Association between tongue rolling and tongue folding in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria / Asociación entre la lengua enrollada y la lengua plegada en Osogbo, Suroeste de Nigeria

This study was carried out among 144 individuals (18 years) from the Yoruba tribe of Southwestern Nigeria in order to determine the association between tongue rolling and folding. Participants were examined for the ability to roll and/or fold their tongues. The incidence of tongue rollers and folders were 59.7 % and 79.2 % respectively. Tongue rolling was higher in females than male but the difference was not significant (X2= 1.039, df = 1, p= 0.308). Tongue folding was significantly higher in females than males (X2= 4.211, df= 1, p= 0.04). Of the 144 participants, 76 (52.8 %) were tongue rollers and folders, 10 (6.9 %) were rollers and non-folders, 38 (26.4 %) were non-rollers and folders and 20 (13.9 %) were non-rollers and non-folders. These classes did not vary significantly with sex (X2= 5.895, df= 3, p= 0.117) but there was a significant association between the ability to roll the tongue and the ability to fold the tongue (X2= 10.97, df= 1, p <0.001). This study shows that tongue rollers are associated with tongue folders.

Este estudio se realizó en 144 individuos (18 años) de la tribu Yoruba del suroeste de Nigeria con el fin de determinar la asociación entre la lengua enrollada y plegada. Los participantes fueron examinados por la capacidad de enrollar y/o doblar sus lenguas. La incidencia de enrollar y/o doblar las lenguas fueron de 59,7 % y 79,2 %, respectivamente. La capacidad de enrollar la lengua fue mayor en mujeres que en los hombres, pero la diferencia no fue significativa (X2= 1,039, df= 1, p= 0,308). El plegado o doblado de la lengua fue significativamente mayor en mujeres que hombres (X2= 4,211, df= 1, p= 0,04). De los 144 participantes, 76 (52,8 %) enrollaron y doblaron la lengua, 10 (6,9 %) enrollaron y no doblaron la lengua, 38 (26,4 %) no enrollaron y doblaron la lengua, y 20 (13,9 %) no enrollaron y ni doblaron la lengua. Estas clasificaciones no variaron significativamente con el sexo (X2= 5,895, df= 3, p= 0,117), sin embargo hubo una asociación significativa entre la capacidad de enrollar la lengua y la capacidad de doblar la lengua (X2= 10,97, df= 1, p<0,001). Este estudio muestra que la capacidad de enrollar la lengua está asociada con la capacidad de doblar la lengua.

Trace elements; copper, zinc and selenium, in breast cancer afflicted female patients in LAUTECH Osogbo, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: There is an indication of the possibility of the direct or indirect influence of trace element in the development and prevention of malignant diseases, the contribution of the trace elements in the etiology of breast cancer has been under scrutiny. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the serum concentration of trace element in serum of female patients with breast cancer in comparison with healthy controls. SETTINGS: Breast Clinic of the Department of Surgery LAUTECH University teaching hospital Osogbo, in south‑western Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional age matched controlled prospective study wherein the venous blood sample of 30 patients with breast cancer and 30 healthy volunteers as controls were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The collected data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS Inc) 16. RESULT: The mean serum concentration of the copper, zinc and selenium were 95.3 ± 4.9 ug/dl and 65.2 ± 15 ug/dl, 62.7 ± 15.7 ug/dl and 93.5 ± 7.2 ug/dl, 45.0 ± 4.6 ug/l and 76.4 ± 8.9 ug/l in the two groups respectively. The concentrations of copper and copper‑zinc ratio (C/Z) were significantly higher in the cancer bearing group compared to the controls (C/Z 1.6 ± 0.5 against 0.70 ± 0.14 the P < 0.01). The concentration of zinc and selenium in the venous blood of the breast cancer patients showed inverse relationship while that of the control showed a direct relationship (−0.03 against 0.09). In the breast cancer patients the correlation of copper and zinc, copper and selenium and zinc and selenium showed inverse relationships, none of the relationships was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We found a significant association between the serum concentration of trace elements and breast cancer.

Low and Zero Prevalence Rates of Anti-measles Virus Immunoglobulin G in Mothers and Their Infants Respectively in Health Centers in Osogbo, Nigeria.

Aim: We undertook this study to determine the susceptibility of mother-infant pair participants to measles virus infection in two health centers in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional hospital-based study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out in Osogbo, southwestern, Nigeria between November, 2012 and February, 2013. Methodology: With ethical approval and participants’ consents, 83 mothers and their 84 infants were consecutively recruited; blood samples were aseptically collected from them by thumb puncture onto Whatman filter paper. The papers were appropriately labeled; air-dried and kept in brown envelopes which we kept in clean polythene bags and stored at 4ºC until assayed. Freshly prepared PBS was used to elute serum from 5 to 6punched-out disks from each Whatman filter paper. The supernatant from the spun eluate of each sample was assayed for anti-measles virus IgG using ELISA. Results: Overall, 2.41% and zero percent seroprevalence rates were recorded from the nursing mothers and their infants respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that the seropositivity of anti-measles virus IgG antibody in the nursing mothers from the two health facilities was very low, and that all the infants and most (97.59%) of the nursing mothers were apparently susceptible to measles virus infection.

Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy: Prevalence, Determinants and Impact on Body Weight and Immunological Recovery among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Osogbo, Nigeria.

Background: antiretroviral therapy has changed the outlook of AIDS. However, identifying factors that will strengthen its maintenance is vital to treatment success. Advocacy is growing on the need for close attention to immunological progress, prevention of excessive body weight gain and associated immunological and metabolicconsequences for better long-term outcomes among PLWHIV in Africa. Aims: To study prevalence, determinants of adherence, and the existing relationship between body weight and CD4 count among adherents and non-adherent patients on HAART. Methodology: A cross-sectional design for sampling of 270 patients on HAARTS was made and pharmacy based adherence was calculated. Patients were categorized into weight groups according to WHO guideline and CD4 count was determined at baseline, third and sixth months. Result: Calculated overall pharmacy adherence was 62.6% over six months. Disclosure to a close family member (p=0.013) and living outside the city of care (p=0.025) significantly predict adherence. Pretreatment overweight (BMI-25- 29.9) and obesity (BMI>30.0) were temporary beneficial to CD4 constitution at baseline (p=0.004), while overweight (p=0.041) and obesity (p=0.150) were associated with lower CD4count repopulation at six months post- HAART compared to normal body weight (BMI-18.5– 24.9), p˂0.001. Adherent PLWHIV participants had higher body weight increasing effect, but demonstrated lower CD4 lymphocyte count increasing effect compared to the nonadherent at six months post-HAART, (p<0.001). Conclusion: Normal body weight and maintenance during HAART seems beneficial for immune reconstitution at six months post- HAART. While emphasizing good adherence to HAART, it becomes necessary for programme implementers to watch against excessive body weight gain and attendants adverse immunological consequences.

PRESCRIPTION PATTERNS OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS AMONG MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS IN OSOGBO METROPOLIS. SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA

<B>Objective:</B> In view of the increased prevalence of chloroquine resistance and the recent WHO malaria drug policy recommendation to use a combination of therapies especially artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in Africa, we tried to assess the prescription pattern and level of knowledge in the use of antimalarial drugs including ACTs among medical practitioners in Osogbo metropolis, southwest Nigeria, an endemic area of <I>Plasmodium falciparum</I> infection. <B>Method:</B> Questionnaires were sent to every medical practitioner working in all the health facilities in the metropolis, namely, a teaching hospital, general hospital, mission hospital, comprehensive health centre and 20 privately owned health facilities. Of the total of 100 questionnaires sent out, 96 were completed and returned while the remaining 4 were not returned. The questionnaires were self-administered. <B>Result:</B> Sixty-seven percent of the respondents work in the teaching hospital, while the remaining 33% either work in the general hospital or in private medical practice. 82.4% prescribed chloroquine despite the widespread resistance, indicating that this remains the most prescribed antimalarial drug. 45.7% apply the dosage regimen correctly (Χ2 P<0.005); 66.7% prefer the use of chloroquine injection; 85.6% give chlorpheniramine with chloroquine because of pruritus; 14.4% give it because of its synergistic and reversal mechanism. Other commonly prescribed drugs include sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (71.1%), halofantrine (53.6%), amodiaquine and quinine (51.1%), mefloquine (20.6%), artemisinin or ACTs (18.6%) and co-trimoxazole (17.5%). Of these, the dosage regimen was applied correctly for: sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (30.9%), halofantrine (12.8%), amodiaquine (3.2%), co-trimoxazole (2.1%), ACTs, quinine and artemisinin monotherapy (1.1%). About 40% of practitioners prefer the use of combination therapy in the future. <B>Conclusion:</B> There is an obvious paucity of knowledge on the prescription of antimalarial drugs. The proportion of practitioners anticipating the use of combination therapy in the future indicates that with continued medical education the use of combination therapies especially ACTs will be accepted easily.