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@#Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic disease that produces scars, tissue fibrosis, and precancerous lesions. Epidemiological studies have shown that chewing betel nut is the most significant risk factor for OSF. Many studies have also indicated that habits such as chewing and smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol increase the risk of OSF, which is widely recognized as an oral precancerous lesion or a potentially malignant oral disorder. Pathological characteristics include chronic inflammation, excessive collagen deposition in the connective tissues below the oral mucous epithelium and local inflammation in the lamina propria or deep connective tissues. OSF patients have a 7%~30% chance of developing oral cancer. Submucosal local injection of triamcinolone and tanshinone was mainly used for the treatment of oral submucosal fibrosis. This treatment improves mouth opening and alleviates the burning sensation in OSF, and the treatment efficacy was as high as 93%. The article will discuss the occurrence, development, diagnosis and treatment of oral submucous fibrosis for clinical management by the medical community.
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@#CD4 +T cells play an important role in regulating adaptive immune responses to various inflammatory responses. Parental T cell populations can differentiate in response to different cytokines into at least four subpopulations: Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells. These differentiated T cells participate in various immune responses and have different roles and functions in oral cancer and precancerous diseases. The Th1/Th2 balance, the Th17/Treg balance and the occurrence and development of oral cancer and precancerous diseases are related to immune imbalances. Reversing these T cell imbalances and strengthening the patient’s autoimmune function may prevent or even reverse the progression of oral and precancerous diseases. This paper reviews the research advances on the CD4 +T cell balance in oral cancer and precancerous lesions.