Factores psicosociales y desempeño docente en un instituto superior tecnológico en Quito, Ecuador / Psychosocial factors and teaching performance at a higher technological institute in Quito, Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: los riesgos psicosociales afectan física y mentalmente a los trabajadores. Las condiciones laborales de docentes universitarios implican responsabilidades académicas y administrativas, exponiéndolos a altos niveles de riesgo psicosocial. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la relación de los factores psicosociales en el desempeño docente, en un instituto superior tecnológico en Quito, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal, prospectivo y analítico en una población de 89 docentes. Se aplicó, por su alta confiabilidad, la encuesta de Factores de Riesgo Psicosociales de Silva, para evaluar los factores de riesgo en el trabajo académico. El desempeño docente se midió según la escala de calificación del Ministerio del Trabajo de Ecuador. Se calcularon inferencias y asociaciones a través de la prueba de Chi cuadrado y el odds ratio. Resultados: hubo un 47,2 % del género femenino y un 52,8 % del masculino. Predominó el grupo etario de 31 a 40 años. Entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial predominó el parámetro de exigencias laborales. El 75,3 % presentó riesgo psicosocial medio, no reflejado con el desempeño docente. Conclusiones: se constató la presencia de factores de riesgo psicosociales en los docentes, relacionados con la carga de trabajo, contenido y características de las tareas, entre otros aspectos. Se comprobó que el desempeño docente no se afectó por la presencia de factores de riesgo psicosociales (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: psychosocial risks physically and mentally affect workers. The working conditions of university teachers involve academic and administrative responsibilities, exposing them to high levels of psychosocial risk. Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the relationship of psychosocial factors in teaching performance at a higher technological institute in Quito, Ecuador. Materials and methods: a quantitative, observational, transversal, prospective and analytical study was conducted in a population of 89 teachers. Because of its high reliability, the Silva Psychosocial Risk Factors survey was applied to assess risk factors in academic work. The teaching performance was measured according to the rating scale of the Ministry of Labor of Ecuador. Inferences and associations were calculated through the Chi squared test and the odds ratio. Results: 47.2 % of the teachers were women and 52.8 % were men. The 31-40 years old age-group predominated. Among the psychosocial risk factors, the parameters of work requirements predominated. 75.3 % showed average psychosocial risk, not reflected with teaching performance. Conclusions: It was stated the existence of psychosocial risk factors in teachers, related to the workload, content and characteristics of the task, among other aspects. We found that teaching performance was not affected by the presence of psychosocial risk factors (AU).

Microorganismos aislados en cultivo bacteriológico de muestras de leche de vacas holstein clínicamente sanas / Microorganisms isolated in bacteriological culture from milk samples from clinically healthy holstein cows / Microrganismos isolados em cultivo bacteriológico de amostras do leite de vacas holandesas clinicamente saudáveis

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de aislamiento de microorganismos de tipo infeccioso y ambiental en leche de un grupo vacas clínicamente sanas en dos diferentes tipos de ordeño. Para ello se utilizaron muestras de leche de 289 vacas ubicadas en hatos de cuatro municipios del Norte del departamento de Antioquia en diferentes sistemas de ordeño (manual y mecánico), a cada muestra de leche se le hizo cultivo bacteriológico para determinar la presencia de microorganismos. De 289 muestras de leche evaluadas, 193 (66,78%) fueron positivas para aislamiento de cualquier tipo de patógeno (ocho diferentes patógenosaislados), de las cuales 81 (28,02%) muestras provenían de ordeño manual y 112 (38,75%) pertenecían a ordeño mecánico, encontrando un mayor porcentaje de aislamiento de patógenos bacterianos en muestras de leche provenientes de sistema de ordeño mecánico (p=0,0236). El patógeno de mayor aislamiento fue el Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (antes clasificado como Corinebacterium sp), microorganismo que hace parte de la flora saprófita del animal, con presencia de manera individual en el 20,14% de las muestras analizadas y en confección con otros patógenos en 0,7% de las muestras. El microorganismo que siempre se reporta como mayor productor de mastitis subclínica en bovinos es el Streptococcus agalactiae, un patógeno infeccioso, que en el presente estudio se aisló del 12,50% de las muestras de leche. Se determinó el Odds ratio (OR), entre aislamiento de Streptococcus agalactiae y Score de Células somáticas (SCS) que fue estadísticamente significativo, indicando que cuando está presente este patógeno el SCS aumenta y los animales son más susceptibles a padecer mastitis.

Abstract A microbiological analysis was performed to determine the frequency of isolation of microorganisms of infectious and environmental type in milk from a group of clinically healthy cows in two different types of milking (manual and mechanical). To each sample of milk was made bacteriological culture to determine the presence of microorganisms. Of 289 milk samples evaluated, 193 (66.78%) were positive for isolation of any type of pathogen, of which 81 (28.02%) samples came from manual milking and 112 (38.75%) belonged to mechanical milking, finding a higher percentage of isolation of bacterial pathogens in milks coming from mechanical milking system (p = 0.0236). The most isolated pathogen was the Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, A microorganism that forms part of the saprophytic flora of the animal, with an individual presence in 20.14% and in coinfection with other pathogens in 0.7% of the samples. The most common microorganism of subclinical mastitis in cattle is Streptococcus agalactiae, which in the present study was isolated from 12.50% of milk samples. The odds ratio (OR) between the isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae and the Somatic Cell Score (SCS) was determined, which was statistically significant, indicating that when this pathogen is present the SCS increases and the animals are more susceptible to mastitis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de isoLamento de microorganismos de tipo infecciosos e ambientaL no Leite de um grupo de vacas cLinicamente saudáveL em dois diferentes tipos de ordenha. Para este fim utiLizaram-se amostras do Leite de 289 vacas LocaLizadas em rebanhos de quatro municipaLidades do Norte de Antioquia com dois tipos diferentes de ordenha (manuaL e mecânica), a cada amostra do Leite foi feito um cuLtivo bacterioLógico para determinar a presença de microorganismos. De 289 amostras do Leite avaLiadas, 193 (66,78%) foram positivas para o isoLamento de quaLquer tipo de agente patogênico (oito diferentes agentes patogênicos isoLados), das quais 81 (28,02%) amostras eram de ordenha manuaL e 112 (38, 75%) foram de ordenha mecânica, encontrando uma maior percentagem de isoLamento dos agentes patogênicos bacterianos nos Leites provenientes do sistema de ordenha mecânica (p = 0,0236). O agente patogênico mais isoLado foi Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (Corinebacterium sp), microrganismo que faz parte da flora saprófita do animaL, presentes individuaLmente em 20,14% das amostras anaLisadas, e em reLação com outros agentes patogênicos o 0,7% das amostras. O microrganismo que sempre se reporta como o maior produtor de mastite subcLínica em gado é o Streptococcus agalactiae, um agente patogênico infeccioso, que neste estudo foi isoLado no 12,50% das amostras do Leite. Foi determinado o Odds ratio (OR) entre o isoLamento de Streptococcus agalactiae e Pontuação das céLuLas somáticas (SCS), e foi estatisticamente significativo, indicando que quando o agente patogênico está presente, o SCS aumenta e os animais são mais susceptíveis à mastite.

Associations between dietary patterns and hypertension among Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010)

The objective of this study is to identify the dietary patterns associated with the risk of hypertensions among Korean adults using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2010). This study analyzes data from 11,883 subjects who participated in the health and nutrition survey, aging from 20 to 64 years. We performed factor analysis based on the weekly mean intake frequencies of 36 food groups to identify major dietary patterns. We identified three major dietary patterns in both sexes, namely "traditional", "western" and "dairy and carbohydrate" patterns. Participants in the highest quartile of western pattern scores had significantly higher blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels than those in the lowest quartile. Although not statistically significant, a trend (P for trend = 0.0732) toward a positive association between the western dietary pattern and hypertension risk was observed after adjustments for age, sex, education, income, body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical activity, and energy intake. The dairy and carbohydrate pattern was inversely related with BMI and blood pressures and positively associated with serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. After adjusting the age, sex, education, income, BMI, smoking, physical activity and energy intake, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern showed inverse associations with hypertension prevalence (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.55-0.75; P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber, sodium, and antioxidant vitamins were significantly higher in the top quartile for the traditional pattern than in the lowest quartile for the traditional pattern (P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber (P for trend < 0.0001), calcium (P for trend < 0.0001), retinol (P for trend = 0.0164), vitamin B1 (P for trend = 0.001), vitamin B2 (P for trend < 0.0001), niacin (P for trend = 0.0025), and vitamin C (P for trend < 0.0001) were significantly increased across quartiles for the dairy and carbohydrate pattern whereas sodium (P for trend < 0.0001) intake was decreased for this pattern. In conclusion, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern may be associated with a reduced risk of hypertension whereas the western pattern may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Korean adults.

A Case-Control Study on Association Between Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Infection of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus / 예방의학회지

To investigate the association between hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and hepatitis C virus(HCV) in an HBV endemic area , a case-control study of 254 patients with HCC and of 1,270 age and sex matched health control subjects was done. Among the 254 HCC patients 166(65.4%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg), 49(19.3%) were positive for HCV antibody(anti-HCV Ab). The crude odd ratio of patients with HBsAg was 36.1(95% CI :22.4-58.2) and with anti-HCV Ab was 9.0(95% CI :5.5-14.6). In an analysis, which HBsAg(-), HBcAb(-), anti-HCV Ab(-) group was chosen as referent group, odd ratio of HBsAg(+) group was 14.4(95% CI: 7.2-28.9) and of anti- HCV Ab(+) was 10.7(95% CI: 2.9-40.0). Odd ratio of anti-HCV Ab(+), HBsAg(+) group and anti-HCV Ab(+), HBsAg(-), HBcAb(+) group for HCC were elevated to 27.3(95% CI : 9.0-82.9) , 15.9(95% CI:7.1-35.8) respectly. The odd ratio of anti-HCV Ab(-), HBsAg(-), HBcAb(+) group was 2.4(95% CI : 1.1-5.0). These result suggested that HBV and HCV were associated with HCC. In HBV endemic area patients with HBcAb alone should be considered risk group for HCC.