RESUMO
Resumen Diferentes compuestos naturales extraídos de plantas se han usado para el tratamiento de aguas residuales por muchos siglos. Estos en su gran mayoría derivan de semillas, hojas, cortezas o savia, raíces y frutos de árboles y plantas. En este trabajo se evaluó la utilización del polvo de la semilla de la Cassia fístula como coagulante natural en el tratamiento primario de aguas residuales domésticas, estableciendo su dosis óptima mediante la prueba de jarras y determinando los parámetros fisicoquímicos de DBO5, DQO, conductividad, color, turbidez, alcalinidad total, y dureza total. Se utilizó como muestra de estudio agua residual doméstica tomada de una estación de bombeo de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Se encontró una dosis óptima del coagulante natural comprendida entre 15-25 mg/L, obteniendo valores finales de 30.25 NTU en la turbidez y 84 UC de color respectivamente. Los valores de pH y alcalinidad total no presentaron mayores variaciones. Los valores de los parámetros turbidez y color, al igual que el pH, alcalinidad total y dureza total se corresponden con los reportados por diferentes autores para este tipo de agua, lo cual demuestra que la C. fistula es un coagulante natural, prometedor y eficaz para la sustitución de coagulantes inorgánicos en el proceso de coagulación de aguas residuales.
Abstract Different natural compounds extracted from plants have been used for the treatment of wastewater for many centuries. These mostly derived from seeds, leaves, bark or sap, roots and fruits of trees and plants. In this paper the use of seed powder Cassia fistula as a natural coagulant was studied. Establishing optimum dose by jar testing and determining the parameters of DBO5, DQO, conductivity, color, turbidity, total alkalinity and total hardness; using wastewater pumping station of the city of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Natural optimal coagulant dose between 15-25 mg/L is found. Obtaining final values of 30.25 NTU turbidity and 84 color UC´s respectively. The values of pH and total alkalinity no major variations. The values of the turbidity and color parameters like pH, total alkalinity and total hardness corresponding with those reported by different authors, which shows that C. fistula is a natural, promising and effective coagulant for the substitution of inorganic coagulants in the process of coagulation of wastewater.
Resumo Diferentes compostos naturais extraídos de plantas foram utilizados para o tratamento de águas residuais durante muitos séculos. Estes em sua grande maioria derivam de sementes, folhas, cascas ou seiva, raízes e frutos de árvores e plantas. Neste documento, a utilização de pó de sementes de Cassia fístula como um coagulante natural no tratamento primário de águas residuais domésticas foi avaliada estabelecendo a dose óptima mediante o teste de frasco determinando os parâmetros físico-químicos de CBO5, DQO, condutividade, cor, turbidez, alcalinidade total e dureza total. Foi utilizada como amostra de estudo água residual doméstica retirada de uma estação de bombeamento na cidade de Cartagena de Índias (Colômbia. Foi encontrada uma dose ótima do coagulante natural compreendido entre 15-25 mg / L, obtendo valores finais de 30,25 NTU na turbidez e 84 UC de cor, respectivamente. O pH e a alcalinidade total não mostraram maiores variações. Os valores da turbidez e a cor, como o pH, alcalinidade total e dureza total de parâmetros correspondem aos relatados por outros autores para a água, o que mostra que a C. fístula é um coagulante natural, promissora e eficiente para a substituição de coagulantes inorgânicos no processo de floculação de águas residuais.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This multicenter, open trial with olanzapine was primarily designed to evaluate effects of olanzapine on profiles of efficacy, safety, and subjective quality of life (QoL) in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. Secondarily, associations of changes in QoL measures with baseline characteristics and changes in efficacy and safety measures were examined. Finally, the optimal dose of olanzapine was investigated with respect to efficacy, safety and QoL profiles. METHODS: A total of 94 inpatients at nine centers in Chungchung and Honam areas of Korea was recruited. The administered dosage of olazapine varied between 5 to 20 mg/day according to each patient's clinical status. Information on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics was collected. A variety of measures on efficacy, safety and QoL was administered at baseline (admission) and at endpoint (discharge). RESULTS: Seventy-three (78%) patients completed the study. Their mean (SD) admission period was 42 (21) days. Olanzapine was effective for reducing overall psychotic symptoms including negative and depressive symptoms. It was safe and generally well tolerated, particularly in extrapyramidal symptoms, although weight gain was substantial (2.6 kg during admission period). Furthermore, it was beneficial for improving QoL. Changes in QoL measures were independently associated with improvement of nighttime sleep. The most favorable dosages of olanzapine were 17.5 or 20 mg/day in terms of efficacy, while were 7.5 or 10 mg/day with respect to safety and QoL. CONCLUSION: Olanzapine was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of inpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Different optimal dosages of olanzapine might be recommended according to the target or goal of treatments.