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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 40(3): 266-269, jun. 2023.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515133

RESUMO

Desde la segunda mitad de 2022 se ha reportado un aumento de casos de influenza en aves migratorias en Latinoamérica. Los virus influenza A y B son los principales agentes asociados a influenza estacional epidémica en humanos. Los virus influenza A circulan no solo en humanos sino también en animales, incluyendo aves migratorias. El intercambio de segmentos de ARN genómico entre dos virus del mismo tipo aumenta la diversidad de los subtipos circulantes e incluso puede facilitar la generación de progenie viral potencialmente pandémica. La naturaleza zoonótica del virus influenza A puede generar infecciones en humanos con virus de origen animal. El virus influenza A de origen aviar ha ocasionado transmisiones en humanos, incluyendo casos graves y muertes, siendo la influenza A H5N1 la más destacada. Es importante tomar medidas de prevención y control en caso de aumento de casos de influenza en aves migratorias para prevenir posibles pandemias en Chile y el mundo.


Since the second half of 2022, an increase in influenza cases in migratory birds has been reported in Latin America. Influenza A and B viruses are the main agents associated with seasonal epidemic influenza in humans. Influenza A viruses circulate not only in humans but also in animals, including migratory birds. The exchange of genomic RNA segments among two viruses increases the diversity of circulating subtypes and may even facilitate the generation of potentially pandemic viral progeny. The zoonotic nature of influenza A virus can generate infections in humans with animal-origin viruses. Avian-origin influenza A virus has caused transmissions in humans, including severe cases and deaths, with influenza A H5N1 being the most prominent. It is important to take preventive and control measures in case of an increase in influenza cases in migratory birds to prevent possible pandemics in Chile and the world.


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Aves , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Influenza Aviária/prevenção & controle , Influenza Aviária/transmissão
2.
Rev. MVZ Córdoba ; 25(2): 101-111, mayo-ago. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1340779

RESUMO

RESUMEN La investigación y el interés por el virus influenza aviar han aumentado considerablemente en las últimas décadas en respuesta a los brotes de influenza aviar de alta patogenicidad en aves de corral y a su potencial zoonótico. Las aves silvestres acuáticas son el principal reservorio del virus en la naturaleza, por lo tanto, la comprensión de la dinámica de infección del virus influenza A (VIA) en estas poblaciones es fundamental para entender su potencial de persistencia en el ambiente y sus posibilidades de transmisión hacia aves domésticas y humanos. Se ha identificado que factores ambientales (como temperatura, precipitaciones, vegetación y características del paisaje, entre otros) pueden tener un importante rol en el mantenimiento y diseminación del virus en las zonas de concentración de aves silvestres. Sin embargo, los estudios que incluyen aspectos ecológicos del virus y que exploran la interacción entre la prevalencia del VIA en aves silvestres y el ambiente, continúan siendo escasos. En esta revisión se resumen los esfuerzos de investigación que se han realizado para identificar a los factores ambientales involucrados en la persistencia y transmisión del VIA en lugares de concentración de aves silvestres y cómo estos factores pueden incidir en la prevalencia del virus en estas poblaciones, generando diferencias en la presentación de la infección entre distintas zonas geográficas.


ABSTRACT Research and interest in avian influenza virus have increased considerably in recent decades in response to highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in poultry and its zoonotic potential. Wild waterfowl are the main reservoir of the virus, therefore studying the dynamics of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in these populations is essential in order to understand its potential persistence in the environment and transmission to poultry and humans. It has been identified that environmental factors (such as temperature, rainfall, vegetation and landscape characteristics, among others) can play an important role in the maintenance and dissemination of the virus in the areas of concentration of wild birds. However, studies that include ecological aspects of the virus and explore the interaction between the prevalence of IAV in wild birds and environmental factors remain scarce. This review summarizes research efforts that have been made to identify the environmental factors involved in the persistence and transmission of IAV in areas of wild bird concentration and how these factors may influence the prevalence of the virus in these populations, generating differences in the presentation of the infection among different geographical areas.


Assuntos
Animais , Orthomyxoviridae , Aves
3.
Artigo | IMSEAR | ID: sea-194733

RESUMO

Viral diseases are the major causes of devastations in the human history and animal farming worldwide. Bacterial and parasitic diseases have been controlled by use of effective disinfectants, antibiotics and antiparasitic agents. Since, viruses are intracellular and any intervention will affect the cellular metabolism of the host, development of antiviral drugs is a challenge. Drugs acting on microbial agents have been mentioned in Ayurvedic texts as Krimighna Dravyas. Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum is one of the most important medicinal plants mentioned in Ayurvedic literature for its medicinal and spiritual properties. The plant is an highly celebrated medicinal plant as “The incomparable one,†“Mother medicine of nature†and “The queen of herbsâ€. Tulsi, along with other health benefits is known to have anti-infective functions. Hence, antiviral activity of aqueous, ethanol, methanol and chloroform extract of powdered drugs was evaluated against economically important viruses of veterinary importance, Orthmyxovirus and Paramyxovirus. The in vitro cytotoxicity confirmed the safety of the extracts and aqueous extract showed no inhibition on paramyxovirus while showing moderate inhibitory activity on orthomyxovirus while ethanol extract showed moderate inhibitory activity on paramyxovirus and no activity on orthomyxoviruses. Methanol extract showed no inhibition of paramyxovirus while showed significant inhibition of orthomyxovirus. Chloroform extract of the plant showed no inhibition paramyxovirus while significant inhibition was observed on orthomyxoviurs. Results of the study suggest that the O. sanctum can be used as antiviral agent for effective control of viral infections of animal importance.

4.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 48(3): 149-154, sep.-dic. 1996.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-629260

RESUMO

Se aplicó y validó por primera vez en Cuba el método de inmunoperoxidasa para la clasificación rápida en tipo y subtipo de los virus de influenza. El método está basado en un cultivo rápido en células MDCK-L y el empleo de anticuerpos monoclonales para la clasificación en tipo y subtipo. Se utiliza un pool de anticuerpos contra influenza A y otro contra la influenza B y los anticuerpos monoclonales HA1 - 71 y HA2 - 76 para el subtipaje en H1 y H3. La validación se realizó aplicándolo a 21 cepas de referencia internacional y 23 cepas de virus de influenza humana, aisladas y clasificadas previamente por inhibición de la hemaglutinación. Todas las cepas reaccionaron frente a los anticuerpos monoclonales en correspondencia con su tipo y subtipo de hemaglutinina. Fueron caracterizadas 6 cepas de referencia y 9 aislamientos dentro del subtipo H1N1; 9 cepas de referencia y 10 aislamientos en el subtipo H3N2 y 6 cepas de referencias y 4 aislamientos dentro del tipo B.No hubo reacciones inespecíficas ni cruzadas en los controles establecidos. La sensibilidad, especificidad y coincidencia fue del 100 %. La técnica resultó rápida y conveniente para la caracterización en tipo y subtipo de las cepas de virus de Influenza aisladas. Puede sustituir al método clásico de inhibición de la hemaglutinación cuando se requiere la caracterización rápida de brotes o epidemias de infecciones respiratorias agudas, lo que es de extrema importancia por ser éstas causantes de una alta morbilidad, fundamentalmente en grupos de riesgo, y por su repercusión económica.


The immunoperoxidase method for the rapid classification of influenza viruses in type and subtype was applied and validated for the first time in Cuba. The method is based on a rapid culture in MDCK-L cells and on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the classification in type and subtype. A pool of antibodies against influenza A and another against influenza B and HA1-71 and HA2-76 monoclonal antibodies are used for the subtyping in H1 and H3. The validation was carried out by applying this method to 21 international reference strains and to 23 human influenza virus strains that were isolated and previously classified by hemagglutination inhibition. All the strains reacted to the monoclonal antibodies according to their hemagglutinin type and subtype. 6 reference strains and 9 isolations were characterized within the H1N1 subtype: 9 reference strains and 10 isolations in the H3N2 subtype; and 6 reference strains and 4 isolations in type B. There were neither unspecific nor crossed reactions among the controls established. There was 100 % of sensitivity, specificity and coincidence. The technique used proved to be fast and convenient for the characterization in type and subtype of the isolated influenza virus strains. It may substitute the classic hemagglutination inhibition method when it is required the rapid characterization of outbreaks or epidemics of acute respiratory infections, which is very important due to the high morbidity they cause mainly in risk groups and to their economic repercussion.

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