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Introduction: Onychomycosis are fungal nail infections that can be caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytic molds and yeasts, which are capable of breaking down keratin. Mixed onychomycosis are a controversial subject and they are the outcome of the combination of two dermatophytes, dermatophytes/nondermatophytic molds or dermatophytes/yeast. Objetives: To determine the frequency of total dystrophic onychomycosis caused by more than one etiological agent (mixed onychomycosis) in outpatients from a Dermatologic Center in Guatemala and to establish the characteristics associated with this fungal infection. Methods: Prospective observational study from August to December of 2012. Nail samples were obtained from patients with total dystrophic onychomycosis to identify the causal agents by culture in Sabouraud dextrose and Mycosel® agar. Results: 32 of 130 patients had mixed onychomycosis. 68.5% were associated to tinea pedis. The most common association was between T. rubrum + Candida, T. rubrum + M. canis and T. rubrum + opportunist fungi. Conclusions: Mixed onychomycosis represent 25% of the total dystrophic onychomycosis in Guatemala. We observed an important relationship between diabetes and the main association was T. rubrum with Candida spp.
Introducción: Las onicomicosis son infecciones fúngicas de las uñas que pueden ser causadas por dermatofitos, mohos no dermatofitos y levaduras, que son capaces de degradar la queratina. Las onicomicosis mixtas son un tema polémico y es el resultado de la combinación de dos dermatofitos, dermatofitos / mohos no dermatofitos o dermatofitos / levadura. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de la onicomicosis distrófica total causada por más de un agente etiológico (onicomicosis mixta) en pacientes ambulatorios de un Centro Dermatológico en Guatemala y establecer las características asociadas a esta infección fúngica. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de agosto a diciembre de 2012. Se obtuvieron muestras de uñas de pacientes con onicomicosis distrófica total para identificar los agentes causales en cultivo de agar dextrosa Sabouraud y Mycosel®. Resultados: 32 de 130 pacientes tenían onicomicosis mixta. 68.5% se asociaron a tinea pedis. La asociación más común fue entre T. rubrum + Candida, T. rubrum + M. canis y T. rubrum + hongos oportunistas. Conclusiones: La onicomicosis mixta representa el 25% de la onicomicosis distrófica total en Guatemala. Observamos una relación importante entre la diabetes y la asociación principal fue T. rubrum con Candida spp.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Onicomicose , Dermatologia , Tinha dos Pés , Candida , Ágar , Arthrodermataceae , Fungos , Guatemala , Infecções , UnhasRESUMO
Fusarium is an emerging human opportunistic pathogen of growing importance, especially among immunosuppressed haematology patients due to an increased incidence of disseminated infections over the past two decades. This trend is expected only to continue due to the advances in medical and surgical technologies that will prolong the lives of the severely ill, making these patients susceptible to rare opportunistic infections. Production of mycotoxins, enzymes such as proteases, angio-invasive property and an intrinsically resistant nature, makes this genus very difficult to treat. Fusarium is frequently isolated from the cornea and less commonly from nail, skin, blood, tissue, Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) fluid, urine and pleural fluid. Conventional microscopy establishes the genus, but accurate speciation requires multilocus sequence typing with housekeeping genes such as internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor-1? and RPB1 and 2 (largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase), for which expansive internet databases exist. Identifying pathogenic species is of epidemiological significance, and the treatment includes immune reconstitution by granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor and a combination of the most active species – specific antifungals, typically liposomal amphotericin-B and voriconazole. However, patient outcome is difficult to predict even with in vitro susceptibility with these drugs. Therefore, prevention methods and antifungal prophylaxis have to be taken seriously for these vulnerable patients by vigilant healthcare workers. The current available literature on PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms 'Fusarium', 'opportunistic invasive fungi' and 'invasive fusariosis' was summarised for this review.
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ABSTRACT: Recognized as prominent among the principal pests of tomato crop, the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) has generated much study with regards to control methods. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of biological products in decreasing the M. incognita population in tomato. Four experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. Two of these experiments had the purpose to determine the efficiency of NemOut™ (Bacillus subtilis + B. licheniformis + Trichoderma longibrachiatum), and the other two to assess the efficiency of other different biological products in M. incognita management. Tomato plants of the cultivar Santa Cruz Kada Giant were inoculated using 2000 eggs and J2 of M. incognita. In the first two experiments doses corresponding to 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10kg ha-1 of NemOut™ were applied after inoculation. In the second study, the treatments consisted of the use of biological products containing different other biocontrol agents. Assessments were made at 45 and 65 days after inoculation (DAI) to evaluate plant height, fresh shoot and fresh root weigh, gall index and egg mass index, population density and reproduction factor (RF). The NemOut™ doses reduced the M. incognita population density and RF at 45 DAI. The agent Pochonia chlamydosporia showed greater efficiency in controlling M. incognita on tomato. Biological products and the different doses of NemOut™ had no influence on the tomato plant development.
RESUMO: O nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita) é relatado como uma das principais pragas da cultura do tomate, sendo importante o estudo de alternativas para o seu manejo. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência de produtos biológicos na redução da população de M. incognita em tomate. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos em casa de vegetação, dois visando avaliar a eficiência de doses de NemOut™ (Bacillus subtilis + B. licheniformis + Trichoderma longibrachiatum), e outros dois para avaliar a eficiência de diferentes produtos biológicos no controle de M. incognita. Plantas de tomate Santa Cruz Kada Gigante foram inoculadas com 2000 ovos e J2 de M. incognita. No primeiro estudo foram utilizadas doses equivalentes a 0, 4, 6, 8 e 10kg ha-1 de NemOut™, aplicadas após a inoculação. No segundo estudo os tratamentos constituíram de produtos biológicos com diferentes agentes de biocontrole. As avaliações foram realizadas 45 e 65 dias após a inoculação (DAI), determinando-se altura de plantas, massa fresca da parte aérea e da raiz, índice de galhas e de massas de ovos, densidade populacional e fator de reprodução (FR). Doses crescentes de NemOut™ reduziram a densidade populacional e o FR de M. incognita, aos 45 DAI. O agente Pochonia chlamydosporia mostrou-se mais eficiente no controle de M. incognita no tomateiro. Os produtos biológicos e as diferentes doses de NemOut™ não afetaram o desenvolvimento das plantas de tomate.
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Objective: To evaluate anti-Candida and anti-Cryptococcus activities of 15 non-alkaloidal compounds from Pterogyne nitens Tulasne (Leguminosae), a South Amer-ican medicinal plant. Methods: Compounds were submitted to antifungal assays, using microdilution method described by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document, with minor modifi-cations. Five species of Candida and two species of Cryptococcus, including clinical isolates were screened. Antifungal activity was expressed by minimum inhibitory con-centration (MIC). Amphotericin B and fluconazole were used as standard antifungal drugs. Results: Among tested compounds, six substances presented fungal growth inhibition (MIC Conclusions: Flavone derivatives from Pterogyne nitens can serve as prototypes for the design and development of innovative anti-Candida and anti-Cryptococcus hits.
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Objective To evaluate anti-Candida and anti-Cryptococcus activities of 15 non-alkaloidal compounds from Pterogyne nitens Tulasne (Leguminosae), a South American medicinal plant. Methods Compounds were submitted to antifungal assays, using microdilution method described by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document, with minor modifications. Five species of Candida and two species of Cryptococcus, including clinical isolates were screened. Antifungal activity was expressed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Amphotericin B and fluconazole were used as standard antifungal drugs. Results Among tested compounds, six substances presented fungal growth inhibition (MIC < 31.2 μg/mL) [three flavone derivatives (1–3), a glycosylated flavonol derivative (5) and two phenolic acids (10 and 12)]. Sorbifolin (1), exhibited potent antifungal activity, demonstrating MIC value of 3.90 μg/mL against Candida glabrata ATCC 90030, Cryptococcus gattii 118 and fluconazole-resistant clinical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. Pedalin (2) and nitensoside B (3), two glycosylated flavone derivatives, were active against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90012 (MIC = 7.80 μg/mL). Conclusions Flavone derivatives from Pterogyne nitens can serve as prototypes for the design and development of innovative anti-Candida and anti-Cryptococcus hits.
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In the present study, the interactions of entomopathogenic fungi viz., Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae among themselves and three other opportunistic soil fungi from the sugarcane ecosystem namely, Fusarium saachari, Aspergillus sp. and Penecillium sp. were assayed in vivo against Galleria mellonella larvae. The tested fungi were co-applied on IV instar G. mellonella @ 1x 107 ml-1, in combinations of two, at the interval of 24 hrs either preceding or succeeding each other to assess their efficacy and sporulation rates. Results showed that often mortality rates did not correspond to the spore harvest of the mortality agent and presence of other fungus may be antagonistic. The efficacy of B. bassiana (90%) and B. brongniartii (100%) was not enhanced further but was negatively affected in most combinations with other fungi. In case of M. anisopliae compatibility was higher, resulting in higher mortality by application of B. bassiana before (100%) or after (83.3%) M. anisopliae than when it was applied alone (70%). During sporulation, B. bassiana faced the most intense competition from M. anisopliae (2.75x106 larva-1) and enhancement due to F. sacchari irrespective of sequence of application. In case of B. brongniartii, sporulation was lowest in the combination of B. brongniartii preceding M. anisopliae (1.83 x106 larva-1) and B. brongniartii succeeding B. bassiana (1.58x106 larva-1). Of all fungi tested, except F. sacchari (65.33 x 106 larva-1) all the other species affected sporulation of M. ansiopliae with the least in treatment of B. bassiana application following M. anisopliae. Similar kind of interaction was observed during sporulation of soil fungi when combined with entomopathogenic fungi, though individually they could not cause mortality of larvae.
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As part of our ongoing research on antifungal agents from Brazilian flora, eight extracts and twelve fractions from Pterogyne nitens Tul., Fabaceae, were screened for antimicrobial activity against four opportunistic fungi species (Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Cryptococcus neoformans) using a broth microdilution method. The present investigation reveals that P. nitens extracts and fractions were more effective against C. krusei and C. parapsilosis than against C. neoformans. The growth of C. albicans was moderately affected by all tested extracts and fractions. The strongest effects were observed for n-butanol fractions from branches (MIC = 15.6 μg/mL) and roots (MIC = 31.2 μg/mL) against C. krusei. Additionally, the chromatographic fractionation of the n-butanol fraction from branches afforded four guanidine alkaloids; N-1,N-2,N-3-triisopentenylguanidine (1), described for the first time in the Fabaceae family, and nitensidines A-C (2-4), which showed moderate activity towards C. krusei (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL) and C. parapsilosis (MIC = 31.2 μg/mL).
No contexto de nossas pesquisas por novos agentes antifúngicos obtidos da flora brasileira, oito extratos e doze frações de Pterogyne nitens Tul., Fabaceae, foram submetidos ao ensaio antifúngico pelo método de microdiluição, contra quatro espécies de fungos oportunistas, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis e Cryptococcus neoformans. Este trabalho revelou que os extratos e frações de P. nitens foram mais ativos contra C. krusei e C. parapsilosis quando comparados a C. neoformans, sendo que o crescimento de C. albicans foi moderadamente afetado por todos os extratos e frações. As atividades mais potentes foram observadas para as frações n-butanólica dos galhos (CIM = 15,6 μg/mL) e raízes (CIM = 31,2 μg/mL) contra C. krusei. Adicionalmente, a fração n-butanólica dos galhos foi submetida ao fracionamento cromatográfico, resultando no isolamento de quatro alcaloides guanidínicos, sendo N-1,N-2,N-3-tri-isopentenilguanidina (1), descrito pela primeira vez em espécies da família Fabaceae e nitensidinas A-C (2-4), os quais apresentaram atividade antifúngica moderada contra C. krusei (CIM = 62,5 μg/mL) e C. parapsilosis (CIM = 31,2 μg/mL).