Aplicación clínica de la Impresión 3D en el manejo de fracturas abiertas de tibia: Nuevas fronteras en Traumatología. Estudio experimental / Clinical application of 3D Printing in open tibial fractures management: New frontiers of Orthopaedics. An experimental study

La Impresión 3D es una tecnología emergente utilizada cada vez más en medicina. En los países en vías de desarrollo, donde las fracturas por motocicletas y automóviles se encuentran en aumento, la disponibilidad de fijadores externos para el manejo de fracturas abiertas es un problema frecuente. La impresión 3D puede ser una alternativa económica e igualmente confiable a los dispositivos tradicionales elaborados con acero o titanio. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar la experiencia con el uso de Impresión 3D y su aplicación en el manejo clínico de fracturas abiertas diafisiarias de tibia. Se realizó un estudio pre-experimental y prospectivo. Se incluyeron 14 pacientes con fracturas de tibia AO/ASIF 42A, 42B y 42C tratados con un fijador externo con rótulas elaboradas con Impresión 3D como medida de Control de Daños en Ortopedia desde su ingreso hasta su resolución definitiva. Todos los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino, con un promedio de edad 23,16 años con 50% entre 20-23 años. Las fracturas fueron 42,85% tipo 42A, 37,71% 42B y 21,42% 42C. El 78,57% de las fracturas fueron ocasionadas por motocicletas: 57,14% grado II según Gustilo y Anderson, un 28,57% grado III y 14,28% grado I. El 37,71% eran politraumatizados. Ninguno de los pacientes presentó complicaciones como pérdida de la reducción, aflojamiento de las rótulas, ruptura o fatiga de las rótulas ni fatiga de la barra. La impresión 3D demostró ser una herramienta y alternativa útil en el manejo agudo de fracturas abiertas diafisiarias de tibia(AU)

3D Printing is an emerging technology used more and more in medicine. In developing countries, where motorcycle and automobile fractures are on the rise, the availability of external fixators for the management of open fractures is a frequent problem. 3D printing can be a cheap and equally reliable alternative to traditional devices made of steel or titanium. The objective of this work is to show the experience with the use of 3D Printing and its application in the clinical management of open diaphyseal fractures of the tibia. A pre-experimental and prospective study was made. 14 patients with AO/ASIF tibia fractures 42A, 42B and 42C treated with an external fixator with 3D-printed ball-caps as a Damage Control measure in Orthopedics from admission to final resolution were included. All patients were male, with an average age of 23,16 years, 50% between 20-23 years. The fractures were 42,85% type 42A, 37,71% 42B and 21,42% 42C. 78,57% of the fractures were caused by motorcycles: 57,14% grade II according to Gustilo and Anderson, 28,57% grade III and 14.28% grade I. 37,71% were polytraumatized. None of the patients had complications such as loss of reduction, loosening of the patellas, rupture or fatigue of the patellas, or rod fatigue. 3D printing proved to be a useful tool and alternative in the acute management of open diaphyseal fractures of the tibia(AU)

Manejo de fracturas abiertas de tibia en Cuba / Management of Open Tibial Fractures in Cuba

Introducción: Las fracturas abiertas de tibia son un subconjunto de la carga de traumatismos en América Latina. Se examinaron cuestiones relacionadas con el tratamiento potencialmente críticas en Cuba, país con recursos limitados, pero con un programa nacional de salud estandarizado, coherencia en educación y similitudes de programas de posgrado. Objetivos: Describir los patrones de tratamiento de la fractura abierta de tibia en Cuba, y comparar las características del manejo agudo y tardío en siete provincias del país. Métodos: Se encuestaron 67 cirujanos ortopédicos para evaluar cuatro aspectos en el tratamiento de la fractura abierta: profilaxis antibiótica, irrigación y desbridamiento, estabilización y tratamiento de heridas. Se utilizó el método de muestreo por conveniencia para identificar a los cirujanos y el análisis se realizó mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher (p < 0,05). Resultados: Se administraron antibióticos posoperatorios durante más de 72 horas para las fracturas GA-I/II (49 por ciento) y las fracturas GA-III (70 por ciento). Los cirujanos de La Habana (n= 32) utilizaron con más frecuencia la fijación interna primaria para las fracturas GA-I/II, que los cirujanos en las restantes provincias (n= 35) (64,3 porciento vs. 30,3 por ciento, p= 0,008). Los cirujanos de otras provincias realizaron cierre primario en el momento de la fijación definitiva de fracturas GA-I /II con más frecuencia que los de La Habana (62,9 por ciento vs. 32,3 por ciento, p= 0,013). Para fracturas GA-III, la mayoría de los cirujanos habaneros (88,6 %), al igual que los de las restantes provincias (96,8 por ciento) prefirieron realizar cierre diferido.Conclusiones: El tratamiento de fracturas abiertas de tibia en Cuba es generalmente consistente con otros países de América Latina. Se describen las características del manejo de fracturas abiertas de tibia en Cuba y se comparan las diferencias en los métodos de estabilización y tratamiento de heridas entre provincias, lo cual resulta útil para evaluar si son resultado de diferencias en la práctica quirúrgica, o en la disponibilidad de recursos. Esto representa una ayuda al abordar las formas de optimizar la atención al paciente, a través de la capacitación especializada y la asignación de los recursos(AU)

Introduction: Open tibia fractures are a significant subset of the overall trauma burden in Latin America. Latin American countries vary in their access to orthopaedic care resources, and country-specific orthopaedic recommendations are necessary. Cuba, a country with limited resources, has a standardized national health program, consistencies in education, and similarities across post-graduate training programs. This study aimed to identify management preferences for open tibia factures in Cuba. Objectives: To describe the treatment of open tibial fractures in Cuba, and to compare the characteristics of acute and delayed management across seven Cuban provinces. Methods: Sixty-seven orthopaedic surgeons were surveyed to evaluate four aspects of open fracture management, regarding antibiotic prophylaxis, irrigation and debridement, stabilization, and wound management. The convenience sampling method was used to identify surgeons and the analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test (p <0.05). Results: Postoperative antibiotics were administered for more than 72 hours for GA-I / II fractures (49 pecent) and GA-III fractures (70 percent). Surgeons in Havana (n = 32) used primary internal fixation for GA-I / II fractures more frequently than surgeons in the remaining provinces (n = 35) (64.3 pecent vs. 30.3 percent p = 0.008). Surgeons from other provinces performed primary closure at the time of definitive fixation of GA-I / II fractures more frequently than those from Havana (62.9 percent vs. 32.3 percent, p = 0.013). For GA-III fractures, the majority of Havana surgeons (88.6 percent), as well as those of the remaining provinces (96.8 percent) preferred to perform deferred closure. Conclusions: The treatment of open tibial fractures in Cuba is generally consistent with other Latin American countries. The characteristics of the management of open tibial fractures in Cuba are described and differences in wound stabilization and treatment methods between provinces are compared, which is useful to assess whether they are the result of differences in surgical practice, or in availability of resources. This is helpful in addressing ways to optimize patient care through specialized training and resource allocation(AU)

Comportamiento de pacientes con fracturas del pilón tibial tratados mediante fijación externa / Behavior of patients with tibial pilon fractures treated by external fixation

Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas del pilón tibial constituyen lesiones de difícil manejo por su situación anatómica, mecanismo de producción y daño de las partes blandas que la rodean. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el más empleado, la fijación externa puede utilizarse de forma transitoria o definitiva. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de la fijación externa en pacientes con fracturas del pilón tibial. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio con un nivel de evidencia IV, grado de recomendación B, en 34 pacientes con fractura del pilón tibial, atendidos de Enero de 2014 a Febrero de 2020. Desde el punto de vista estadístico se utilizó la distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas para variables cualitativas y para las cuantitativas la prueba de t Student. Resultados: El promedio de edad general fue de 45.8 años, predominó el sexo masculino con una razón de 1.4 a 1 y la fractura cerrada-abierta 1.8 a 1. Predominaron las fracturas tipo A según la clasificación del grupo AO. En relación a las fracturas abiertas predominaron las de tipo 3A. Se detectó significación entre un antes y un después al aplicar las escalas Olreud C y Molander H de la Sociedad Americana del Tobillo y Pie y el Ankle Scoring System. Las complicaciones del procedimiento quirúrgico fueron mínimas. Conclusiones: La fijación externa en pacientes con fracturas del pilón tibial es un método efectivo que puede emplearse de forma inmediata y definitiva en pacientes con fracturas abiertas y cerradas.

Abstract: Introduction: Tibial pylon fractures are difficult to manage injuries due to their anatomical situation, mechanism of production, and damage to the surrounding soft tissue. Surgical treatment is the most widely used, including external fixation that can be used temporarily or permanently. Objective: To evaluate the use of external fixation in patients with tibial pylon fractures. Material and methods: A pre-experimental study with a level of evidence II, recommendation grade B, was carried out in 34 patients with tibial pylon fracture, treated from January 2014 to February 2020. From the statistical point of view, the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies was used for qualitative variables and for quantitative variables, the Student's t test. Results: The general average age was 45.8 years, the male sex predominated with a ratio of 1.4 to 1 and the closed-open fractures 1.8 to 1. Type A fractures predominated according to the classification of the AO group. In relation to open fractures, 3A types predominated. Significance between a before and after was detected when applying the Olreud C and Molander H scales, from the American Ankle and Foot Society, and the Ankle Scoring System. The complications of the surgical procedure were minimal. Conclusions: External fixation in patients with tibial pylon fractures is an effective method that can be used immediately and definitively in patients with both open and closed fractures with few complications.

Ascorbic acid irrigation during debridement decreased the colony count of Staphylococcus aureus and interleukin-6 blood count in grade ii open fracture of long bones

Background: Infection in open fractures is still a problem that cannot be fully managed. Various types of studies have been conducted to find an effective and efficient solution to wash open fracture wounds. This study compared the effectiveness of ascorbic acid irrigation in reduction of Staphylococcus aureus colony and interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum level as systemic inflammation marker in debridement procedure of grade II Gustilo-Anderson open fracture of long bones.Methods: This study was an experimental study with pre-post-test control group design. This study included 24 subjects aged 15-75 years old with Gustillo-Anderson type II open fractures which were divided into two groups. The treatment group had additional irrigation by using 10 mg/ml ascorbic acid solution during debridement, whereas the control group had debridement only without irrigation with ascorbic acid. The culture and colony count of Staphylococcus aureus and IL-6 serum level was obtained and measured before and after the treatment in both groups. Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon test) was performed to compare the difference of the two parameters (Δ colony count and Δ IL-6) before and after the treatment.Results: There were no significant difference in Δ colony count of Staphylococcus aureus (p=0.308) and ΔIL-6 serum level (p=0.239) between the control group and treatment group.Conclusions: Ascorbic acid irrigation was not proved to decrease the colony count of Staphylococcus aureus and IL-6 serum level in grade II open fracture of long bones.

Successful treatment of an open tibial fracture in a 102-year-old woman: a case report / Journal of Rural Medicine

Introduction: As the average life expectancy is increasing, the number of patients aged >100 years who have fragility fractures will increase in the future. In female patients, the incidence of open fractures increases with age.Case Presentation: We present the case of a 102-year-old woman with open tibial and fibular diaphyseal fractures (Gustilo-Anderson classification type IIIb) treated with temporary external fixation, advancement flap, and negative pressure wound therapy in the first-stage surgery and treatment, and open reduction and internal fixation with skin grafting in the second-stage surgery. Open wound and bone healing were attained.Conclusion: Surgery should not be denied on the basis of age alone. Medical evaluation should focus on identifying risk factors, assessing risk in detail, optimizing status, predicting complications, and making the appropriate surgical plan for the patient status. Moreover, in the present case, meticulous postoperative management was the main reason for the successful surgical treatment.

Evaluation of results of open distal femur fractures with primary fixation and antibiotic impregnated collagen / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Purpose:@#Distal femoral fracture is one of the most common lower limb injuries and accounts for less than 1% of all fractures. Open fracture takes 5%-10% of the all distal femoral fractures, which is at an increased risk of complications. There were limited studies which documented the outcomes of such cases. The present study aims to evaluate the outcome and complications in these fractures using primary definitive fixation with condylar locking plate and antibiotic impregnated collagen sheet secondary to aggressive debridement.@*Methods:@#This is a prospective study conducted in a tertiary care orthopaedic hospital in northern India. Thirty patients of open distal femoral fractures were managed by primary definitive fixation with condylar locking plate and antibiotic impregnated collagen sheet secondary to aggressive debridement. They were followed for minimum of six months. Patients were followed up monthly for first four months, at six months and one year after surgery. Clinical and radiological signs of healing, any complications, time to union, and functional outcome were assessed.@*Results:@#The mean age of patients was 44.33 years (range 20-82 years) with male predominance of 66.7%. According to Gustilo-Anderson classification, there were 5, 15 and 10 patients with open grade I, II and IIIA distal femoral fractures respectively. According to orthopaedic trauma association (OTA) classification, majority of patients in our study were of C3 type. The mean time to bony union was 5.6 months (range 4-9 months). Average postoperative knee range of motion (ROM) at the latest follow-up was 98° (range 70°-120°). Lysholm knee scoring scale showed excellent score in 11 patients, good in 9 patients, fair and poor in 5 patients each; however, there was no significant correlation with fracture pattern types (p < 0.05). Knee stiffness was the major complications encountered in the study. The knee ROM was <90° in 5 patients and 90°-120° in rest of the patients, while 1 patient had extensor lag of 10°. One patient had implant failure and lost to follow-up; 3 patients had deep infection.@*Conclusion:@#An approach of primary definitive fixation with condylar locking plate and antibiotic impregnated collagen sheet secondary to early aggressive debridement in open distal femur fractures shows significant results in terms of functional and radiological outcomes with minimal complications.

Comparative accuracy assessment of the Gustilo and Tscherne classification systems as predictors of infection in open fractures / Análise comparativa da acurácia das classificações de Gustilo e Tscherne como preditoras de infecção em fraturas expostas

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the accuracy of the two classification systems for open fractures most commonly used in current medical practice, Gustilo and Tscherne, as predictors of infection. Methods A retrospective observational study was performed, including 121 patients suffering from open fracture of the appendicular skeleton treated at an emergency hospital. The fractures were classified according to Gustilo and Tscherne systems during the initial treatment, and ratings were subsequently confirmed or rectified during hospitalization. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were calculated according to each classification adopted. Results The results of this study demonstrated that both classifications of Gustilo and Tscherne are associated with the clinical outcome of infection in open fractures. The Gustilo classification achieved sensitivity of 76.7%, specificity of 53.8%, and accuracy of 59.5%. Tscherne's classification had a sensitivity of 56.7%, specificity 82.4%, and accuracy of 76.1%. Conclusion The Tscherne system showed better accuracy, including specificity as a predictor of infection in open fractures, when compared with the Gustilo system.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar comparativamente a acurácia dos dois sistemas para classificação de fraturas expostas mais usados na prática médica atual, Gustilo e Tscherne, como preditores de infecção nas fraturas expostas. Métodos Foi feito um estudo observacional retrospectivo com 121 indivíduos acometidos por fratura exposta do esqueleto apendicular atendidos em uma unidade de emergência hospitalar. As fraturas expostas foram classificadas segundo os dois sistemas durante o atendimento inicial; as classificações eram posteriormente confirmadas ou retificadas durante o internamento. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos e acurácia, segundo cada classificação adotada. Resultados Os resultados demonstraram que ambas as classificações, de Gustilo e de Tscherne, apresentam associação com o desfecho clínico infecção em fraturas expostas. A classificação de Gustilo obteve sensibilidade de 76,7%, especificidade de 53,8% e acurácia de 59,5%. A classificação de Tscherne obteve sensibilidade de 56,7%, especificidade de 82,4% e acurácia de 76,1%. Conclusão O sistema de classificação de Tscherne demonstrou maior acurácia, apresentou melhor especificidade como preditor de infecção em fraturas expostas quando comparado com o sistema de Gustilo.

The principles and practice of open fracture care, 2018 / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

The principles of open fracture management are to manage the overall injury and specifically prevent primary contamination becoming frank infection. The surgical management of these complex injuries includes debridement & lavage of the open wound with combined bony and soft tissue reconstruction. Good results depend on early high quality definitive surgery usually with early stable internal fixation and associated soft tissue repair. While all elements of the surgical principles are very important and depend on each other for overall success the most critical element appears to be achieving very early healthy soft tissue cover. As the injuries become more complex this involves progressively more complex soft tissue reconstruction and may even requiring urgent free tissue transfer requiring close co-operative care between orthopaedic and plastic surgeons. Data suggests that the best results are obtained when the whole surgical reconstruction is completed within 48-72 h.

The Current Concepts in the Management of Open Fractures / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Open fractures require infection prevention, injured soft tissue management, and fracture fixation. Moreover, it should be treated according to the emergency surgery. The main goals of treatment are life preservation, limb preservation, infection prevention, and functional restoration. Treatment procedure is carried out in the following order. Early diagnosis and management in the emergency room, appropriate antibiotic treatment, adequate irrigation and thorough debridement, fracture fixation and wound restoration (temporary stabilization of the fracture and covering of the wound, definite fixation of the fracture and soft tissue coverage). Herein, we discuss the current trends in each treatment phase to be helpful to other clinicians regarding the applicability of these steps in clinical practice.

Fractura segmentaria abierta IIIa de húmero en paciente lactante: reporte de un caso / IIIa open segmental fracture of the humerus in an infant patient: a case report

Las fracturas diafisiarias de húmero constituyen solo el 3% de todas las fracturas en niños. Las fracturas abiertas de este segmento son poco frecuentes con muy pocos reportes en la literatura. Son el resultado de traumatismos de alta energía ocasionados por accidentes automovilísticos o precipitaciones de gran altura. Las fracturas abiertas en niños menores de 3 años, representa un verdadero reto y requieren un enfoque único y multidisciplinario. Las fracturas abiertas en los niños presentan desafíos especiales, donde deben considerarse las características especiales del hueso del niño que lo diferencian del hueso del adulto. La aplicación de los principios adecuados en el manejo de las fracturas abiertas, así como el establecimiento de protocolos específicos de tratamiento, son necesarios para garantizar una evolución adecuada de esas lesiones. Presentamos el caso de paciente lactante menor masculino, quien fue eyectado del asiento delantero de un vehículo rustico al volcarse éste por una pendiente, posterior a lo cual presenta fractura segmentaria abierta IIIa del húmero derecho. El paciente es llevado a quirófano de emergencia donde se realiza limpieza quirúrgica y la estabilización de la fractura con un mini fijador externo utilizado para el tratamiento de fracturas de muñeca en adultos. Presentamos su tratamiento, complicaciones y evolución a corto plazo.

The humeral shaft fractures accounts for only 3% of all fractures in children. Open fractures of this segment are rare with few reports in the literature. They result from high energy trauma caused by car accidents or precipitation from high altitude. Open fractures in children under 3 years represents a real challenge and requires a unique and multidisciplinary approach. We present male infant patient, who was ejected from the front seat of a rustic vehicle that overturned down a slope and presented an open segmental type IIIa fracture of the right humerus. The patient was taken to the operating room where an emergency surgical cleaning and stabilization of the fracture was performed using a mini external fixator currently utilized for treating adult wrist fractures. We present the treatment, complications and outcomes in the short term.

Effect of axial stress stimulation on tibial and fibular open fractures healing after Taylor space stent fixation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of axial stress stimulation on tibial and fibular open fractures healing after Taylor space stent fixation.

Infection rate in adult patients with open fractures treated at the emergency hospital and at the ULBRA university hospital in Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Taxa de infecção em pacientes adultos com fratura exposta atendidos no hospital de pronto socorro e no hospital universitário Ulbra do município de Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the infection rate in adult patients with open fractures treated at two tertiary hospitals in the city of Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.. Methods: This quantitative descriptive study was conducted at Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Canoas. Eligible participants were adults aged 18-60 years with open fractures who were admitted to the orthopedic trauma service from January to May 2014 and followed-up for one year.. Results: A total of 133 patients with open fractures were included; most were men (92.48%), with a mean age of 36 years. There was a predominance of Gustilo-Anderson type III fractures. The infection rate was 18.80%, being more frequent in Gustilo-Anderson type III fractures (72.00%). The most commonly observed bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter aerogenes., . Conclusion: The infection rate in open fractures of patients initially treated at the emergency department of HPSC was 18.8%. The infections occurred predominantly in Gustilo-Anderson type III fractures. The bacteria with the highest incidence in infections were Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a taxa de infecção em pacientes adultos com fratura exposta atendidos em dois hospitais terciários no município de Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo descritivo feito no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Canoas (HPSC). Foram elegíveis os pacientes entre 18 e 60 anos internados com fratura exposta no setor de traumatologia e ortopedia da emergência do HPSC, de janeiro a maio de 2014, e que foram acompanhados por um ano. Resultados: Foram incluídos 133 pacientes com fratura exposta, a maioria do sexo masculino (92,48%), com média de 36 anos. Houve predomínio de fraturas do tipo III, de Gustilo e Anderson. A taxa de infecção foi de 18,80%, mais frequente em fraturas do tipo III, de Gustilo e Anderson (72%). As bactérias mais frequentemente identificadas nas infecções foramStaphylococcus aureuseEnterobacter aerogenes. Conclusão: A taxa de infecção em fraturas expostas de pacientes atendidos inicialmente na emergência do HPSC foi de 18,80%. As infecções ocorreram predominantemente em fraturas do tipo III, de Gustilo e Anderson. As bactérias com maior incidência nas infecções foramStaphylococcus aureuseEnterobacter aerogenes.

The incidence and microbiological profile of surgical site infections following internal fixation of closed and open fractures / Infecção de sítio cirúrgico após fixação de fraturas fechadas e expostas - Incidência e perfil microbiológico

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and microbiological profile of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with internal fixation of fractures and to compare differences in the SSIs observed among patients with closed and open fractures. METHODS: Retrospective study. Analyzed data included information from all patients who underwent surgery for fixation of closed or open fractures from January 2005 to December 2012 and remained outpatients for at least one year following surgery. Incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was compared between patients with closed and open infection, as well as polymicrobial infection and infection related to Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Cumulative antibiograms were performed to describe microbiological profiles. RESULTS: Overall incidence of SSI was 6%. This incidence was significantly higher among patients with open fractures (14.7%) than among patients with closed fractures (4.2%). The proportions of patients with polymicrobial infections and infections due to GNB were also significantly higher among patients with open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species were the primary infectious agents isolated from both groups. The overall incidence of MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) was 72%. A. baumannii was the predominant GNB isolate recovered from patients with open fractures and P. aeruginosa was the most frequent isolate recovered from patients with closed fractures, both exhibited low rates of susceptibility to carbapenems. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of SSIs related to the internal fixation of fractures was significantly higher among patients with open fractures, indicating that an open fracture can be a risk factor for infection. Among the bacterial isolates, S. aureus (with a high prevalence of MRSA) and CoNS species were most prevalent. A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates underscored the low rate of susceptibility to carbapenems that was observed in the present study.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência e o perfil microbiológico das ISC relacionadas a procedimentos de fixação de fraturas num hospital acadêmico ortopédico terciário em São Paulo, Brasil, e comparar as diferenças observadas entre os pacientes com fraturas fechadas e expostas. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo. Foram incluídos na análise os dados relativos a todos os pacientes que passaram por procedimento cirúrgico para fixação de fraturas fechadas ou expostas de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2012 e que mantiveram seguimento por pelo menos um ano. Foi verificada a presença de associação entre o tipo de fratura, a incidência de ISC e as incidências de infecções polimicrobianas e por bacilos Gram-negativos. O perfil microbiológico foi estabelecido por meio da elaboração de antibiogramas cumulativos. RESULTADOS: A incidência geral de infecção de 6%. Essa incidência foi maior no grupo de pacientes com fraturas expostas (14,7%) do que naqueles com fraturas fechadas (4,2%), com diferença estatisticamente significante. O número de pacientes com infecções polimicrobianas e com infecções relacionadas a BGN também foi significativamente maior no grupo de casos relacionados a fraturas expostas. Staphylococcus aureus e espécies de Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo (CoNS) foram os principais agentes isolados nos dois grupos. A incidência de MRSA (S. aureus resistente a meticilina) dentre todos os isolados de S. aureus foi de 72%. A. baumannii foi o principal BGN isolado entre os pacientes com fraturas expostas e P. aeruginosa entre os pacientes com fraturas fechadas. Em ambos os casos, observaram-se baixos índices de sensibilidade a carbapenêmicos. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de ISC relacionada à fixação interna de fraturas foi significantemente maior nos pacientes com fraturas expostas, o que indica que esse tipo de fratura pode ser um fator de risco para a ocorrência desse tipo de infecção. Dentre os isolados bacterianos, predominaram no geral S. aureus (com elevada prevalência de MRSA) e S. coagulase-negativo. Dentre os BGN, houve predomínio de A. baumanni também entre os isolados de pacientes com fraturas expostas e P. aeruginosa entre os isolados daqueles com fraturas fechadas.

Outcome of application of primary versus secondary Illizarov's fixator in open tibial shaft fractures / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to compare outcome of primary and secondary Illizarov''s fi xator application as a treatment method for type Ⅲ open tibial fractures in terms of non-union and wound infection.METHODS: This prospective study was done in a tertiary care center. Forty-eight type Ⅲ tibial fractures were treated with Illizarov''s apparatus between 2008 and 2011. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the treatment protocol, timing of wound closure and Illizarov''s application, primary (n=28) and secondary (n=20).RESULTS: In the primary group, healing was achieved in all 28 patients. The median time to recovery was 24 weeks, and the median number of operations was 3. There were 6 patients with a bone defect. In the secondary group, complete recovery was achieved in 18 out of 20 patients. The median time to recovery was 30 weeks, and the median number of operations 5. There were 9 patients with a bone defect. The median time to recovery and the number of operations were signifi cantly smaller in patients undergoing primary operation. Union was 100％ in the primary group and more than 95％ in the secondary group. Chronic osteomyelitis persisted in one patient and below amputation was done in one patient in the secondary group.CONCLUSION: Primary wound closure and Illizarov''s fixation required a smaller number of operations and shorter time to recovery than secondary wound closure and Illizarov''s fi xation, mostly due to a signifi cantly less number of patients with a bone defect in the primary group.

Management of fractures of both bones of forearm with dynamic compression plate with screw fixation.

Background: Study was designed to analyze the effects of surgical management of fractures of both bones of forearm with dynamic compression plate with screw fixation. Material and methods: From August 2008 to October 2010, data from 56 patients with fractures of both the radius and ulna were collected and evaluated retrospectively. Patients were managed with early surgical debridement, open reduction and internal fixation with a DCP. All patients had complete functional and radiographic assessments. Results: Patient regained full range of movements within 6-8 weeks. At 12-14weeks check X-ray showed good radiological union. In this series out of 56 cases 42 (75%) cases are graded excellent, 7 (12.5%) cases are graded good, fair 5 (9%) cases and poor 2 (3.5%) cases. Conclusion: Our study has proven that open reduction and internal fixation of diaphyseal fractures of radius and ulna can be best done with dynamic compression plating technique which has given a good result. The technique of DCP fixation is a simple procedure which can be done by the junior orthopedic surgeon with an excellent result.

Resultados de la utilización de aloinjerto criopreservado en fracturas y consolidaciones fallidas de huesos largos / Outcomes of cryopreserved allograft in long bones fractures and nonunions

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar las indicaciones y la incorporación del aloinjerto criopreservado en fracturas y consolidaciones fallidas de huesos largos. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, 20 pacientes tratados entre 2005 y 2011, 7 fracturas y 14 consolidaciones fallidas de huesos largos en los que se utilizó aloinjerto óseo criopreservado (un paciente con compromiso bilateral de fémur), 11 asociados a autoinjerto. Edad promedio: 45.2 años (rango 19-74). Diez mujeres y 10 hombres. Defectos óseos clasificados en circunferenciales y no circunferenciales. Resultados: La consolidación luego del uso de aloinjerto molido de Banco se logró en 14 casos tras un promedio de 8 meses (rango 4-18); de los 7 restantes, se logró la consolidación luego de cirugías de revisión en 5 casos, uno permaneció sin consolidación y, en otro, se amputó el miembro. Conclusiones: El autoinjerto sigue siendo el patrón de referencia en la reconstrucción de defectos óseos. Los nuevos sistemas de extracción de autoinjertos, como el fresado con irrigación/aspiración (RIA, Synthes) han llevado a que el uso de aloinjerto en fracturas sea poco frecuente. Pero, en los pacientes de nuestra serie, con múltiples cirugías, defectos óseos o trastornos psiquiátricos graves, el aloinjerto óseo crioconservado aislado o asociado a autoinjerto permitió obtener buenos resultados (18 casos consolidaron), aunque 5 casos requirieron cirugías de revisión.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications and incorporation of cryopreserved allograft in long bone fractures and nonunions. Methods: Retrospective study of 20 patients treated between 2005 and 2011, with 7 fractures and 14 long bones nonunions in which cryopreserved allograft bone was used (one patient had bilateral femoral involvement), associated with autograft in 11 cases. Average age 45.2 years (range 19 to 74). Ten women and ten men. Bone defects were classified according to whether they were circumferential or not. Results: Bony union after using morcellized allograft was achieved in 14 cases, after an average of 8 months (range 4 to 18), among the remaining 7 cases union was achieved after revision surgery in 5 cases, another case did not achieve consolidation, and an amputation was performed in another patient. Conclusions: Bone autograft remains the gold standard in bone defect reconstructions. Using new extraction systems for autografts, such as reamed irrigation/aspiration (RIA, Synthes) has made the use of allograft in fractures infrequent. In our patients with multiple surgeries, bone defects or severe psychiatric disorders, the use of isolated cryopreserved allograft or associated with bone autograft obtained good results (18 cases with consolidation), although 5 patients required revision surgeries.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial on efficacy and safety of recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor in treatment with open tibiofibula fractures / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To observe the recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor (rh-aFGF) treatment of open fractures of the tibia and fibula efficacy and safety.Methods Seventy-two cases of open fractures of tibia and fibula patients were selected,all patients were given the C-arm X-ray machine to guide needle,debridement,the entire complex fractures,external fixa tion device postoperative were given anti-infection treatment.Treatment group were given rh-aFGF 1-5 soluble solvent cleaning wounds and skin grafts,suture given daily dressing (3-4 spray/cm2,6-8 times/d).The control group was not given medication,continuous treatment after 7-14 d assess wound healing,wound complications and infection.Results Treated the wounds healing time,healing time,the incidence of delayed fracture healing,skin graft survival area,walking function recovery time,edema score,pain score,the incidence of severe infection and late healing in treatment group were significantly better than those in control group:(27.2 ± 13.1) d vs.(34.7 ± 12.3) d,(55.4 ± 17.4) d vs.(62.2 ± 18.7) d,(99.2 ± 1.2) ％ vs.(92.6 ± 3.6) ％,(2.2 ± 0.4) scores vs.(3.8 ± 0.4) scores,(2.1 ± 0.4) vs.(3.7 ± 0.2) socres,5.6％ (2/36) vs.30.6％ (11/36),2.8％ (1/36) vs.19.4％ (7/36),there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).rh-aFGF treatment of major adverse reactions were mild itching.Conclusion The recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor can accelerate wound healing and reduce post-operative complications,reducing infection.

Evaluation of Results of Different Treatment Modalities in Management of Diaphyseal Fractures of Humerus.

Introduction: This paper presents evaluation of 103 patients of diaphyseal fractures of humerus treated by different modalities with a mean follow-up of two years. Material and methods: This is a prospective and retrospective study conducted at Dr Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Kangra (Tanda), HP, India during the year 2005-2006. It aimed at finding out comparison of the results obtained by different modes of treatment in fractures of humeral diaphysis. We studied a total of 103 patients out of which a prospective study involved 72 patients and a retrospective study (2003-2004) involved 31 patients (whose records were available). All the cases were examined clinically and radiologically and were managed with an appropriate method of treatment. The closed fractures were classified by Muller’s classification while Gustillo Anderson was used for open fractures. The nonoperative methods included cooptation or U-shaped brachial splint or U-slab, hanging arm cast, Velpeau dressing, Shoulder spica cast and functional brace. The patients with failure of closed reduction, with complex fracture geometry or open fractures were treated by operative methods. The patients were followed up weekly for the first three weeks and than at six weekly intervals to a maximum of two years (range 16-26 months) or till the union was achieved. From the prospective study, three patients were lost to follow-up and hence excluded from the study. Functional outcome was assessed by Modified Stewart and Hundley (1955) criteria. Results: Out of 100 patients there were (44 A fractures [A1-13, A2-9, A3-22], 36 B fracture [B1-26, B2-9, B3-1] and 20 C fractures [C1-15, C2-4, C3-1]). Out of these 14 fractures were associated with open injury (2 Grade I , 4 Grade II, 4 Grade IIIa, 3 Grade IIIb, 1 Grade IIIc). Forty-six cases treated conservatively united at 24 weeks (15.65 weeks) and 54 patients, which were treated by different modalities united at 36 weeks (Ex-fixator), 22 weeks (Nail), 20.3 weeks (Plate and screws). Good results were obtained in 100% by Velpeau dressing in children, 85% by U-slab, 50% by plate and screws and 33.3% with nailing. There were postoperative complications like infection (6%), radial nerve palsy (2%) and nondelayed union (5-6%). Conclusion: Conservative management is method of choice in management of closed diaphyseal fractures of humerus as it gives early union, better limb function and is devoid of any of the routine postoperative complications. Patients with failed conservative treatment, open fractures and fractures with complex geometry are better managed operatively. ORIF with plate and screws has proven to be better than nailing procedures in present series in terms of giving better functional outcome. Patients treated with external fixator had mostly fair and poor outcome as injuries dealt by them were open type III injuries.

Treatment of Type IIIb Open Tibial Fractures

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of treatment for patients with Type IIIb open tibial fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study targeted 35 adult patients for whom follow-up was possible over one year after undergoing surgical treatment. There were 29 males and six females with an average age of 45 years. RESULTS: Fracture location was proximal in 10 cases, midshaft in 13 cases, and the distal part of the tibia in 12 cases. An average of 10 days was observed for definitive fixation with soft tissue coverage of the injury. The mean time to radiographic union was 27 weeks. Sixteen cases (45.7%) of complications were observed. Three cases of superficial infection, two cases of deep infection, four cases of partial flap necrosis, three cases of mal-alignment, three cases of joint stiffness, and one case of hardware breakage were observed. The mean lower extremity functional scale score was 68.5 and the factors influencing the clinical results were severity of open wound (p=0.000) and occurrence of complications (p=0.000) according to results of multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSION: In treatment of Type IIIb open tibial fractures, good clinical results can be expected provided that complications are prevented through proper reduction, firm fixation, early soft tissue reconstruction, and early rehabilitation.

Primary internal fixation combined with flap transfer to treat Gustilo-ⅢB open fractures of lower extremity with severe soft tissue defect / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of primary internal fixation combined with flap transfer for Gustilo Ⅲ B open fracture of lower extremity with severe soft tissue defct.Methods From January,2008 to January,2013,15 patients with Gustilo Ⅲ B open fracture of lower extremity and severe soft tissue defect were treated with primary internal fixation combined with flap transfer.Among them,there were 2 cases of foot and ankle fracture,9 of lower-tibia and fibula,3 of upper-tibia and fibula and 1 of distal femur fracture.The areas of the flaps were 10 cm × 8 cm-28 cm × 16 cm.Three cases were treated by bone grafting because of bone defect.Results All patients were followed up for 6-24 months.All flaps were survived,and only small area of 2 cases with the distal necrosis were cured by changing the dressing; In 1 case,the wound was infection and healed after anti-infective and drainage treatment; 13 cases had bone union in primary stage,and the other 2 cases were achieved delayed union; the average healing time was 7.2 months,and no case of osteomyelitis was noted; the time of wound healing was 12-36 days,with an average of 18.1 days.According to lower extremity function evaluation form,the excellent and good rate was 86.6％.Conclusion It is a safe and effective strategy to treat the Gustilo Ⅲ B open fractures of lower extremity and severe soft tissue defect with primary internal fixation combined with flap transfer,which has advantages of reliable fixation,covering the wounds with satisfaction,recovering exercise early,shorten the treatment period,alleviating the suffering of patients and so on.