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Abstract Introduction University students experience multiple academic and social activities that cause enormous anxiety and stress, affecting them psychologically and physically. In this case, the psychosomatic symptoms, resulting from stress and anxiety, are part of a physical ailment and their emergence can be linked to the setting and time when they occur. Objective To determine the association between anxiety levels and the degree of psychosomatic features (PF). Method A study with a cross-sectional analytical design was developed, which included a total of 352 medical students from the city of Piura, Peru, to whom the PHQ-15 test was administered through Google Forms. Those with a previous psychiatric diagnosis were excluded. Results It was found that PF are influenced by being female (RPa = 1.45, CI 95% = [1.23, 1.71], p ≤ .001), and having mild (RPa = 1.11, CI 95% = [1.20, 1.63], p ≤ .001) and moderate anxiety levels (RPa = 1.7, CI 95% = [1.24, 2.34], p = .001). Discussion and conclusion The presence of a mental condition is necessary for the presence of PF. These stressors create selective alterations of large-scale brain networks involved in the cognitive control, regulation and processing of emotions, stress, and somatic-visceral perception. The study concludes that psychosomatic features are found in approximately 75% of medical students and anxiety in approximately 15%. Mild and moderate anxiety is an influential factor in psychosomatic features, as is being female.
Resumen Introducción Los estudiantes universitarios viven un escenario de acumulación de actividades académicas y sociales que generan gran ansiedad y estrés, afectándolos psicológica y físicamente. En este caso, los síntomas psicosomáticos, producto del estrés y la ansiedad, forman parte de una dolencia física y pueden vincular su aparición con el escenario y el tiempo que los presenta. Objetivo Determinar la asociación entre el nivel de ansiedad y el grado de manifestación psicosomática. Método Se desarrolló un estudio con diseño analítico transversal que incluyó un total de 352 estudiantes de medicina de la ciudad de Piura, Perú, a quienes se les aplicó mediante Google forms el test de PHQ-15. Se excluyeron a aquellos con diagnóstico psiquiátrico previo. Resultados Se encontró que las MS se ven influenciadas por el sexo femenino (RPa = 1.45, IC 95% = [1.23, 1.71], p ≤ .001), nivel de ansiedad leve (RPa = 1.11, IC 95% = [1.20, 1.63],p ≤ .001) y nivel de ansiedad moderada (RPa = 1.7 IC 95% = [1.24, 2.34]; p = .001). Discusión y conclusión Es necesario la presencia de una afección mental para la presencia de la MS. Estos factores estresantes generan alteraciones selectivas de redes cerebrales a gran escala implicadas en el control cognitivo, regulación y procesamiento de emociones, estrés y percepción somático-visceral. Se concluye que las manifestaciones psicosomáticas se encuentran en 75% y la ansiedad en 15% aproximadamente, en estudiantes de medicina. La ansiedad leve y moderada es un factor influyente en las manifestaciones psicosomáticas, así como el sexo femenino.
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OBJECTIVE: Embitterment is a persistent feeling of being let down or insulted, feeling like a "loser", or feeling revengeful but helpless. In South Korea, social injustice experienced during rapid industrial development and protracted unemployment during the Asian economic crisis may lead to strong feelings of embitterment. North Korean defectors and victims of industrial disasters may also experience humiliation and feelings of injustice. Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED) is a recent conceptualization of a new psychiatric disorder. This study tested the reliability and validation of the Korean version of the PTED Scale. METHODS: Subjects aged 18 years or older were recruited from a psychiatric outpatient clinic. All subjects were diagnosed with a depressive disorder. Subjects completed the Korean version of the PTED Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15) at baseline and two weeks later. RESULTS: Approximately 15.4% of subjects could be categorized as having PTED. The test-retest reliability of the PTED Scale was good (r=0.76) and the internal consistency was very high (Cronbach's alpha=0.962). Positive correlations were found between the PTED Scale, the PHQ-9 and the PHQ-15, indicating substantial convergent validity of the PTED Scale. CONCLUSION: The Korean version of the PTED Scale is a reliable and valid measurement of embitterment in Korean adults as an emotional reaction to a negative life event.