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ObjectiveBased on response surface methodology combined with principal component analysis（PCA）， the optimal decocting process of Moringa oleifera leaf standard decoction was optimized， and its multi-index quality evaluation system was established， in order to provide scientific basis for the quality control of this standard decoction. MethodResponse surface methodology and PCA were used to optimize the decoction process by taking the relative peak areas of 8 characteristic peaks and dry extract yield as indexes. Based on this， the quality of 15 batches of the standard decoction was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） characteristic chromatogram， determination of major components（neochlorogenic acid， L-tryptophan， cryptochlorogenic acid， vicenin-2， isoquercetin， astragalin）， determination of active parts（total flavonoids， total organic acids， total polysaccharides， total α-amino acids， total sinapine）， dry extract yield， specific gravity and pH. ResultThe optimal decocting process was to soak M. oleifera leaves（100.00 g） for 30 min and decoct twice with the first decoction of 12 times the amount of water for 30 min and the second decoction of 10 times the amount of water for 20 min. Standard decoction containing 0.2 g·mL-1 of crude drug was defined by x¯±30%， the specific gravity was 0.722-1.340， pH was 3.86-7.16， dry extract yield was 23.1%-42.9%， and the alcohol-soluble extract content was 8.26%-15.34%. Calculated according to the dried products of the standard decoction， the contents of neochlorogenic acid， L-tryptophan， cryptochlorogenic acid， vicenin-2， isoquercetin and astragalin were 1.99-3.69， 1.20-2.22， 1.44-2.67， 0.53-0.99， 2.45-4.55， 1.22-2.26 mg·g-1， the relative transfer rates relative to the herbs were 34.37%-63.83%， 62.43%-115.94%， 64.65%-120.06%， 56.98%-105.82%， 37.46%-69.57%， 41.81%-77.64%， respectively. The contents of total flavonoids， total organic acids， total polysaccharides， total α-amino acids， total sinapine were 10.19-18.92， 11.82-21.96， 94.07-174.71， 42.69-79.27， 9.55-17.73 mg·g-1， the relative transfer rates for herbs were 25.72%-47.77%， 41.78%-77.59%， 64.90%-120.54%， 42.30%-78.57%， 34.99%-64.99%， respectively. ConclusionThe optimized decocting technology of M. oleifera leaf standard decoction is stable and feasible， and the established multi-indicator quality evaluation system can lay the foundation for the quality control of this standard decoction.
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ObjectiveTo screen the differential markers by analyzing volatile components in Dalbergia odorifera and its counterfeits， in order to provide reference for authentication of D. odorifera. MethodThe volatile components in D. odorifera and its counterfeits were detected by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）， and the GC conditions were heated by procedure（the initial temperature of the column was 50 ℃， the retention time was 1 min， and then the temperature was raised to 300 ℃ at 10 ℃ for 10 min）， the carrier gas was helium， and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1， the split ratio was 10∶1， and the injection volume was 1 mL. The MS conditions used electron bombardment ionization（EI） with the scanning range of m/z 35-550. The compound species were identified by database matching， the relative content of each component was calculated by the peak area normalization method， and principal component analysis（PCA）， orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis（OPLS-DA） and cluster analysis were performed on the detection results by SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components of D. odorifera and its counterfeits were screened out according to the variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>2 and P<0.05. ResultA total of 26， 17， 8， 22， 24 and 7 volatile components were identified from D. odorifera， D. bariensis， D. latifolia， D. benthamii， D. pinnata and D. cochinchinensis， respectively. Among them， there were 11 unique volatile components of D. odorifera， 6 unique volatile components of D. bariensis， 3 unique volatile components of D. latifolia， 6 unique volatile components of D. benthamii， 8 unique volatile components of D. pinnata， 4 unique volatile components of D. cochinchinensis. The PCA results showed that， except for D. latifolia and D. cochinchinensis， which could not be clearly distinguished， D. odorifera and other counterfeits could be distributed in a certain area， respectively. The OPLS-DA results showed that D. odorifera and its five counterfeits were clustered into one group each， indicating significant differences in volatile components between D. odorifera and its counterfeits. Finally， a total of 31 differential markers of volatile components between D. odoriferae and its counterfeits were screened. ConclusionHS-GC-MS combined with SIMCA 14.1 software can systematically elucidate the volatile differential components between D. odorifera and its counterfeits， which is suitable for rapid identification of them.
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Nowadays, global industry is witnessing the explosion of exible manufacturing systems considered as key role for the fourth industrial revolution. Almost hardware and software producers tried their best to assure the best performance for those system. However, some chemical processes in particular requires more strict conditions beside high-accuracy operation of actuators. Chemical reactions may lead to a poor quality for output product even a small change. Therefore, beside the necessary of high-performance integrated control system, monitoring operation should be fast and correct enough to detect and isolate faults when any problems happened in system. In this paper, a method for process fault detection and diagnostic based on data-driven estimation is investigated. In this method, the process fault is detected based on the error between process model response and process response. The Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is utilized to classify errors for fault diagnostic. In this research, the method is veried on Stirred-Tank Heating Process. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed method
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The study aimed to evaluate the composition and diversity of algae in the JP Lake of Jahangirnagar University campus. The research was carried out between the period of December 2021 to November 2022. A total of 72 water samples were used to carry out the investigation. Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes were used to determine the level of diversity. 234 phytoplankton species under 98 genera were found belonging to 8 classes (Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Synurophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Xanthophyceae). According to the generic percentage composition, Chlorophyceae comprised 46%, followed by Bacillariophyceae (20%) and Cyanophyceae (18%). At the species level, Euglenophyceae were found to dominate (34%) the studied sites that were followed by Chlorophyceae (31%) and Cyanophyceae (18%). The total density of phytoplankton was 387.34×105 ind/l. The highest phytoplankton density was found in April, and the lowest one was in November. Cell dispersion was below average in May for Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Synurophyceae. Oscillatoria, Monoraphidium, Actinastrum, Cosmarium, Trachelomonas, and Euglena dominated the surveyed region. The Shannon Diversity Index showed a value of 1.51, while Simpson's Diversity Index showed a value of 0.28. The overall variation (80.73%) among the classes was represented by PCA cells. According to the Shannon and Simpson Diversity Indexes, the diversity was low.
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ObjectiveTo establish a high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） fingerprint of Yanghetang benchmark sample， and evaluate its quality with chemometric methods， so as to provide a reference for the quality control of this benchmark sample. MethodHPLC was used to establish the fingerprint of Yanghetang benchmark sample with ZORBAX SB-C18 column（4.6 mm×250 mm， 5 μm）， the mobile phase was consisted of acetonitrile（A） -0.05% phosphoric acid aqueous solution （containing 0.05% triethylamine solution）（B） for gradient elution（0-5 min， 2%-3%A； 5-15 min， 3%-5%A； 15-65 min， 5%-30%A； 65-90 min， 30%-70%A）， the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1， the column temperature was 35 ℃， and the detection wavelength was 210， 260 nm. Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM） Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012 edition） combined with cluster analysis， principal component analysis（PCA） and partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） were used to evaluate the quality differences between different batches of Yanghetang benchmark samples， and to find the main chemical components responsible for the quality differences. ResultHPLC fingerprint of Yanghetang benchmark sample was established， 13 common peaks were identified and attributed to each common peak， including peaks 2 and 8 from Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata， peaks 10 and 11 from Cinnamomi Cortex， peaks 1， 3-6 from fried Sinapis Semen， peak 13 from Ephedrae Herba， and peaks 7， 9， 12 from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Eight of them were identified by comparing with control substance， which were 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（peak 2）， sinapine thiocyanate（peak 4）， glycyrrhizin（peak 7）， verbascoside（peak 8）， cinnamic acid（peak 10）， cinnamaldehyde（peak 11）， glycyrrhizic acid（peak 12） and ephedrine hydrochloride（peak 13）. The similarities of the HPLC fingerprints of 15 batches of Yanghetang benchmark samples with the control fingerprint were all greater than 0.80. The three chemometric methods could classify the samples into two categories. Eight differential components were screened out， among which 5-hydroxymethylfurfural， sinapine thiocyanate， verbascoside and ephedrine hydrochloride were identified. ConclusionThe established fingerprint analysis method is accurate， stable and reproducible， which basically reflects the overall chemical composition of Yanghetang benchmark sample， and can provide a basis for establishment of quality standards for compound preparations of this famous classical formula.
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@#Objective To investigate the effects of miR-130b-5p targeting E26 transformation specific-1(ETS1)on proliferation,migration and invasion of prostatic cancer(PCa)cells and its mechanism. Methods The mRNA transcription level of miR-130b-5p gene in PCa tissues,adjacent tissues,(LNCap,PC-3,DU-145)and normal prostate cells(RPWE-1)PCa cells was measured by qRT-PCR,and the expression of ETS1 protein in PCa cells was detected by Western blot. Bioinformatics,fluorescein experiment,qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to predict and verify the targeting relationship between miR-130b-5p and ETS1. PC-3 cells were divided into control group(without any treatment),mimic group(transfected with miR-130b-5p mimic)and mimic + ETS1 group(transfected with miR-130b-5p mimic + pcDNA-ETS1). The cells were detected for the proliferation and viability by clone formation assay and CCK-8 respectively,measured for the migration and invasion by scratch test and Transwell chamber assay,and detected for the expression of invasion-related proteins and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins by Western blot. Results The transcription level of miR-130b-5p mRNA in PCa tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues(t = 12. 450,P < 0. 001);Compared with RPWE-1 cells,the transcription level of miR-130b-5p mRNA in LNCap,PC-3 and DU-145 cells decreased significantly(t = 4. 463,7. 103 and 5. 741,P = 0. 001 2,< 0. 001 and < 0. 001,respectively),while the expression level of ETS1protein increased significantly(t = 4. 850,9. 325 and 7. 723,P = 0. 008,< 0. 001 and = 0. 002,respectively). miR-130-5p targeted and negatively regulated the expression of ETS1. Compared with the control group,the cloning rate,viability and scratch healing rate of cells in mimic group decreased significantly(t = 11. 370,10. 640 and 15. 660,respectively,each P < 0. 001),the number of invasive cells decreased significantly(t = 10. 160,P < 0. 001),the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2),MMP-9 and vimentin decreased significantly(t = 15. 120,9. 992 and 12. 600,P < 0. 001,< 0. 001 and = 0. 002,respectively),while the expression level of E-cadherin increased significantly(t = 6. 928,P < 0. 001),and the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(AKT)and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)decreased significantly(t = 7. 746,8. 041 and 11. 510,P = 0. 002,0. 002,and < 0. 001,respectively);Compared with mimic group,the cell cloning rate,viability,scratch healing rate significantly increased in mimic + ETS1 group(t = 6. 988,6. 642 and 6. 660,respectively,each P < 0. 001),the number of invasive cells significantly increased(t = 4. 082,P = 0. 002),the expression levels of MMP-2,MMP-9 and vimentin proteins were significantly up-regulated(t = 10. 410,6. 754 and 8. 521,P = 0. 002,0. 003 and 0. 002,respectively),however,the expression level of E-cadherin was significantly down-regulated(t = 4. 648,P < 0. 01),and the phosphorylation levels of PI3K,AKT and mTOR were significantly up-regulated(t = 4. 850,4. 323 and 10. 840,P = 0. 008,0. 008 and < 0. 001,respectively)Conclusion miR-130b-5p targets ETS1 to inhibit the proliferation,migration and invasion of PC-3 cells,which may be through the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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N6-adenosine methylation, a form of methylation of the adenosine N6 site, is often found in eukaryotic mRNA and is one of the most common forms of internal RNA modification. Studies have shown that m6A affects cellular biological processes by regulating gene expression; also the regulators of m6A play a key role in the occurrence and development of various cancers. Prostate Cancer (PCa) is a common malignant tumor in men, and the risk of the disease in men over 60 years of age is increasing year by year. With the aging population, the number of PCa can be expected to continue to rise. In recent years, the role of m6A in tumorigenesis has received widespread attention, but studies on m6A methylation modification in PCa are still limited; therefore, it is particularly important to further explore the relationship between m6A methylation and PCa. In this paper, we review the recent research progress on the role, mechanism, and application of m6A methylation modification in PCa, especially the detailed review of the mechanism of METTL3, FTO, YTHDF2, three classical m6A-related regulatory proteins in PCa; and the potential application of m6A in advanced PCa (e. g., destructive resistant prostate cancer, bone metastatic prostate cancer). From the perspective of methylation modification, this paper may provide some clues to find effective therapeutic strategies for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PCa, and more theoretical references to achieve individualized treatment.
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It is discovered that activated caspase-3 tends to induce apoptosis in gasdermin E (GSDME)-deficient cells, but pyroptosis in GSDME-sufficient cells. The high GSDME expression and apoptosis resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells shed light on another attractive strategy for PDAC treatment by promoting pyroptosis. Here we report a hGLuc-hGSDME-PCA system for high-throughput screening of potential GSDME activators against PDAC. This screening system neatly quantifies the oligomerization of GSDME-N to characterize whether pyroptosis occurs under the stimulation of chemotherapy drugs. Based on this system, ponatinib and perifosine are screened out from the FDA-approved anti-cancer drug library containing 106 compounds. Concretely, they exhibit the most potent luminescent activity and cause drastic pyroptosis in PDAC cells. Further, we demonstrate that perifosine suppresses pancreatic cancer by promoting pyroptosis via caspase-3/GSDME pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, this study reveals the great significance of hGLuc-hGSDME-PCA in identifying compounds triggering GSDME-dependent pyroptosis and developing promising therapeutic agents for PDAC.
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Evaluating the consistency of herb injectable formulations could improve their product quality and clinical safety, particularly concerning the composition and content levels of trace ingredients. Panax notoginseng Saponins Injection (PNSI), widely used in China for treating acute cardiovascular diseases, contains low-abundance (10%-25%) and trace saponins in addition to its five main constituents (notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1, and ginsenoside Rd). This study aimed to establish a robust analytical method and assess the variability in trace saponin levels within PNSI from different vendors and formulation types. To achieve this, a liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method employing multiple ions monitoring (MIM) was developed. A "post-column valve switching" strategy was implemented to eliminate highly abundant peaks (NR1, Rg1, and Re) at 26 min. A total of 51 saponins in PNSI were quantified or relatively quantified using 18 saponin standards, with digoxin as the internal standard. This study evaluated 119 batches of PNSI from seven vendors, revealing significant variability in trace saponin levels among different vendors and formulation types. These findings highlight the importance of consistent content in low-abundance and trace saponins to ensure product control and clinical safety. Standardization of these ingredients is crucial for maintaining the quality and effectiveness of PNSI in treating acute cardiovascular diseases.
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Ginsenosídeos , Saponinas , Quimiometria , Panax notoginseng , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Cromatografia Líquida , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
ObjectiveTo compare the effects of different processing methods in ancient and modern times on the chemical components of Lilii Bulbus decoction， and to provide experimental support for the origin processing， decoction piece processing and clinical application of this herb. MethodUltra high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS） was used for structural identification of the compounds using excimer ions， secondary MS and characteristic fragment ions， and referring to relevant literature and database information. Principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to screen the main differential components， the differential components were quantitatively studied by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）， in order to compare the types and contents of chemical components in the decoction of different processing products of Lilii Bulbus. ResultA total of 24 chemical components were identified from the decoction of different processed products of Lilii Bulbus， water extract and scalding liquid of fresh Lilii Bulbus， including 17 phenols， 5 saponins and 2 alkaloids. Compared with the fresh Lilii Bulbus decoction， the contents of regaloside A， p-coumaric acid， colchicine and other components in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by scalding method decreased， the content of regaloside C in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by steaming method decreased， and the contents of regaloside A and regaloside C in the decoction of fresh Lilii Bulbus processed by water immersion also decreased. Compared with the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by scalding method， the overall content of components in the fresh Lilii Bulbus decoction and the decoction of fresh Lilii Bulbus processed by water immersion was higher， the contents of components in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by steaming method was higher， except for the slightly lower content of regaloside C. ConclusionDifferent processing processes have a certain effect on the types and contents of chemical components in Lilii Bulbus decoction. Scalding process is beneficial to the preservation of Lilii Bulbus， but can cause the loss of effective components. Compared with scalding method， steaming method can prevent browning of Lilii Bulbus and reduce the loss of its active ingredients. The processing method of removing foam after overnight immersion proposed by ZHANG Zhongjing may be more conducive to the treatment of Baihe disease， which can provide reference for the clinical rational application and mechanism research of different processed products of Lilii Bulbus.
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ObjectiveHigh performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to establish the specific chromatograms of Aurantii Fructus from different origins， and the quality variability of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan was analyzed and evaluated by combining entropy weighting method and grey correlation method. MethodHPLC was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column （4.6 mm×250 mm， 5 μm） with a gradient elution of methanol （A）-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase （0-12 min， 25%-33%A； 12-21 min， 33%-41%A； 21-30 min， 41%-42%A； 30-40 min， 42%-59%A； 40-53 min， 59%-72%A； 53-60 min， 72%A； 60-65 min， 72%-100%A； 65-70 min， 100%A； 70~71 min， 100%-25%A； 71-80 min， 25% A） at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1， the injection volume was 10 μL and the detection wavelength was 330 nm. Fifty batches of Aurantii Fructus samples from different origins （Sichuan， Chongqing， Jiangxi and Hunan） were tested， and the similarity evaluation software is used to generate characteristic profiles and compare them with control profile for peak identification， and then to evaluate the similarity of the samples. IBM SPSS 19.0 and SIMCA 14.1 were used to perform multivariate statistical analysis on the results of the samples， and then the entropy weighting method and grey correlation were used to calculate the overall quality score of samples from Sichuan. ResultHPLC specific chromatogram of Aurantii Fructus was established， and 14 common peaks were identified as eriocitrin， neoeriocitrin， narirutin， naringin， hesperidin， neohesperidin， meranzin hydrate， poncirin， meranzin， marmin， nobiletin， 3，3′，4′，5，6，7，8-heptamethoxyflavone， tangeretin and auraptene. And the similarities between the samples from Sichuan and the control chromatogram were all above 0.980. The samples could be classified into four categories according to their main origins by chemical pattern recognition， and the results of cluster analysis， principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were all able to discriminate the samples of different main origins effectively. The comprehensive evaluation results of entropy weighting method combined with grey correlation showed that the quality of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan varied greatly among different origins， and the quality of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan was ranked as Bazhong>Luzhou>Chongqing>Neijiang. ConclusionIn this study， the characteristic mapping of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan is established， and combined with the analytical methods of chemometrics and grey correlation， the quality of samples from different origins can be effectively differentiated， which can provide a reference for the comprehensive evaluation and control of the quality of Aurantii Fructus from Sichuan.
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In this digital era, face recognition system plays a vital role in almost every sector. Face recognition is one of the most implemented biometrics across various different fields. Classroom attendance check is a contributing factor to student participation and the final success in the courses. Every institute follows their own way for taking attendance. Some are taking attendance manually using papers or a register file or different biometric techniques. Taking attendance by calling out names or passing around an attendance sheet is time-consuming, and the latter is open to easy fraud. In this paper, the comparative analysis of various existing approaches on attendance management system based on facial recognition that are used to monitor attendance in various institutions using Fingerprint, GPS, RFID etc. is discussed with their limitations.
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ABSTRACT This study presents a methodology for identifying the color space that provides the best performance in an image processing application. When measurements are performed without selecting the appropriate color model, the accuracy of the results is considerably altered. It is significant in computation, mainly when a diagnostic is based on stained cell microscopy images. This work shows how the proper selection of the color model provides better characterization in two types of cancer, acute lymphoid leukemia, and multiple myeloma. The methodology uses images from a public database. First, the nuclei are segmented, and then statistical moments are calculated for class identification. After, a principal component analysis is performed to reduce the extracted features and identify the most significant ones. At last, the predictive model is evaluated using the k-nearest neighbor algorithm and a confusion matrix. For the images used, the results showed that the CIE L*a*b color space best characterized the analyzed cancer types with an average accuracy of 95.52%. With an accuracy of 91.81%, RGB and CMY spaces followed. HSI and HSV spaces had an accuracy of 87.86% and 89.39%, respectively, and the worst performer was grayscale with an accuracy of 55.56%.
RESUMEN Este estudio presenta una metodología para identificar el espacio de color que proporciona el mejor rendimiento en una aplicación de procesamiento de imágenes. Cuando las mediciones se realizan sin seleccionar el modelo de color adecuado, la precisión de los resultados se altera considerablemente. Esto es significativo en el procesamiento, principalmente cuando el diagnóstico se basa en imágenes de microscopía de células teñidas. Este trabajo muestra cómo la selección adecuada del modelo de color proporciona una mejor caracterización en dos tipos de cáncer, la leucemia linfoide aguda y el mieloma múltiple. La metodología utiliza imágenes de una base de datos pública. Primero, se segmentan los núcleos y luego se calculan los momentos estadísticos para la identificación de clases. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis de componentes principales para reducir las características extraídas e identificar las más significativas. Por último, el modelo predictivo se evalúa utilizando el algoritmo k-vecinos más cercanos y una matriz de confusión. Para las imágenes utilizadas, los resultados mostraron que el espacio de color CIE L*a*b caracterizó mejor los tipos de cáncer analizados con una precisión promedio del 95,52%. Con una precisión del 91,81%, siguieron los espacios RGB y CMY. Los espacios HSI y HSV tuvieron una precisión del 87,86% y el 89,39%, respectivamente, y el peor desempeño fue la escala de grises con una precisión del 55,56%.
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Background and Objective: Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) remains one of themost important staple food crop and perhaps, one of the oldest cultivated fruit tree crop in the humid tropics of Africa, Central Asia, South America and the West Indies.Fourteen (14) elite plantain cultivars were evaluated for genetic diversity using agro-morphological yield related attributes and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Materials and Methods: Six (6) microsatellite markers that showed distinct fragments varying from 50 bp to 3.0 Kbp in size of polymorphic bands were selected and used for molecular characterization and fingerprinting, while agro-morphological (yield杛elated) attributes assessed included bunch weight, number of hands/bunch, number of fingers/hands, number of fingers/bunch, harvest interval, length of plant cycle, pulp hardness and pulp to skin weight ratio of the elite plantain cultivars. Results: The total number of amplified bands (TNB), mean percentage polymorphism (%P), mean polymorphic information content (PIC), average marker index (MI) and mean gene diversity for the SSR assay were 59, 70.24%, 0.79, 3.74 and 0.832 respectively. Results of agro-morphological fingerprint study revealed a significant variations in terms of the bunch weight, number of finger per hands/bunch, number of fingers per hand, number of fingers /bunch, harvest interval, length of crop cycle, pulp hardness and pulp/wt. ratio all showed significant variations among the cultivars. The distribution of the elite cultivars along with the principal components showed cluster pattern of distribution within the study location. Principal component analysis revealed four principal components contributing 99.91% to the observed morphological variations while analysis of molecular variance revealed 96.00% contributed by molecular characteristics to observed variations. The yield displayed revealed significant contributions of bunch weight, fingers/hand and fingers/bunch as the main indices for plantain yield. The dendrograms for both morphological and molecular characteristics delineated the cultivars into four distinct cluster groups and subgroups each varying in genetic distance. Conclusion: These good cultivars can be exploited for the improvement of low yielding cultivars in other region to increase and improve plantain yield, promote food security and income generation especially under the present economic realities where food security is threatened by the global food crises and declining crop productivity.
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Aromatic and medicinal plants are of great importance to determine the contents of the active compounds of plant origin and to evaluate them depending on variety and climate factors in order to determine the phenolic, antioxidant enzyme activity, vitamin contents in species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Examination of the characteristics of different species, the highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase (AxPOD), total antioxidant (TA), malondialdehyte (MDA), caffeic acids (CA), vitamin C contents,and chloric acid (ChA) were obtained in the M. longifoliaspecies. The highest vitamin E and catalase (CAT) were determined in the S. hortensisspecies but the highest total phenolic (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorogenic acid (ChgA) were determined in the S. spicigeraspecies. As a result of PCA analysis, it can be said that Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson and Satureja spicigeraspecies have significant value in terms of biochemical and phenolic content.
Las plantas aromáticas y medicinales son de gran importancia para determinar el contenido de los compuestos activos de origen vegetal y evaluarlos en función de la variedad y factores climáticos con el fin de determinar la actividad enzimática fenólica, antioxidante, contenido vitamínico en especies pertenecientes a la familia Lamiaceae. El examen de las características de diferentes especies, la mayor actividad enzimática de peroxidasa (POD), ascorbato peroxidasa (AxPOD), antioxidante total (TA), malondialdehído (MDA), ácidos cafeicos (CA), contenido de vitamina C y ácido clorhídrico (ChA) se obtuvieron en la especie M. longifolia. La mayor cantidad de vitamina E y catalasa (CAT) se determinó en la especie S. hortensis, pero la mayor cantidad total de enzima fenólica (TP), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) y ácido clorogénico (ChgA) se determinó en la especie S. spicigera. Como resultado del análisis de PCA, se puede decir que las especies Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson y Satureja spicigeratienen un valor significativo en términos de contenido bioquímico y fenólico.
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Fenóis/química , Vitaminas/química , Lamiaceae/metabolismo , Lamiaceae/química , Antioxidantes/química , Plantas Medicinais/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
AR (androgen receptor) and CCAT2 are two prostate cancer (PCa)-related genes whereas their relationship is not yet reported. AR is the classical major functional gene in PCa progression. CCAT2, a non-coding gene, was identified based on big-data GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies) in the year of 2013. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is usually used to treat PCa in the early stage. After persistent androgen deprivation, PCa would generally lead to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), whereas the mechanism is yet unclear. Here we explore the function of AR and CCAT2 in PCa progression, especially their relation in androgen sensitive and insensitive cell model LNCap and DU145. We found a loop between AR and CCAT2 transcription by over-expression and knock-down strategies. In DU145 cells, G-CCAT2 activated AR mRNA level 2. 6 times, while T-CCAT2 inhibited it to 0. 2 times (P<0. 05). In LNCaP cells, G-CCAT2 could activate AR mRNA levels 1. 5 times, and TCCAT2 had no significant effect (P<0. 05). Under overexpression of AR in DU145 cells, the expression of CCAT2 increased 2. 9 times (P < 0. 05). The abundance of CCAT2 decreased to 0. 48 (P < 0. 05) in LNCaP cells by AR knock-down. Reporter gene analysis showed that CCAT2 could function on the AR promoter. We then performed CCK8 assays and AR protein level detection as supplement for the new gene CCAT2 studies. Finally we primarily studied some target genes that are related to AR and CCAT2 . The results showed that the G-CCAT2 transcript could activate AR expression in LNCap cells while UCCAT2 had no significant effect. In DU145 cells, G-CCAT2 exhibited a more relative stronger activation effect on AR, and U-CCAT2 could inhibit AR transcription. AR activates the transcriptional activity of CCAT2 in both cell lines, suggesting a feedback regulation between them. Our data showed that there would be a feedback loop between CCAT2 and AR, which may indicate a new method for PCa treatment.
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ObjectiveTo analyze changes of the chemical composition in Euodiae Fructus before and after processing with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction， so as to provide scientific basis for elucidating the processing mechanism of this decoction pieces. MethodUltra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF/MS） was performed on a Titank C18 column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.8 μm）， the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile for gradient elution， the column temperature was set at 40 ℃， the flow rate was 0.25 mL·min-1. Electrospray ionization （ESI） was used to scan in positive and negative ion modes， and the scanning range was m/z 50-1 250. The chemical constituents in Euodiae Fructus were identified before and after processing by reference substance comparison， database matching and literature reference， and MarkerView™ 1.2.1 software was used to normalize the obtained data， SIMCA-P 14.1 software was employed to perform principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） on MS data of raw and processed products to screen the differential components before and after processing. ResultA total of 50 compounds were identified， including 48 kinds of stir-fried products with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction and 44 kinds of raw products. After processing， six compounds were added， including danshensu， noroxyhydrastinine， oxyberberine， 13-methylberberrubine， protopine and canadine. However， two kinds of compounds， including （S）-7-hydroxysecorutaecarpine and wuchuyuamide Ⅱ， were not detected after processing. In general， after processing， the overall contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids decreased significantly， the overall content of limonoids increased， and the overall content of alkaloids did not decrease insignificantly. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were significant differences in the composition and content of the chemical components of Euodiae Fructus before and after processing， and a total of 12 variables such as quercetin， dihydrorutaecarpine and dehydroevodiamine were obtained by screening. ConclusionEuodiae Fructus stir-fried with Coptidis Rhizoma decoction mainly contains phenolic acids， flavonoids， limonoids and alkaloids. The composition and content of the chemical components have some changes before and after processing. The addition of processing excipients and hot water immersion are the main reasons for the difference， which can provide experimental basis for interpretation of the processing mechanism of this characteristic processed products of Euodiae Fructus.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the flavor substances and change rules of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. MethodThe flavor response values of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma samples were obtained by using PEN3 electronic nose system. The data were processed and analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA）， linear discriminant analysis （LDA） and Loadings analysis. ResultRhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying could be effectively distinguished into two categories as the sixth sample was the turning point. The samples steamed and dried for one to five times could be grouped into one category， the other four samples were obviously distinguished from them. The main flavor components reached the maximum response in the sample processed with six-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and its response value of inorganic sulfur compounds was about 2.7 times that of the sample processed with one-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. In addition， compared with the raw products， the flavors of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying and wine stewing changed significantly， and the response value of inorganic sulfur compounds in sample processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying was about 2.2 times that of raw products. From the perspective of flavor analysis， the response values of inorganic sulfur compounds and nitrogen-oxygen compounds in sample processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying were higher than those of wine-stewed products， and the two were not completely equivalent. ConclusionElectronic nose technology preliminarily clarifies the dynamic change rules of the flavor of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying from the flavor characteristics， and clarifies the difference between products processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying and wine-stewed products from the odor characteristics， which lays a foundation for revealing the processing principle of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying.
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ObjectiveTo compare the effects of different drying methods on volatile components of Pseudostellariae Radix. MethodThe samples were dried by different methods， including air drying， sun drying， hot air drying （40， 60， 80 ℃） and vacuum freeze drying. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） was used to compare the changes of volatile components in the samples after different treatments. The samples were incubated at 80 ℃ and 500 r·min-1 for 15 min， the injection temperature was 85 ℃， the injection volume was 200 μL， the flow rate of carrier gas was from 2 mL to 150 mL during 20 min， and the temperature of IMS detector was 60 ℃. SE-54 capillary column （0.32 mm×30 m， 0.25 μm） was used， the column temperature was 60 ℃， and the analysis time was 35 min. The differential spectra of volatile components were constructed and analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA）. ResultA total of 37 volatile components were identified from dried Pseudostellariae Radix. The number of compounds in descending order was ketones， aldehydes and alcohols. There were some differences in the volatile components in samples dried by different methods. And the volatile components in samples with sun drying， air drying and hot air drying at 40 ℃ were similar， compared with other drying methods， vacuum freeze drying and hot air drying at 80 ℃ had great effects on the volatile components of Pseudostellariae Radix， and the compounds in the samples with vacuum freeze drying were the least. ConclusionIn this study， GC-IMS for the detection and analysis of volatile components in Pseudostellariae Radix is established， which has the characteristics of high efficiency， nondestructive inspection and simple sample processing. This method can be used for the distinction of Pseudostellariae Radix dried by different methods. And hot air drying at 40 ℃ can effectively retain the volatile components of Pseudostellariae Radix， and achieve similar flavor to samples with sun drying and air drying.
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Objective According to clinical demand of quantification evaluation on flat foot and high arch, an intelligent and rapid method to diagnose arch shape based on principal component analysis (PCA) of plantar pressure is proposed, and its clinic validity is tested. Methods Volunteers diagnozed as abnormal arch and healthy arch were included in this study, and a portable intelligent arch test system was designed and developed. By adopting thin-firm piezoresistive sensor array with 44 rows, 52 columns of sensing units, the system could collect plantar pressure distribution data from the subjects under static standing. Foot axis could be fitted automatically by using the self-programmed PCA, so that foot diagnosis was completed with diagnostic report. The plantar pressure results from the system were compared with those from the existing plantar pressure acquisition device, so as to verify precision of collected data. The accuracy of the diagnosis algorithm for flat foot, high arch and healthy foot was verified through comparison with clinical diagnosis. Results The result of the system had a good correlation with that of the existing plantar pressure acquisition device, the deviation of contact area acquired by the system was smaller than 3.2%, and the angle deviation of the fitted foot axis with clinically defined angel was less than 1°. The system was capable of making diagnosis on arch shape that was 92.6% consistent with the clinical diagnosis. Conclusions PCA is introduced to automatically fit foot axis to achieve the purpose of fast and accurate extraction of foot arch information. The method can be used to assist clinical diagnosis of flat foot and high arch foot, and contribute to quantative analysis on foot arch deformity and its pathogenesis study.