Seguimiento a 5 años de pacientes octogenarios post cirugía cardíaca

Introducción: El aumento significativo de la esperanza de vida en el grupo de octogenarios en Chile ha generado preocupación sobre la eficacia y la necesidad de cirugías cardíacas mayores en esta población incluso cuando el 85 % de ellos llega a dicha edad en condiciones de salud favorables. Objetivos: Este estudio se propuso evaluar la mortalidad hospitalaria y a mediano plazo, así como identificar complicaciones postoperatorias en pacientes octogenarios sometidos a cirugía cardíaca en Chile. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional retrospectivo en el Hospital Las Higueras de Talcahuano entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2022, con una muestra de 79 pacientes. Resultados: Se encontró que el 86% de los procedimientos utilizaron circulación extracorpórea, y el 84% fueron electivos, principalmente cirugías coronarias (54%). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue 9%, con el uso preoperatorio de Balón Contrapulsación Intraaórtico identificado como un factor de mal pronóstico. Complicaciones postoperatorias como la Fibrilación Auricular afectaron al 17%, mientras que solo Neumonía y Falla Renal influyeron significativamente en la mortalidad. La supervivencia a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 81%, 76% y 73%, respectivamente. Conclusión: La cirugía cardíaca en octogenarios en Chile presenta resultados comparables a nivel mundial, destacando la importancia del análisis individual por un equipo multidisciplinario al considerar cirugías mayores en pacientes frágiles. El uso de técnicas mínimamente invasivas podría mejorar la calidad de vida, aunque se requieren estudios adicionales con más pacientes para confirmar esta hipótesis.

Background: Background: The significant increase in life expectancy among octogenarians in Chile has raised concerns about the efficacy and need of major cardiac surger in this population, even as 85% of them reach this age in favorable health conditions. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate in-hospital and medium-term mortality and identify postoperative complications in octogenarian patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Chile. Methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted at Hospital Las Higueras de Talcahuano between January 2014 and December 2022, involving a sample of 79 patients. Results: 86% of procedures utilized extracorporeal circulation, and 84% were elective, predominantly coronary artery surgeries (54%). In-hospital mortality was 9%. Preoperative Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump use identified as a poor prognostic factor. Postoperative complications such as Atrial Fibrillation affected 17%, while only Pneumonia and Renal Failure significantly influenced mortality. Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 81%, 76%, and 73%, respectively. Conclusion: Cardiac surgery in octogenarians in Chile yields comparable outcomes to those worldwide, emphasizing the importance of individual assessment by a multidisciplinary team when considering major surgeries in frail patients. The use of minimally invasive techniques may enhance quality of life, although further studies with larger patient cohorts are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Clinical and surgical dilemmas in octogenarian patients with small bowel obstruction / Dilemas clínicos e cirúrgicos em pacientes octogenários com obstrução do intestino delgado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a major problem in emergencies. Comorbidities increase morbimortality, which is reflected in higher costs. There is a lack of Latin American evidence comparing the differences in postoperative results and costs associated with SBO management. AIMS: To compare the risk of surgical morbimortality and costs of SBO surgery treatment in patients older and younger than 80 years. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with SBO at the University of Chile Clinic Hospital from January 2014 to December 2017. Patients with any medical treatment were excluded. Parametric statistics were used (a 5% error was considered statistically significant, with a 95% confidence interval). RESULTS: A total of 218 patients were included, of which 18.8% aged 80 years and older. There were no differences in comorbidities between octogenarians and non-octogenarians. The most frequent etiologies were adhesions, hernias, and tumors. In octogenarian patients, there were significantly more complications (46.3 vs. 24.3%, p=0.007, p<0.050). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of surgical complications: 9.6% in <80 years and 14.6% in octogenarians (p=0.390, p>0.050). In medical complications, a statistically significant difference was evidenced with 22.5% in <80 years vs 39.0% in octogenarians (p=0.040, p<0.050). There were 20 reoperated patients: 30% octogenarians and 70% non-octogenarians without statistically significant differences (p=0.220, p>0.050). Regarding hospital stay, the average was significantly higher in octogenarians (17.4 vs. 11.0 days; p=0.005, p<0.050), and so were the costs, being USD 9,555 vs. USD 4,214 (p=0.013, p<0.050). CONCLUSIONS: Patients aged 80 years and older with surgical SBO treatment have a higher risk of medical complications, length of hospital stay, and associated costs compared to those younger.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A obstrução do intestino delgado (OID) é um grande problema em emergências. As comorbidades aumentam a morbimortalidade, o que se reflete no aumento dos custos. Há uma falta de evidência latino-americana comparando as diferenças nos resultados pós-operatórios e custos associados ao manejo da OID. OBJETIVOS: Comparar o risco de morbimortalidade cirúrgica e os custos de tratamento cirúrgico da OID em pacientes com idade inferior e superior a 80 anos. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de pacientes diagnosticados com OID no Hospital Clínico da Universidade do Chile entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2017. Pacientes com qualquer tratamento médico foram excluídos. Estatísticas paramétricas foram usadas: erro de 5% foi considerado estatisticamente significante, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Um total de 218 pacientes foram incluídos, dos quais 18,8% tinham 80 anos ou mais. Não houve diferenças nas comorbidades entre octogenários e não octogenários. As etiologias mais frequentes foram aderências, hérnias e tumores. Nos pacientes octogenários houve significativamente mais complicações (46,3 vs. 24,3%, p=0,007, p<0,050). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto às complicações cirúrgicas: 9,6% em <80 anos e 14,6% em octogenários (p=0,390, p>0,050). Nas complicações médicas foi evidenciada diferença estatisticamente significativa com 22,5% em <80 anos vs. 39.0% em octogenários (p=0,040, p<0,050). Foram reoperados 20 pacientes: 30% octogenários e 70% não octogenários, sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p=0,220, p>0,050). Em relação ao tempo de internação, a média foi significativamente maior nos octogenários (17,4 v/s 11,0 dias; p=0,005, p<0,050). Da mesma forma, também foram os custos com 9.555 USD vs. 4.214 USD (p=0,013, p<0,050). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com 80 anos ou mais com tratamento cirúrgico de OID têm maior risco de complicações médicas, tempo de internação e custos associados em comparação aos mais jovens.

Procedural and long-term outcomes of elective endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in octogenarians / Resultados perioperatorios y a largo plazo de la reparación electiva endovascular del aneurisma de aorta abdominal en octogenarios

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the immediate and long-term outcomes of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) between patients under and over the age of 80 with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Methods: From 2011 to 2017, we conducted a retrospective cohort study with AAA patients who received elective EVAR. Primary outcomes included hospital mortality, length of stay, acute kidney injury, and the need for re-interventions. Secondary outcomes included aneurysm-related mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, acute limb ischemia, and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Results: A total of 77 (62.6%) patients under the age of 80 years old and 46 (37.4%) octogenarians were included in the study. The male gender and AAA diameter did not differ among groups (92.2% vs. 82.6%, p = 0.11 and 5.4 cm [4.9-6.2 cm] vs. 5.4 cm [5-6 cm], p = 0.53, respectively). The younger patients had a higher prevalence of tobacco use (72.7% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.01). There were no deaths during the index hospitalization. The incidence of reinterventions (5.3% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.11) and acute kidney injury (14.3% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.18) did not differ between groups, but the length of stay was longer for octogenarian patients (3 days [2-4] vs. 2 days [2-3, p = 0.04]). Endoleaks were the most common cause for re-interventions (81.8%), with a prevalence of 34% across the entire cohort. There were no differences in any of the secondary outcomes between groups. Conclusion: In octogenarian patients with AAA, EVAR represents a safe procedure both during the index hospitalization and during long-term follow-up.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar los resultados inmediatos y a largo plazo de la reparación endovascular del aneurisma de aorta abdominal (REVA) entre pacientes menores de 80 años y octogenarios. Método: Cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó pacientes con aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) sometidos a REVA electiva desde 2011 hasta 2017. Se evaluaron como punto finales primarios la mortalidad hospitalaria, la duración de la estadía hospitalaria, la incidencia de insuficiencia renal aguda y el requerimiento de reintervenciones. Los puntos finales secundarios incluyeron la mortalidad asociada al aneurisma, infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular, isquemia arterial aguda de las extremidades y ventilación mecánica prolongada. Resultados: Se incluyeron 77 (62.6%) pacientes menores de 80 años y 46 (37.4%) octogenarios. La prevalencia de sexo masculino y el diámetro del AAA no difirieron entre ambos grupos (92.2% vs. 82.6%, p = 0.11 y 5.4 cm [4.9-6.2 cm] vs. 5.4 cm [5-6 cm], p = 0.53, respectivamente). Los pacientes más jóvenes presentaron una mayor prevalencia de tabaquismo (72.7% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.01). No se registraron muertes durante la hospitalización índice. La incidencia de reintervenciones (5.3% vs. 15.2%, p = 0.11) e insuficiencia renal aguda (14.3% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.18) no difirieron entre ambos grupos, pero la estadía hospitalaria fue más prolongada en pacientes octogenarios (3 días [2-4 días] vs. 2 días [2-3 días], p = 0.04). La causa más frecuente de reintervenciones fue la presencia de endofugas (81.8%), con una prevalencia del 34% en toda la cohorte. No se observaron diferencias en ninguno de los puntos finales secundarios entre ambos grupos. Conclusión: En pacientes octogenarios con AAA, la REVA presentó un buen perfil de seguridad perioperatorio y a largo plazo.

Resultados a siete años de la cirugía de reemplazo valvular aórtico en mayores de 80 años / Seven-year results of aortic valve replacement surgery in patients over 80 years of age

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y los resultados operatorios y a siete años del reemplazo valvular aórtico en una cohorte de pacientes mayores de 80 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de 75 pacientes consecutivos mayores de 80 años, intervenidos de reemplazo valvular aórtico exclusivo entre 2007 y 2019 en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente. Se estudian sus características demográficas, clínicas, ecocardiográficas, riesgo operatorio, cirugías, complicaciones y mortalidad operatoria y supervivencia alejada hasta el 15 de marzo 2021. Resultados: La edad media de la cohorte fue 83,05 ± 2,9 años (rango 80-95) y 43 pacientes eran mujeres (57,3%). La lesión valvular predominante fue la estenosis aórtica (89,3%). 10 pacientes tenían enfermedad coronaria asociada (13,3%) y 2 endocarditis activa. El riesgo de mortalidad operatoria calculado por EuroSCORE aditivo, logístico, II y STS score fue 7,58 ± 1,8; 9,88 ± 6,5%; 3,72 ± 3,5% y 4,27 ± 3,2%, respectivamente. Se utilizó prótesis biológica en 70 (92%) pacientes. Hubo 29 complicaciones operatorias y fallecieron 11 (14,7%) pacientes. El seguimiento promedio fue 7,1 años (rango 2-14), durante el cual fallecen 28 pacientes. La supervivencia a uno, tres y cinco años fue 82, 76, 66 y 48% respectivamente. Conclusiones: La cirugía de reemplazo valvular aórtico en octogenarios en nuestro medio es un procedimiento poco frecuente. La mortalidad observada fue mayor que la estimada por las escalas de riesgo. El reemplazo valvular quirúrgico es una alternativa de tratamiento de la enfermedad de la válvula aórtica en pacientes seleccionados. Se deben evaluar estrategias para mejorar los resultados.

Abstract Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and operative and 7-year results of aortic valve replacement in a cohort of patients older than 80 years. Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive study of 75 consecutive patients older than 80 years of age who underwent exclusive aortic valve replacement between 2007 and 2019 at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic characteristics, operative risk, surgeries, complications and operative mortality and long-term survival until March 15, 2021 are studied. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 83.05 ± 2.9 years (range 80-95) and 43 patients were women (57.3%). The predominant valve lesion was aortic stenosis (89.3%). Ten patients had an associated coronary artery disease (13.3%) and 2 had active endocarditis. The risk of operative mortality calculated by EuroSCORE additive, logistic, II and STS score was 7.58 ± 1.8; 9.88 ± 6.5%; 3.72 ± 3.5% and 4.27 ± 3.2%, respectively. A biological prosthesis was used in 70 (92%) patients. There were 31 operative complications and 11 (14.7%) patients died. The mean follow-up was 7.1 years (range 2-14), during which 28 patients died. Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 82, 76, 66 and 48%, respectively. Conclusions: Aortic valve replacement surgery in octogenarians in our setting is a rare procedure. The observed mortality was higher than that estimated by the risk scales. Surgical valve replacement is an alternative treatment for aortic valve disease in selected patients. Strategies to improve results should be evaluated.

Rendimiento y seguridad de las colonoscopías de screening en dos grupos etarios de pacientes de la tercera edad

Objetivo: Comparar el rendimiento y seguridad de las colonoscopías de screening en el diagnóstico del cáncer colorrectal en dos grupos de pacientes añosos. Materiales y Método: Un análisis retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a colonoscopías de screening en Clínica INDISA, desde noviembre de 2017 hasta marzo de 2019. Se excluyeron pacientes con síntomas de alarma según criterios de Roma IV, colonoscopías de urgencia y terapéuticas. Se compararon 2 grupos de pacientes: Grupo I entre 70-79 años y Grupo II mayores de 80 años. El objetivo primario fue el rendimiento diagnóstico de la colonoscopía de screening, definida como su capacidad para identificar hallazgos significativos definidos como la presencia de adenomas, displasia de alto grado y cáncer colorrectal. Los resultados secundarios consideraron la morbilidad y mortalidad del procedimiento. Análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Un total de 125 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión; Grupo I: 70 pacientes y Grupo II: 55 pacientes. Los hallazgos significativos se presentaron en un 27,1% en el Grupo I y en 30,9% en el Grupo II (p = 0,675). No se observaron diferencias en la calidad de la preparación intestinal o las complicaciones relacionadas con el procedimiento. Discusión y Conclusión: Las colonoscopías de screening en el diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal son bien toleradas en pacientes mayores de 80 años, con un rendimiento equivalente en comparación al grupo más joven. Dado el aumento de la esperanza de vida, se recomienda realizar colonoscopías en octogenarios, especialmente en aquellos con buen estado de salud.

Aim: To compare diagnostic yield of significant findings rate and safety of screening colonoscopies in two groups of elderly patients. Materials and Method: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent screening colonoscopies at INDISA Clinic, from November 2017 to March 2019. Exclusion criteria were those with "alarm" symptoms according to Rome IV criteria, emergencies and therapeutic colonoscopies were excluded. Comparison groups were patients between 70-79 years old (Grupo I), and those over 80 years old (Grupo II). The primary outcome was the diagnostic yield of screening colonoscopy, defined as its capacity to identify adenomas, high-grade dysplasia, and colorectal cancer. Secondary outcomes were morbidity and mortality of the procedure. Statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential. Results: A total of 125 patients met our inclusion criteria; Grupo I: 70 and Grupo II 55 patients. Significant findings were observed in 27.1% in Grupo I and 30.9% in Grupo II (p = 0.675). No differences in bowel prep quality or procedure-related complications were observed between both groups. Discussion and Conclusion: Screening colonoscopies for colorectal cancer are well tolerated in patients over 80 years of age, with equivalent diagnostic rates compared with the younger patient group. Given the increasing life expectancy worldwide, it is recommended to continue checking for colorectal cancer with screening colonoscopies in octogenarians, particularly healthy ones.

Terapia Trombolítica em Octogenários com Embolia Pulmonar Aguda / Thrombolytic Therapy in Octogenarians with Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Resumo Fundamento Apesar da grande proporção de octogenários com embolia pulmonar aguda, há pouca informação indicando a estratégia de manejo ideal, especialmente medidas terapêuticas, como a terapia lítica. Objetivos O número de pacientes idosos diagnosticados com embolia pulmonar aguda aumenta constantemente. Porém, o papel do tratamento trombolítico não está claramente definido entre os octogenários. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a efetividade da terapia lítica em pacientes octogenários diagnosticados com embolia pulmonar. Métodos Cento e quarenta e oito indivíduos (70,3% de mulheres, n=104) com mais de 80 anos foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: tratamento trombolítico versus não-trombolítico. As taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e episódios de sangramento foram definidos como desfechos do estudo. Valor de p <0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados A mortalidade hospitalar reduziu significativamente no grupo trombolítico em comparação ao não-trombolítico (10,5% vs. 24,2%; p=0,03). Episódios de sangramento menores foram mais comuns no braço que recebeu o tratamento trombolítico, mas grandes hemorragias não diferiram entre os grupos (35,1% vs. 13,2%, p<0,01; 7% vs. 5,5% p=0,71, respectivamente). O escore de PESI alto (OR: 1,03 IC95%; 1,01-1,04 p<0,01), a terapia trombolítica (OR: 0,15 IC95%; 0,01-0,25, p< 0,01) e níveis altos de troponina (OR: 1,20 IC95%; 1,01-1,43, p=0,03) estiveram independentemente associados a taxas de mortalidade hospitalar na análise de regressão multivariada. Conclusão A terapia trombolítica esteve associada à mortalidade hospitalar reduzida em detrimento do aumento geral das complicações de sangramento em octogenários.

Abstract Background Despite the high proportion of octogenarians with acute pulmonary embolism, there is little information indicating the optimal management strategy, mainly therapeutic measures, such as lytic therapy. Objectives The number of elderly patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism increases constantly. However, the role of thrombolytic treatment is not clearly defined among octogenarians. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of lytic therapy in octogenarian patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Methods One hundred and forty eight subjects (70.3% women, n=104) aged more than eighty years were included in the study. The patients were divided in two groups: thrombolytic versus non-thrombolytic treatment. In-hospital mortality rates and bleeding events were defined as study outcomes. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Results In-hospital mortality decreased significantly in the thrombolytic group compared to the non-thrombolytic group (10.5% vs. 24.2% p=0.03). Minor bleeding events were more common in the arm that received thrombolytic treatment, but major hemorrhage did not differ between the groups (35.1% vs. 13.2%, p<0.01; 7% vs. 5.5% p=0.71, respectively). High PESI score (OR: 1.03 95%CI; 1.01-1.04 p<0.01), thrombolytic therapy (OR: 0.15 95%CI; 0.01-0.25, p< 0.01) and high troponin levels (OR: 1.20 95%CI; 1.01-1.43, p=0.03) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality rates in the multivariate regression analysis. Conclusion Thrombolytic therapy was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality at the expense of increased overall bleeding complications in octogenarians.

A efetividade da lei de prioridade especial quanto às demandas judiciais de saúde na 2ª. Instância do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Janeiro / The effectiveness of the law of special priority in relation to judicial health demands in the 2nd. Instance of the Rio de Janeiro State Court of Justice

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a efetividade da Lei de prioridade especial quanto às demandas judiciais de saúde na 2ª. Instância do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Método Foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo dos processos referentes aos idosos julgados no período de agosto de 2017 a julho de 2018. Os dados foram acessados no sítio eletrônico do tribunal. A efetividade da lei foi avaliada considerando: pedido de prioridade, citação da lei na decisão judicial e/ou se o tempo mediano de tramitação dos processos foi menor para os octogenários do que para os demais. Resultados Um total de 990 processos foi identificado, mas apenas 72 elegíveis (7,3%). O principal réu foi o plano de saúde (76,4%). A internação domiciliar foi a demanda predominante (31,9%). Houve pedido e decisão de prioridade para pessoa idosa (86,1%), mas nenhum para prioridade especial, também não foi observado diferença no tempo de tramitação dos processos entre os octogenários e demais pessoas idosas (p≥0,650). A maioria dos processos não foi provida (65,3%). Conclusão A lei de prioridade especial ainda não tem efetividade jurídica nas demandas ajuizadas para exercer o direito à saúde no Rio de Janeiro.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the law of special priority regarding the processing of lawsuits about health demands in the 2nd Instance of the Court of Justice of the State of Rio Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on the lawsuits referring to old people judged from August 2017 to July 2018. The data were accessed from the court's website. The effectiveness of the law was assessed considering: request of priority, citation of the law in the judicial decision and/or if the median time of duration of lawsuits was shorter for octogenarians than for the others. Results A total of 990 lawsuits were identified, but only 72 eligible (7.3%). The main defendant was the health plan (76.4%). The predominant demand was home care service (31.9%). There was a request and decision of priority for old people (86.1%), but none for special priority, no difference was observed too in the review time of the lawsuit between the octogenarians and of the other old people (p≥0.650). Conclusion The law of special priority still has no legal effectiveness in the lawsuits to exercise the right to health in Rio de Janeiro.

Morbimortalidad cardiovascular y variación del grado funcional en pacientes ancianos portadores de marcapasos / Medium-long term mortality and change in functional status in elderly patients with pacemaker

Resumen Antecedentes: Aproximadamente un 49% de los implantes se efectúan a individuos mayores de 80 años; sin embargo, la evidencia científica sobre mortalidad y cambio en la situación funcional de estos pacientes es muy pobre. Objetivo: Diseñamos un estudio prospectivo para analizar la morbimortalidad cardiovascular y la variación de su grado funcional a medio plazo en pacientes ancianos con electroestimulación permanente. Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo, que incluye 308 pacientes ancianos sometidos a implante de marcapasos en un hospital terciario entre 2012 y 2014. Como variables principales se evaluaron eventos cardiovasculares, mortalidad y grado funcional, con una media de seguimiento de 3.5 años. Resultados: El 60% de los pacientes incluidos en nuestro estudio tenían una edad superior a 80 años, y la indicación más frecuente fue el bloqueo auriculoventricular completo (44.3%), seguido de la fibrilación auricular lenta o bloqueada (16.7%). El modo de estimulación más frecuente en la muestra general fue el DDD (38.6%) (VVI en pacientes octogenarios, 38.7%). En el seguimiento, la mortalidad a largo plazo fue mayor en dispositivos ventriculares, especialmente en octogenarios (p = 0.001). El modo de estimulación ventricular (VVI) fue predictor independiente de mortalidad. A largo plazo, no se observó mejoría del índice de Barthel ni del grado funcional tras el implante del marcapasos. Conclusiones: La morbimortalidad cardiovascular en pacientes octogenarios portadores de marcapasos resulta superior a la de la población general, especialmente en dispositivos monocamerales. La electroestimulación permanente no se asocia con mejoría del grado funcional a medio-largo plazo en estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: Nowadays, 49% of patients with pacemakers are older than 80 years old. Nevertheless, mortality and change in functional status after pacemaker implantation are not well documented in elderly patients. Objective: We designed a prospective study to analyze cardiovascular mortality and change in functional status of elderly patients, medium-long term after pacemaker implantation. Methods: Observational study including pacemaker implants in individual older than 70 years old in a single center university hospital between 2012 and 2014. Analysis testing for an association between pacemaker system, medium-long term mortality and functional status after implantation were undertaken. Results: 60% of patients were older than 80 years old. Third-degree atrio-ventricular block (44.3%) and slow ventricular response atrial fibrillation (16.7%) were the most frequent electrocardiogram abnormalities, while bicameral DDD was the sort of pacing our department used the most (38.6%) (VVI in octogenarian patients, 38.7%). Long-term mortality was significantly higher in ventricular devices, especially in octogenarian patients (p = 0.001 respectively). Single-chamber VVI pacing acted as independent predictors of all-cause mortality in these individuals (p = 0.001). We found no significant improvement in Barthel index and functional status in this subgroup of patients, 3 years after pacing. Conclusion: Long-term mortality in individuals older than 80 years old with pacemaker implantation, was significantly higher comparing with general population, especially in ventricular devices. No significant improvement in functional status was detected in this subgroup of patients.

Revisión acetabular a los 96 años. ¿Es la edad un factor limitante en la cirugía de revisión de prótesis de cadera? / Acetabular revisión at 96 yeras old. Is the age a limiting factor in revision surgery for hip replacement?

Resumen: Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 96 años con dolor e impotencia funcional en cadera izquierda tras caída. En las radiografías se aprecia un aflojamiento del componente acetabular. Tras la discusión de las opciones de tratamiento se decide intervenirla colocando un cotilo cementado para cabeza de doble movilidad. La revisión de artroplastía en pacientes ancianos tiene un riesgo considerable. No obstante, también puede ofrecer importantes beneficios en términos de independencia y calidad de vida e incluso aumentar la esperanza de vida en aquellos pacientes con menos comorbilidad. En nuestro caso tras seis meses de seguimiento la paciente es capaz de deambular de forma autónoma con andador. En la revisión bibliográfica la edad no Figura como límite para la indicación quirúrgica. Una adecuada optimización preoperatoria del paciente así como una cirugía con el menor tiempo quirúrgico y sangrado son factores destacados para la buena evolución de estos casos.

Abstract: This is a case report of a 96 year old woman with pain and functional impotence in her left hip after fall. X rays were performed and loosening of the acetabular component was appreciated. After discussion of treatment options, it was decided to cement an acetabular component for a double mobility head. There was a high rate of medical and surgical complications in revision of hip arthroplasty in elderly patients. However, it can also offer important benefits in terms of independence and quality of life and even increase life expectancy in patients with less comorbidity. In our case after six months of follow-up the patient was able to walk alone using a walker. In the literature review, age does not appear as a limit for the surgical indication. Preoperative medical optimization of the patient as well as shorter operative time and blood loss, are important factors for good results of these cases.

Percutaneous coronary intervention in octogenarian patients / Intervención coronaria percutánea en pacientes octogenarios

Abstract: Introduction: Octogenarian patients are usually excluded from studies in which the effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is compared. Objective: Our aim is to compare this procedure among octogenarians and those younger; in addition to comparing the radial access (RA) and femoral access (FA) in patients older than 80 years. Material and methods: This is a retrospective, observational, comparative, longitudinal, single-center study. Patients who have been referred for PCI, from 2010 to 2016 in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico were included. The groups were divided into the octogenarians group (OG) and a group of younger than 80 years (YG). Results: A total of 1,282 patients were collected, of whom 92 were of the OG and 1,190 were of the YG. The FA was the most used. Similar levels of radiation time (RT), radiation dose (DR), and amount of administered contrast medium (CM), vascular complications (VC) and mortality between the two groups were found. However, the OG had more length of hospital stay (LHS). Comparing the FA against RA in the OG there were no differences in RT, RD, amount of CM, VC, death and LHS. Conclusion: The results are similar between the two groups, with a greater tendency to more LHS in the OG. There were not significant differences between the RA and FA in the OG, except that LHS in the FA.

Resumen: Introducción: Los pacientes octogenarios son usualmente excluidos de los estudios en los cuales se compara la efectividad de las intervenciones coronarias percutáneas. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es comparar este procedimiento entre los pacientes octogenarios y aquéllos más jóvenes; además se compara el abordaje radial y el abordaje femoral en los pacientes octogenarios. Material y métodos: Éste es un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, comparativo, longitudinal, unicéntrico. Se realizó con aquellos pacientes que se refirieron para realización de un intervencionismo coronario percutáneo, en Monterrey, Nuevo León, México del 2010 al 2016. Los grupos se dividieron en el grupo de pacientes octogenarios y el grupo de pacientes menores de 80 años. Resultados: Se recabó un total de 1,282 pacientes, de los cuales 92 eran pacientes octogenarios, mientras que 1,190 fueron más jóvenes. En ambos el abordaje femoral fue el más utilizado. Se encontraron valores similares de dosis de radiación, tiempo de radiación, cantidad de contraste administrado, complicaciones vasculares y mortalidad entre los dos grupos. Sin embargo, los pacientes octogenarios tuvieron más días de estancia hospitalaria. Al comparar el abordaje femoral y el radial en octogenarios no se encontraron diferencias en dosis de radiación, tiempo de radiación, cantidad de medio de contraste, complicaciones vasculares, muerte y días de estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: Los resultados fueron similares entre ambos grupos de edad, con una mayor tendencia de estancia hospitalaria en octogenarios. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos abordajes en pacientes octogenarios, a excepción de mayores días de estancia hospitalaria en el abordaje femoral.

Caracterização e distribuição espacial de homens octogenários / Characterization and spatial distribution of male octogenarians / Caracterización y distribución espacial de hombres octogenarios

Objetivou-se descrever o perfil socioeconômico e de saúde e a qualidade de vida de homens octogenários; mapear as regiões de concentração desses idosos por número de incapacidade funcional e de morbidades. Estudo analítico, transversal e observacional em que participaram 121 homens octogenários, residentes em Uberaba-MG, em 2008. Foram aplicados os instrumentos: Questionário Brasileiro de Avaliação Funcional e Multidimensional (BOMFAQ), World Health Organization Quality of Life – BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) e World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults (WHOQOL-OLD). Utilizou-se análise descritiva e odds ratio. Predominaram idosos casados, residindo com o cônjuge,analfabetos e com -4 anos de estudo, renda de um salário mínimo, -4 incapacidades e -7 comorbidades. Os idosos com maior número de incapacidade funcional e de morbidades residiam em regiões nas quais não havia cobertura pela estratégia de saúde da família. Estes resultados podem contribuir para o planejamento de ações em saúde direcionadas, considerando as especificidades dessa população.

The aim was to describe the socioeconomic and health profile, and quality of life, of octogenarian men, andto map the regions where such elderly men were concentrated, by number of functional incapacities and morbidities. The participants in this analytical, observational, cross-sectional study were 121 male octogenarians living in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, in 2008. The questionnaires used were the Brazilian Multidimensional Functional Assessment (BOMFAQ), World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults (WHOQOL-OLD). Descriptive analysis and odds ratios were used. The men were predominantly married, livingwith a spouse, illiterate, with - 4 years of schooling, income of one minimum wage, -4 incapacities and -7 comorbidities. The elderly men with most morbidities and functional incapacities lived in regions not covered by the Family Health Strategy. These results can contribute to the planning of targeted health actions considering the specific features of this population.

El objetivo fue describir el perfil socioeconómico, de salud y calidad de vida de hombres octogenários; trazarun mapa de las regiones de concentración de eses ancianos por número de discapacidad funcional y morbilidades. Estudio analítico, observacional y transversal, en una muestra de 121 hombres octogenarios que viven en Uberaba-MG-Brasil, en2008. Fueron aplicados los instrumentos: Cuestionario Brasileño de Evaluación Funcional y Multidimensional (BOMFAQ), Organización Mundial de la Salud Calidad de Vida - BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) y Organización Mundial de la Salud Calidad de Vida Evaluación del Adulto Mayor (WHOQOL-OLD). Se utilizó análisis descriptivo y odds ratio. Predominaron los ancianos casados, vivendo con su cónyuge, analfabetos y con -4 años de escolaridad, el ingreso de un salario mínimo, con -4 discapacidad y -7 comorbilidades. Los ancianos con más morbilidad y discapacidad viven en regiones donde no había cobertura de la estrategia de salud familiar. Estos resultados pueden contribuir para la planificación de acciones de salud dirigidas, teniendo en cuenta las características específicas de esta población.

Vaporización fotoselectiva prostática con láser greenlight: ¿existen más complicaciones en pacientes octogenarios? / Photoselective prostatic vaporization with greenlight laser: are there more complications in octogenarians?

Durante décadas la resección transuretral de próstata (RTU) se ha considerado el tratamiento de elección para la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) sintomática. Los efectos adversos se reportan entre un 7 a 14 por ciento de los pacientes. Desde la introducción de la vaporización fotoselectiva prostática (VFSP) con láser GreenLight® su uso se ha propagado extensamente reportándose similar efectividad y mayor seguridad. Por otra parte, en los últimos años ha aumentado importantemente el número de procedimientos en octogenarios. Hoy se operan pacientes más añosos y con más comorbilidades. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar si los pacientes octogenarios sometidos a VFSP con láser GreenLight® presentan más complicaciones que los menores de 80 años. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, de casos y controles. Se incluyeron pacientes con HPB sintomática sometidos a VFSP con láser GreenLight® entre los años 2005 y 2012. Se registró número de comorbilidades, número de fármacos, riesgo ASA y tiempo quirúrgico. Como complicaciones se consideró fiebre, requerimiento de transfusión, retención aguda de orina, estenosis de cuello, síntomas irritativos vesicales y otras. Se utilizó t-student y chi-cuadrado para comparar los grupos. Se obtuvo Odds ratio (OR) para las complicaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 104 pacientes, 33 de ellos tenían 80 años o más. No existieron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La estadía hospitalaria fue mayor en los pacientes octogenarios (60h vs 26h, p<0,001, IC 95 por ciento 14,9-54,2). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a las complicaciones (36,4 por ciento vs 23,9 por ciento, p=0,24) con un OR de 1,82 (IC 95 por ciento 0,74 - 4.44).Conclusiones: Los octogenarios sometidos a VFSP con láser GreenLight® no presentan más complicaciones que aquellos de menor edad por lo que éste tratamiento podría considerarse como una alternativa segura y razonable para este grupo de pacientes...

For decades, transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) has been considered the treatment of choice for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Adverse effects were reported between 7-14 percent of patients. Since the introduction Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (VFSP) with GreenLight ® laser its use has spread widely with similar effectiveness and increased safety being reported. Moreover, in recent years the number of procedures in octogenarians have significantly increased. Today more elderly patients with comorbidities are operated. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether octogenarians undergoing VFSP with GreenLight ® laser present more complications than those under 80.Methods: A retrospective, case-control study. Patients with symptomatic BPH that underwent GreenLight ® laser VFSP between 2005 and 2012 were included. Number of comorbidities, number of medications, ASA risk and operative time were recorded. As complications we considered: fever, transfusion requirements, acute urinary retention, bladder neck stenosis, bladder irritative symptoms and others. T-student and chi-square test were used to compare the groups. Odds ratio (OR) was obtained for complications. Results: The study included 104 patients, 33 of them were 80 years or older. There were no significant differences between groups. The hospital stay was higher in octogenarians (60h vs 26h, p <0.001, 95 percent CI 14.9 to 54.2). No significant differences were found in terms of complications (36.4 percent vs 23.9 percent, p = 0.24) with an OR of 1.82 (95 percent CI 0.74 - 4.44).Conclusions: Octogenarians undergoing VFSP with GreenLight ® laser did not have more complications than those younger patients, so this treatment could be considered as a safe and reasonable alternative for this group of patients...

Endarterectomía carotídea en pacientes octogenarios / Endarterectomía carotídea em pacientes octogenários / Carotid endarterectomy in eighty year-old patients

Objetivo: No existen diferencias significativas entre pacientes octogenarios y menores de ochentaaños en eventos ACV-Muerte, intervenidos por estenosis carotídea mediante endarterectomía carotídea.Material y Métodos: Desde enero de 2006 hasta junio de 2010 se realizaron 253 endarterectomías carotídeas en 251 pacientes, 24 (9.56%) (IC95% 6.21-13.90) pacientes tenían más de 80 años. Resultados: Del total de las endarterectomías carotídeas realizadas en pacientes menores de 80 años, 4 presentaron ACV y 1 falleció en el perioperatorio (ACV-muerte (n=5/227) (2.2%) (IC 95% 0.71-5.07)). Un paciente presentó un infarto agudo de miocardio perioperatorio en este grupo(0.4%) (IC 95% 0.006-2.43). De los 24 octogenarios, 1 paciente presentó ACV perioperatorio, dando un índice de ACV-muerte de 4.16 % (n=1) (IC 95% 0.05-21.14). Al comparar la poblaciónde ambos grupos no se hallaron evidencias significativas en la aparición de eventos adversos mayores como ACV o muerte que contraindiquen la cirugía en pacientes octogenarios con significación estadística p=0.91.Conclusión: En la muestra estudiada, no existen diferencias significativas entre pacientes octogenarios y menores de ochenta años en eventos ACV-Muerte postoperatoria, intervenidos porestenosis carotidea.

Objetivo: Não existem diferenças significativas entre pacientes octogenários e pacientes menores de oitenta anos em eventos ACV-Morte, operados por estenose carotídea mediante endarterectomia carotídea.Material e Métodos: De janeiro de 2006 a junho de 2010 realizaram-se 253 endarterectomias carotídeas em 251 pacientes, 24 (9.56%) (IC 95% 6.21-13.90) pacientes tinham mais de 80 anos. Resultados: Do total das endarterectomias carotídeas realizadas em pacientes menores de 80 anos, 4 apresentaram ACV e 1 faleceu no perioperatório (ACV-morte (n: 5/227) (2.2%) (IC 95% 0.71-5.07)). Neste grupo, um paciente apresentou um infarto agudo de miocárdio perioperatório (0.4%) (IC 95% 0.006-2.43). Dos 24 octogenários, 1 paciente apresentou ACV perioperatório, dando um índice de ACV-morte de 4.16 % (n=1) (IC 95% 0.05-21.14). Ao comparar a população dos dois grupos, não se encontraram evidências significativas no aparecimento de eventos adversos maiores como ACV ou morte, que contraindiquem a cirurgia em pacientes octogenários com estatística significativa p=0.91. Conclusão: Na amostra estudada, não existem diferenças significativas entre pacientesoctogenários e pacientes menores de oitenta anos em eventos ACV-Morte pós operatória, operados por estenose carotídea.

Objective: There are no significant differences between octogenarians and younger patients than eighty years in stroke-death events, with surgery for carotid stenosis by carotid endarterectomy. Material and Methods: From January 2006 through June 2010 were 253 carotid endarterectomiesin 251 patients, 24 (9.56%) (95% CI 6.21-13.90) were older than 80 years.Results: Of all carotid endarterectomies performed in patients younger than 80 years, 4 patients had a stroke and died in the perioperative patient (stroke-death (n=5/227) (2.2%) (95% CI 0.71-5.07)). One patient had a perioperative myocardial infarction in this group (0.4%) (95% CI 0.006-2.43). Of the 24 octogenarians, 1 patient had perioperative stroke, giving a rate of stroke-death of 4.16% (n=1) (95% CI 0.05-21.14). By comparing the population of both groups were not found significant evidence in the emergence of major adverse events such as stroke or death that maycontraindicate surgery in octogenarians with statistical significance p=0.91.Conclusion: No significant differences between octogenarians and younger patients than eighty years in stroke-death events postoperative surgery for carotid stenosis in the study sample.

Cirugía en mayores de 80 años: evolución clínica y costos asociados / Surgical complications and costs among octogenarians

Background: Old age is a negative prognostic factor among patients subjected to surgical procedures. Aim: To assess the clinical profile and hospital stay costs among patients aged 80 years or more in a surgical department. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of 115 surgical patients aged 84 +/- 4 years (67 percent males), hospitalized during 2007. Clinical presentation, surgical treatment, functional status on admission and discharge and hospitalization costs, was analyzed. Results: Ninety percent of patients had associated diseases and 83 percent had previous surgical procedures. On admission, 88 percent of patients had a normal functional status. Hernia was the most common surgical diagnosis in 17 percent. Thirty percent required emergency surgery. Mean hospital stay was 11 days, 47 percent required admission to the critical patients unit, 20 percent had complications, 8 percent required a second operation and two patients died. At discharge, 27 percent had a functional impairment. Hospitalization costs were 3.8 times greater among those that had complications, 3.1 times higher among those that required a second intervention and 1.8 times higher among those classified as III or IV according to American Surgical Association physical status classification, compared with those classified as I or II. Conclusions: Surgical patients aged more than 80 years, are more prone to complications and their hospitalization costs are higher.

Introducción: Los octogenarios son un grupo demográficamente emergente, que han generado cambios en la epidemiología del paciente quirúrgico, asociándose a mayores tasas de complicaciones, mortalidad y costos de atención. Objetivo: Estudiar el perfil clínico y costos de hospitalización de los pacientes octogenarios atendidos el año 2007 en nuestro departamento de cirugía. Material y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de los registros clínicos de pacientes quirúrgicos mayores de 80 años durante el año 2007. Se analizó la presentación clínica, tratamiento quirúrgico, evolución postoperatoria y status funcional (escala KATZ) al ingreso y alta. Se analizó además los costos asociados a la hospitalización y tratamiento. Resultados: Serie de 115 pacientes con edad promedio de 83,7 años. Un 89,5 por ciento presentaron comorbilidades y 85,2 por ciento cirugías previas. Al ingreso un 87,7 por ciento eran autovalentes (KATZ A-B). El diagnóstico quirúrgico más frecuente fue Hernia (16,87 por ciento). Un 29,5 por ciento se intervino de urgencia. La estadía total promedio fue 10,6 días, requiriendo un 47 por ciento de los pacientes Unidad de Pacientes Críticos (UPC). Un 20 por ciento sufrió complicaciones (principalmente delirium), 7,8 por ciento requirió reintervención, y dos pacientes fallecieron. Un 26,7 por ciento presentó deterioro funcional al alta. El costo de hospitalización fue 3,75 veces mayor en los complicados, 3,1 veces mayor en los re-operados, 3,69 veces mayor en los que requirieron UPC, y 1,77 veces mayor en los ASA III-IV respecto a los I-II. Conclusión: Las complicaciones fueron en su mayoría no-quirúrgicas asociándose a hospitalizaciones prolongadas y de alto costo económico, con alta tasa de permanencia en UPC. Los factores asociados a mayor costo fueron complicación postoperatoria, re-operación, estadía prolongada en UPC y ASA III-IV.

Angioplastia transluminal coronária em octogenários / Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty in Octogenarians

PURPOSE: To evaluate the immediate and long term results of percutaneous transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty (PTCA) in patients over 80 years old. METHODS: From 1/1/89 to 6/31/95, 97 patients with 80 years of age or older were submitted to PTCA and were divided into three groups: group A (GrA)-30 patients with stable angina, mean age of 82.5 years, 24 (80) men; group B(GrB)-40 patients with unstable angina, mean age 81.2 years, 31 (77.5) men; group C (GrC)-27 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), mean age of 82 years, 16 (59.2) men. RESULTS: Early outcome-general success rate of 84.5 and mortality rate of 5.1. The success and mortality rate were in GrA 83.3 and 3.3, in GrB 85 and 5 and in GrC 85.2 and 7.4, respectively. Late outcome-the number and percentage of patients with late follow-up and the clinic-angiographic and angiographic restenosis rates were for GrA 19(76), 52.9, 75; GrB 30(88.2), 30.8, 61.5 and GrC 12(52.2), 66.6, 85.7, respectively. CONCLUSION: PTCA can be considered an important revascularization alternative in octogenarian patients because of high early success rate, low mortality and acceptable long-term outcome.

Angioplastia coronária em octogenários / Coronary angioplasty in octogenarians

Objetivo - Avaliar e discutir as indicações, resultados e evolução de pacientes com idade ≥ 80 anos submetidos a angioplastia coronária.Métodos - No período de junho de 1987 a julhode 1990, 36 pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 80 anos, realizaram angioplastia coronária como método terapêutico alternativo. A idade variou de 80 a 85 (média = 83) anos, sendo 25 do sexo masculino. Considerou-se a obstrução significativa quando a estenose fosse maior ou igual a 70% do diâmetro da artéria. Resultado satisfatório, após a realização do procedimento, foi considerado quando houvesse redução da obstrução a valores menores ou iguais a 50%. Resultados - O sucesso inicial da angioplastia coronária foi observado em 34/36 (94,4%) pacientes. Dos 46 vasos abordados, obteve-se sucesso em 44 (95,6%). Em apenas um paciente foi observada oclusão coronária aguda seguida de infarto agudo do miocárdio, tratado clinicamente. Não houve cirurgia de emergência ou óbitos imediatos nesta série. Quinze dos 34 pacientes, que obtiveram sucesso inicial, puderam ser acompanhados na evolução clínica; 4/15 (26,6%) foram reestudados - (1, 3,6 e 12 meses pós-angioplastia), devido ao reaparecimento de angina; 2 evidenciaram reestenose sendo redilatados com sucesso. Na evolução clínica desses 15 pacientes, num período de 1 a 21 (média = 9,6) meses, incluindo os pacientes redilatados, observaram-se os seguintes fatos: 2 (13,3%) pacientes apresentaram infarto agudo do miocárdio, sendo tratados clinicamente; óbito tardio ocorreu em 3 (20%) pacientes, 1 de natureza cardíaca. A sobrevivência, no período observado, foi 12/15 (80%) pacientes pacientes octogenários, nesta série, mostrou ser um procedimento intervencionista alternativo, seguro e eficaz no tratamento deste subgrupo de pacientes Conclusão - A angioplastia coronária em pacientes octogenários, nesta série, mostrou ser um procedimento intervencionista alternativo, seguro e eficaz notratamento deste subgrupo de pacientes

Purpose - To evaluate the indications, results and follow - up of patients with 80 years old and over, who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Methods - From July 1987 through July 1990,36 patients, 80 years of age and over, had PTCA as an alternative method to treat coronary artery disease. Their age ranged from 80 to 85 (mean = 83) years. Twenty five were male. Significative obstrution was considered when 70% or more of the internal diameter was stenosed. Satisfactory results were achieved when reduction of 50% or more of the coronary artery obstruction was obtained. Results - In 34 of 36 patients (94.4%), PTCA was successfully performed. Forty four of 46 coronary arteries were successfully dilated. One patient had acute coronary occlusion with acute myocardial infarction treated clinically. There were no emergency surgeries or early deaths. Clinical follow-up was obtained in 15 of the 34 patients. Four had repeated coronary arteriography (at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after primary PTCA) due to angina. Two of them had restenosis and were successfully redilated (the patients restudied at 3 and 6 months, respectively). Within a mean clinical follow-up period of9.6 (ranging from 1 from 21) months the following features were observed: two of 15 patients (13.3%) had acute myocardial infarction and were clinically followed; late death occured in 3 patients (20%) with only one related to cardiac events. Survival has been observed in 12 of these 15 patients (80%). Conclusion - PTCA represents an alternative, safe and effective invasive procedure to treat octogenarians with coronary artery disease