior a 30 kg/m² ou entre 25 e 30 kg/m², se apresentarem comorbidades. Agentes antiobesidade podem ajudar alguns pacientes a alcançar e manter uma perda de peso significativa, mas, ainda assim, os agentes farmacológicos são pouco efetivos considerando-se a magnitude do problema. Atualmente, apenas duas drogas, orlistat e sibutramina, são consideradas efetivas para tratamentos em longo prazo, promovendo não mais do que 5 por cento a 10 por cento de perda de peso. Embora seja muito eficaz ao promover perda de peso significativa do ponto de vista clínico, redução da circunferência da cintura e melhora no perfil metabólico, o rimonabanto, um antagonista do receptor canabinoide 1, foi retirado do mercado por fatores relacionados à segurança, incluindo a ocorrência de suicídios e convulsões. Felizmente, conhecimentos fundamentais recentes sobre mecanismos neuroendócrinos que regulam o peso corporal forneceram uma lista considerável de alvos moleculares para novas drogas antiobesidade produzidas racionalmente. Nesta revisão de literatura, a eficácia terapêutica de algumas moléculas antiobesidade será analisada com base no entendimento da homeostase energética.