Manejo anestésico en paciente obstétrica con taponamiento cardíaco / Anesthetic management in obstetric patient with cardiac tamponade

El taponamiento cardiaco es la acumulación de líquido dentro del saco pericárdico, lo que conlleva a un aumento de la presión intrapericardica, permitiendo el deterioro de la capacidad del corazón para llenarse y actuar como bomba. Entre sus causas tenemos a la tuberculosis, las colagenopatías, y el cáncer. En el embarazo se pueden enmascarar los signos y síntomas del taponamiento cardiaco por los cambios fisiológicos propios del embarazo. El Gold estándar para su detección es la ecocardiografía. El tratamiento del taponamiento cardiaco es la pericardiocentesis o el drenaje quirúrgico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 26 años con: embarazo de 32,6 semanas, trabajo de parto pretérmino, taponamiento cardiaco y post pericardiocentesis de 2 horas, para culminación de embarazo. El manejo anestésico es complejo tanto para la madre y el recién nacido, basándose en mantener estabilidad hemodinámica y posterior traslado a unidad de terapia intensiva.

Cardiac tamponade is the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, which leads to an increase in intrapericardial pressure, allowing the deterioration of the heart's ability to fill and act as a pump. Among its causes are tuberculosis, collagen disease, and cancer. In pregnancy, the signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade can be masked by the physiological changes of pregnancy. The gold standard of detection is echocardiography. Treatment of cardiac tamponade is pericardiocentesis or surgical. The case of a 26-year-old patient is presented with: a 32.6 for week pregnancy in preterm labor, cardiac tamponade and 2-hour post-pericardiocentesis, for culminate of pregnancy. Anesthetic management is complex for both the mother and the newborn, basing on maintaining hemodynamic stability and subsequent transfer to the intensive care unit.

Use of a trans-tracheal rapid insufflation of oxygen device in a “cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” scenario in a parturient: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The trans-tracheal rapid insufflation of oxygen (TRIO) device is less commonly used and is an alternative to trans-tracheal jet ventilation for maintaining oxygenation in a “cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” (CICO) scenario. CASE: We report the successful use of this device to maintain oxygenation after jet ventilator failure in a parturient who presented with the CICO scenario during the procedure for excision of laryngeal papilloma. CONCLUSIONS: A stepwise approach to the airway plan and preparation for an event of failure is essential for good materno-fetal outcomes. The TRIO device may result in inadequate ventilation that can lead to hypercarbia and respiratory acidosis. Hence, it should only be used as a temporizing measure before a definitive airway can be secured.

Incidencia de complicaciones neurológicas y cefalea pospunción dural luego de anestesia regional en la práctica obstétrica: un estudio retrospectivo de 2399 pacientes / Incidence of neurological complications and post-dural puncture headache after regional anesthesia in obstetric practice: A retrospective study of 2399 patients

Introducción y objetivos: La anestesia regional brinda una excelente anestesia y analgesia en pacientes obstétricas, pero existe el potencial de complicaciones tales como la cefalea pospunción dural y lesión neurológica permanente o transitoria. El presente estudio pretende describir la incidencia de la cefalea pospunción dural y daño neurológico en la población obstétrica de un hospital universitario que fue tratada con bloqueo neuroaxial, en comparación con la literatura mundial e identificar los factores de riesgo. Material y métodos: Se hizo una cohorte retrospectiva incluyendo los datos recolectados a partir de los registros de consultas posanestesia durante el año 2010. El análisis central se hizo en función de las quejas de déficit neurológico periférico y cefaleas reportadas por los pacientes, el tipo de anestesia y el procedimiento quirúrgico realizado. Se aplicó un análisis de regresión múltiple para investigar la relación entre el inicio de parestesias de las extremidades inferiores y el tiempo en que permanecieron estas pacientes en posición ginecológica y otras variables. Resultados: Se evaluaron en total 2399 pacientes embarazadas tratadas con bloqueo neuroaxial. Las complicaciones neurológicas que se presentaron en estas pacientes se dividieron en parestesias de las extremidades inferiores (0,3%), irritación radicular transitoria (0,1%) y cefalea pospunción dural (3%). Las pacientes que permanecieron más de 60 min en posición ginecológica mostraron un índice de probabilidades (odds ratio) de evolución con parestesia de las extremidades inferiores de 1,75, y las pacientes que estuvieron más de 120 min mostraron un índice de probabilidades de 2,1, pero sin significación estadística. Conclusiones: Las pacientes que se sometieron a bloqueo neuroaxial y se colocaron en posición ginecológica tenían mayores probabilidades de evolucionar con parestesias de las extremidades inferiores por el tiempo que permanecieron en esta posición.

Introduction and objectives: Regional anesthesia provides excellent anesthesia and analgesia in obstetric patients, but has potential for complications such as post-dural puncture headache and permanent or transient nerve damage. This study aimed to describe the incidence of post-dural puncture headache and nerve damage in the obstetric population of auniversity hospital that was submitted to neuraxial blockades, comparing with the world literature, and identify risk factors. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort was performed including data collected in the records of post-anesthetic consults conducted during the year 2010. The main analysis was performed on the complaints of peripheral neurological deficits and headaches reported by patients, type of anesthesia and performed surgical procedures. A multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between the onset of lower limb paresthesias and the length of stay of these patients in the gynecological position and other variables. Results: A total of 2399 pregnant patients who had undergone neuraxial blockade were eva-luated. Neurologic complications that occurred in these patients were divided into lower limb paresthesias (0.3%), transient radicular irritation (0.1%), and post-dural puncture headache (3%). The patients who stayed more than 60 min in gynecological position showed an odds ratio of evolution with lower limb paresthesias of 1.75 and patients who stayed more than 120 min showed an odds ratio of 2.1, but without statistical significance. Conclusions: Patients submitted to neuraxial blockades and placed in gynecological position were more likely to evolve with lower limb paresthesias related to duration of this position.

Safety of 0.5% epidural levobupivacaine for cesarean section / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To study the efficacy of 0. 5% epidural levobupivacaine for cesarean section and its serum level in the parturients and transportation via the placenta by comparing with 0. 5% bupivacaine. Methods: Forty healthy parturients undergoing elective cesarean section with epidural anesthesia were randomized to receive 15 ml of either 0. 5% levobupivacaine (group L) or 0. 5% bupivacaine (group B) in a double-blind fashion. The efficacy endpoint measures included onset, offset, adverse effect, and quality of anesthesia. Neonatal blood gas analyses, Apgar score determinations, and neurobehavioral examinations were performed. The drug concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in the parturients and neonates; and the serial electrocardiograms were obtained. Results: The onset and persistence of sensory block and motor block, maximal block level, electrocardiogram changes, Apgar score determinations, neurobehavioral examinations, and blood gas findings were similar between the two groups. The frequency of hypotension was 75. 0% in the levobupivacaine group and 90. 0% in the bupivacaine group (P=0. 051), and there was no severe adverse reactions. The maximum drug concentrations were seen 30 min later in the parturients, being(896±86) and (901 ±79) ng/mL in group L and B, respectively, with the areas under the concentration-time curve being (3 167± 132) and (2 935±96) h/(ng • mL-1), and the umbilical vein-to-maternal vein ratios being 0. 300 ±0. 091 and 0. 279 ±0. 116, respectively. Conclusion Epidural 0. 5% levobupivacaine for cesarean section has similar efficacy with 0. 5% bupivacaine, and can meet the demand of operation, with less adverse effect to the parturients and no effect to the neonates. The pharmacokinetic parameters and trans-placenta transportation rates are also similar to between levobupivacaine and bupivacaine.

Anestesia neuroaxial en trabajo de parto y cesárea en pacientes con antecedentes de mielomeningocele operado / Neuraxial anesthesia in labor and cesarean delivery in patients with a history of myelomeningocele operated

Los desórdenes del desarrollo del tubo neural son el segundo mayor grupo de malformaciones congénitas conocidas y con una incidencia de 1/1000 nacidos vivos. El meningomielocele es una de las malformaciones más frecuentes. Se define como una falla en el cierre del tubo neural con herniación de meninges y elementos neurales. El embarazo en estas pacientes es complicado por las deformidades físicas y complicaciones neurológicas secundarias, pudiendo dificultar la técnica anestésica neuroaxial en el trabajo de parto y operación cesárea. Existen escasos reportes de pacientes con meningomielocele en trabajo de parto y analgesia neuroaxial. Presentamos una revisión de esta patología y las técnicas anestésicas utilizadas en el trabajo de parto y operación cesárea de pacientes con antecedente de meningomielocele, basados en un caso clínico del cual participamos.

Neural tube defects are the second most common type of congenital birth defects with an incidence of 1/1000 newborns. Meningomyelocele is one of the most common clinical presentations. It is defined as a failed closure of the neural arch with herniation of the meninges and neural elements. Pregnancy among these patients can be complicated with physical deformity and coexisting neurological defects, which may challenge neuroaxial anesthetic technique in obstetric labor and cesarean delivery. There are few reports involving patients with meningomyelocele in obstetric labor and neuroaxial anesthesia. We discuss some key points of this disease and the anesthetic technique of choice in obstetric labor and cesarean delivery in patients with history of meningomyelocele, based on a case in which we participated.

Obesidad y embarazo: implicancias anestésicas / Obesity and pregnancy: anesthetic implications

La obesidad es una epidemia a nivel mundial, con más de 2.000 millones de adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad, por lo que cada vez es más probable enfrentarse a una embarazada obesa en la práctica clínica del equipo obstétrico. La obesidad incrementa los cambios fisiológicos del embarazo a nivel cardiovascular, respiratorio, metabólico y gastrointestinal, lo que tiene implicancias clínicas que aumentan los costos en salud y la morbimortalidad materna y fetal. Las embarazadas obesas son un constante desafío para el equipo obstétrico, anestesiológico y de salud, debiendo ser enfrentadas de forma multidisciplinaria para la obtención de mejores resultados obstétricos y perinatales. El anestesiólogo debe tener especial cuidado en el manejo analgésico del trabajo de parto y en la técnica anestésica para la operación cesárea. El objetivo central de la siguiente revisión es explicar, analizar y desarrollar las principales implicancias anestésicas a las cuales se ve enfrentado el especialista en una embarazada obesa.

Obesity is a global epidemic, with more than 2,000 million overweight or obese adults, so it is very likely to have an obese pregnant in the clinical practice of the anesthesiologist. Obesity increases the physiological changes of pregnancy in the cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic and gastrointestinal system, which has clinical implications that increase health care costs and maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Obese pregnant are a constant challenge for the obstetric, anesthesiology and health team, and must be considerate in a multidisciplinary way to obtain better maternal and perinatal outcomes. The anesthesiologist should take special care in the labor analgesia and anesthetic technique for caesarean section. The focus of the following review is to present and develop the main anesthetic implications to which the anesthesiologist is confronted in obese pregnant patient.

Anestesia para cesárea en paciente con acondroplasia / Anesthesia for cesarean section in a patient with achondroplasia

Introducción: En gestantes acondroplásicas se recomienda el parto por cesárea con anestesia general; sin embargo, recientemente se ha reportado el uso de técnicas conductivas con resultados adecuados. Objetivo:Describir el manejo anestésico de una paciente con acondroplasia programada para cesárea utilizando anestesia combinada espinal-epidural. Métodos y resultados:Mostramos el caso de una primigestante acondroplásica con 110 cm de estatura y embarazo de 37 semanas, en quien se realizó cesárea con anestesia conductiva guiada por ecografía, empleando una mezcla titulada de anestésico local y opiáceo, con buenos resultados para la madre y el hijo. Conclusiones: La anestesia conductiva es una alternativa en la cesárea de pacientes con acondroplasia. Aunque no existen recomendaciones claras para orientar el acceso seguro al neuroeje ni para administrar medicamentos anestésicos a este nivel, se puede considerar el uso de la ecografía y la administración titulada de fármacos neuroaxiales (epidural, epidural-espinal y espinal continua) para mejorar la seguridad y la eficacia de la técnica en este tipo de pacientes.

Introduction:Cesarean section under general anesthesia is recommended in achondroplastic pregnant patients; however, the use of conductive techniques has been recently reported, with acceptable results. Objective: To describe the anesthesia management in an achondroplastic patient scheduled for C-section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Methods and results:We present the case of a first pregnancy in a patient with achondroplasia, height 110 cm and 37 weeks of gestation. The patient underwent cesarean section under ultrasound-guided conductive anesthesia, using a titrated mixture of local anesthetic and opiate, with good results for the mother and child. Conclusions:Conductive anesthesia is an option in C-section in patients with achondroplasia. Although there are no clear recommendations to guide a safe access to the neuroaxis or to administer anesthetic agents at this level, ultrasound and the titrated administration of neuraxial drugs (epidural, epidural-spinal and continuous spinal) for improved safety and efficacy of the technique in this type of patients may be considered.