LncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 serves as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-218 to upregulate GLUT1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma

ABSTRACT Objective: MCM3AP-AS1 has been characterized as an oncogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in several cancers including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), but its role in PTC has not been fully elucidated. Considering the critical role of lncRNAs in cancer biology, further functional analysis of MCM3AP-AS1 in PTC may provide novel insights into PTC management. Subjects and methods: Paired tumor and non-tumor tissues were collected from 63 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients. Expression levels of MCM3AP-AS1 , miR-218 and GLUT1 in tissue samples were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cell transfection was performed to explore the interactions among MCM3AP-AS1 , miR-218 and GLUT1 . Cell proliferation assay was performed to evaluate the effects of MCM3AP-AS1 and miR-218 on cell proliferation. Results: MCM3AP-AS1 accumulated to high levels in PTC tissues and was affected by clinical stage. MCM3AP-AS1 showed a positive correlation with GLUT1 across PTC tissues. RNA interaction prediction showed that MCM3AP-AS1 could bind to miR-218 , which can directly target GLUT1 . MCM3AP-AS1 and miR-218 showed no regulatory role regulating the expression of each other, but overexpression of MCM3AP-AS1 upregulated GLUT1 and enhanced cell proliferation. In contrast, overexpression of miR-218 downregulated GLUT1 and attenuated cell proliferation. In addition, miR-218 suppressed the role of MCM3AP-AS1 in regulating the expression of GLUT1 and cell proliferation. Conclusions: MCM3AP-AS1 may serve as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-218 to upregulate GLUT1 in PTC, thereby promoting cell proliferation. The MCM3AP-AS1/miR-218/GLUT1 pathway characterized in the present study might serve as a potential target to treat PTC.

A STUDY OF THE CLINICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, CYTOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION OF SOLITARY THYROID NODULE

Background: Solitary thyroid lesions are a common presentation in the surgical OPD. The signi?cance of solitary nodule is its malignant potential. Thyroid nodule is an elusive clinical problem. Surgeons and Physicians are often required to make a diagnostic or management decision in its treatment. To study the Aim and Objectives: correlation between Clinical, Radiological, Cytological and Histopathological ?nding in patients who presented with “solitary thyroid nodule”. A prospective observational study, Ramakrishna Mission Materials and Methods:Study design: Study area: Seva Pratishthan Hospital, Kolkata, July 2019 to June 2022(3 years), 40 patients, Inclusion criteria: Study period: Sample size: Patients presenting with solitary thyroid nodule, Patients with multinodular goitre, patients with carcinoma Exclusion criteria: thyroid with distant metastasis, paediatric patients and those unwilling. Thorough history, clinical examination, Methodology: investigation (FNAC/USG/Isotope Scan, TSH), appropriate surgical intervention and HPE of excised specimen was done. Results: In our study of 40 cases, 28(70.0%) were colloid goiter, 7(17.5%) were papillary carcinoma, 2(5%) were follicular adenoma, 1(2.5%) was follicular carcinoma, 1(2.5%) was adenomatoid hyperplasia and 1(2.5%) was Hashimoto thyroiditis. 28(70%) cases underwent hemithyroidectomy, 11(27.5%) underwent total thyroidectomy and 1(2.5%) underwent hemithyroidectomy followed by revision total thyroidectomy. 2 cases of papillary carcinoma with enlarged neck nodes underwent total thyroidectomy with neck node dissection. Solitary nodule is most common in woman and in third Conclusion: and fourth decade of life, more common in the right lobe. USG and FNAC are common modalities of investigations with high speci?city and sensitivity. Isotope scan is only indicated to con?rm the toxic nodule. Malignancy reported in my study was 20%. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment will cure the disease since carcinoma thyroid is more curable amongst all cancers.

Diagnosis and treatment of common biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation in adults / 器官移植

Liver transplantation has become an effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. With rapid development of surgical techniques, donor selection, organ preservation and transportation, immunosuppressants and perioperative management, the overall incidence of complications after liver transplantation has been significantly decreased, whereas the incidence of biliary complications remains relatively high. At present, biliary complications after liver transplantation are still an important cause of graft failure. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications remain controversial, which are also research hotspots in the field of organ transplantation in recent years. In this article, new breakthrough and research progress upon biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation in adults were reviewed, aiming to provide theoretical basis for resolving biliary complications-related clinical issues.

Effect of annexin A1 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of ANXA on biological behavior of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells by interfering with the expression of annexin A1 (ANXA1) in PTC cell lines by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) .Methods:The shRNA with specific and high efficiency was designed to specifically interfere with the expression of ANXA1 in TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines, and transfect the TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines respectively, including specific ANXA1 interference and negative control virus transfection, and they were divided into shANXA1 group and negative control virus group. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (Q-PCR) and Western Blot were employed to verify gene expression. The shANXA1 group was used as the experimental group, the untransfected virus group and the negative control virus group were set as the control groups. The expression levels of ANXA1 in the three groups were compared and the shRNA interference efficiency was verified. The effects of ANXA1 knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion of TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines were investigated by scratch, CCK8 and Transwell invasion experiments. Independent sample t test was used to compare the means between the two groups, and one-way analysis of variance was employed to compare multiple groups, with P<0.05 as statistically significant. Results:shRNA could efficiently silence the expression of ANXA1 at the transcription and translation level in PTC cell lines. Compared with the negative control cells, the cells proliferated after successful lentiviral transfection of TPC-1 and BCPAP (BCPAP, 24h: F= 25.15, P<0.001; 48h: F=6.44, P<0.001; 48h: F=46.94, P<0.001; TPC-1, 24h: F=207.50, P<0.001; 48h: F=202.45, P<0.001; 48h: F=55.89, P<0.001) , its migration (BCPAP, F=12511.10, P<0.001; TPC-1, F=3966.10, P<0.001) and invasion ability (BC-PAP: F=94.65, P<0.001; TPC-1: F=681.74, P<0.001) significantly decreased. Conclusion:After shRNA knock-down of ANXA1 gene, the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of TPC-1 and BCPAP cell lines decreased significantly, indicating that silencing this gene can reduce tumor aggressiveness, and initially reveals that ANXA1 may be an important potential in PTC biotherapy Target.

Histopathological Evaluation of Solitary Nodules of Thyroid

Introduction: Solitary Thyroid nodules (STNs) can be ofboth non-neoplastic or neoplastic in nature and it is difficultto assess whether an STN is neoplastic or non-neoplasticby clinical examination alone. Imaging technique mayhelp in differentiating them preoperatively but histologicalexamination offers the final diagnosis. This study was aimedat studying the incidence rates of various types of STNs as itvaries from one geographical area to another.Material and methods: A total of 58 cases of STNsreceived over the period of 18 months were studied andhistopathological features were analysed.Results: In this study, non-neoplastic STNs were 32 (55.17%)and neoplastic were 26 (44.82%), the former being morecommon. There was a female preponderance in both nonneoplastic and neoplastic STNs with an incidence of 90.62%and 84.61% respectively. Mean age of presentation of STNswas 42.09 years. Non-neoplastic lesions of thyroid were; 18cases of colloid nodules, 10 cases of hyperplastic nodulargoitre, 04 cases of Hashimoto Thyroiditis and the neoplasticlesions were; 05 cases of follicular adenoma, 11 cases oftypical/conventional papillary carcinoma of thyroid (PTC),6 cases of papillary carcinoma thyroid variants, 01 case offollicular carcinoma 01 case of Undifferentiated carcinoma,01 case of Squamous cell carcinoma and 01 case of medullarycarcinoma.Conclusion: STNs are not so uncommon and comprise of agamut of both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Colloidnodule and PTC are the most common of non-neoplastic andneoplastic STNs respectively.

Carcinoma papilar difuso de tiroides: microcalcificaciones fuera del nódulo tiroideo / Diffuse Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Microcalcifications Outside the Thyroid Node

Resumen: Introducción: La incidencia de cáncer papilar de tiroides (PTC) ha aumentado de 1975 a 2015. Basados en criterios publicados, el ultrasonido (US) es muy efectivo para predecir el riesgo de malignidad. Todos estos criterios se enfocan en los nódulos tiroideos; sin embargo, 2% de los casos se pueden presentar como focos ecogénicos difusos sin un nódulo identificable. Caso: Mujer de 17 años con historia de 3 meses con una masa palpable en la región anterior derecha del cuello, sin otros síntomas. El US de cuello revela múltiples focos ecogénicos de distribución difusa en el parénquima tiroideo con un nódulo de 6 mm TI-RADS 5 en el lóbulo izquierdo y ganglio linfáticos con componentes sólidos y quísticos, pérdida del hilio graso y con puntos ecogénicos. Se le realizó tiroidectomía total con linfadenectomía bilateral. Discusión: Las microcalcificaciones son muy sugestivas de CPT. Los ecos puntiformes se correlacionan en patología con una forma de calcificación distrófica llamada cuerpos de Psammoma, los cuales se depositan en tejido no viable. La tiroiditis crónica también puede presentar calcificaciones distróficas. Por lo tanto, un parénquima tiroideo normal con presencia de microcalcificaciones, obliga a realizar una biopsia con aguja fina para descartar CPT. Estudios recientes sugieren que la lobectomía es una opción viable y debe ser la primera elección en CPT localizado (< 2 cm). Sin embargo, esto no se debe realizar en estos pacientes, ya que la presencia de microcalcificaciones difusas nos indica un tamaño del tumor mucho mayor y resultaría en un pronóstico desfavorable. Conclusión: Las microcalcificaciones difusas deben obligar al radiólogo a sospechar la variedad difusa del CPT como primera sospecha diagnóstica.

Abstract: Introduction: The incidence of thyroid papillary cancer (PTC) has increased from 1975 to 2015. Ultrasound is effective for predicting thyroid malignancy based on published criteria. All of these criteria focus on thyroid nodules but also 2% of the cases may appear as diffuse punctuate echogenic foci without an identifiable nodule. Case: A 17-year-old female with a 3-month history of a palpable mass on the right anterior side of the neck without any further symptoms. Neck ultrasound revealed multiple punctuate echogenic foci scattered along the thyroid parenchyma with a 6 mm nodule TI-RADS 5 on the left lobe, lymph nodes with cystic and solid components, loss of echogenic hilum and punctuate echogenic foci. The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy with bilateral lymphadenectomy. The pathology report revealed diffuse distribution of papillary cancer with a nodule on the left lobe and metastatic disease on the lymph nodes. Discussion: Microcalcifications are highly suggestive of PTC. Punctuate echogenic foci correlate in pathology with a form of dystrophic calcifications, called Psammoma bodies, which are deposited in nonviable tissue. Chronic thyroiditis may also present dystrophic calcifications. Thus, a normal thyroid parenchyma with microcalcifications should encourage the radiologist to perform a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Recent studies suggest that lobectomy is a viable option and should be pursued in the setting of localized PTC (<2 cm). A lobectomy should not be performed in patients with diffuse microcalcifications since it would result in an unfavorable outcome. Conclusions: Diffuse microcalcifications should immediately make the radiologist suspect diffuse PTC as a first diagnostic option.

Relationship between BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations and the clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective: To explore the relationship between TERT promoter mutations and BRAF V600E as well as their coexistence with the clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods: A total of 728 patients enrolled in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from December 2014 to December 2016 with PTC were retrospectively analyzed. We reviewed and analyzed the clinical results, pathology records, ultrasound results, and BRAF V600E and TERT status. Results: BRAF V600E mutations were found in 42.3% (308 of 728) of patients, and TERT C228T and C250T promoter mutations were found in 10.7% (78 of 728) and 0.5% (4 of 728) of patients, respectively. The TERT promoter mutation was significantly associated with old age (P=0.034), extrathyroidal invasion (P=0.026), large tumor size (P=0.028), cervical lymph node metastasis (P=0.012), distant metastasis (P=0.001), advanced disease stages (P<0.001), histological type (P=0.003) and recurrence (P=0.002). The BRAF V600E mutation was significantly associated with extrathyroidal invasion (P= 0.001), large tumor size (P<0.001), Hashimoto thyroiditis (P<0.001), distant metastasis (P=0.010), advanced disease stages (P=0.009) and recurrence (P=0.001). The coexistence of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations was particularly associated with high-risk clinicopathological features, such as old age (P=0.024), extrathyroidal invasion (P=0.022), Hashimoto thyroiditis (P=0.005), the cervical lymph node (P=0.018), and advanced disease stages (P=0.002). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations play a significant role in the aggressiveness of PTC, particularly when the two mutations coexist. The results reveal the significant role of these mutations in the treatment and prognosis prediction of PTC.

Detection of interleukin-6 levels in serum and thyroid tissue of patents with papillary thyroid carcinoma and their significances / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and to elucidate the role of IL-6 in the occurrence and development of PTC and its possible mechanism Methods: The serum levels of IL-6 were measured by ELISA method in 5 patients with PTC (case 1 group), 5 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) complicated with PTC (case 2 group) and 5 normal persons (normal group). The thyroid tissues of 20 patients with PTC (PTC group), 15 patients with HT complicated with PTC (HT +PTC group) and 18 normal persons (control group) were collected. The positive expression rates of IL-6, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and RET/PTC proteins in thyroid tissue of the subjects in various groups were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) method; the relationships between IL-6, IL-6R and NF-kB, RET/PTC expressions were analyzed. Results: In the patients with PTC, the complex papillary hyperplasia of thyroid epithelial cells accompanying with ground glass like nuclei and nuclear sulcus and inclusions were seen; in the patients with HT complicated with PTC, in addition to the typical pathological changes of PTC, the diffuse lymphoid tissue infiltration accompanying with lymphoid follicle formation, and the coexistence of hyperplasia and atrophic thyroid follicular epithelium with eosinophic degeneration of thyroid epithelium and interstitial fibrosis were also found. The lobular structrure of normal thyroid tissue was found, and the follicular cells were in the same size The ELISA results showed that the serum IL-6 levels of the patients in PTC group and HT+ PTC group were higher than those in normal group (P<0. 05); the IHC results showed that the positive expression rates of IL-6, IL-6R, NF-κB, and RET/PTC in thyroid tissue of the patients in PTC group were higher than those in control group (P<0. 05). The expressions of IL-6, and IL-6R were positively correlated with the expressions of NF-kB and RET/PTC protein (P<0. 05). Conclusion: IL-6 may be involved in the occurrence and development of PTC through the RET/PTC-NF-B signal pathway.

Diffusion of CCTs from Latin America to Asia: the Philippine 4Ps case / Difusión de los PTC de América Latina en Asia: el caso del programa 4Ps en Filipinas / Difusão dos PTCs da América Latina para a Ásia: o caso do programa 4Ps nas Filipinas

Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand the role of international and domestic actors, ideas and processes in the diffusion of public policies. It argues that existing studies on the subject do not provide an adequate explanation of the mechanisms through which diffusion takes place, nor do they sufficiently address the roles of actors affecting the policy transfer process. We address these shortcomings by studying the diffusion of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs from Brazil and Mexico to the Philippines over the past decade. We use the concept of an 'instrument constituency' to delineate and trace the various actors and channels involved in the diffusion of CCTs. The case study shows that these groups of actors dedicated to the articulation, adoption and expansion of particular policy instruments are central players in transnational diffusion of policies and offer a robust explanation of the phenomenon.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es comprender el papel de actores, ideas y procesos nacionales e internacionales en lo que respecta a la difusión de políticas públicas. Se observa que los estudios existentes sobre ese tema no ofrecen una explicación adecuada sobre los mecanismos por los cuales se da esa difusión; asimismo, no abordan definitivamente los papeles de los actores involucrados en el proceso de transferencia de políticas. En virtud de ese panorama, este trabajo se propone contribuir mediante el estudio del proceso de difusión - durante la última década - de los programas de transferencia monetaria condicionada (PTC) de Brasil y de México en las Filipinas. Además, usamos el concepto de "grupo de defensa de instrumento de política pública" para delinear y comprender los diversos actores y canales involucrados en la difusión de los PTC. El estudio de caso muestra que esos grupos de actores dedicados a la articulación, adopción y expansión de políticas específicas son centrales para su difusión en otros países y para explicar ese fenómeno con más propiedad.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o papel de atores, ideias e processos nacionais e internacionais no que diz respeito à difusão de políticas públicas. Observa-se que os estudos existentes sobre esse tema não oferecem uma explicação adequada sobre os mecanismos pelos quais essa difusão ocorre, bem como não abordam definitivamente os papéis dos atores envolvidos no processo de transferência de políticas. Em virtude desse quadro, este trabalho busca contribuir por meio do estudo do processo de difusão, ao longo da última década, de programas de transferência condicionada de renda (PTCs) do Brasil e do México para as Filipinas. Ainda, usamos o conceito de "grupo de defesa de instrumento de política pública" para delinear e compreender os diversos atores e canais envolvidos com a difusão dos PTCs. O estudo de caso mostra que esses grupos de atores dedicados a articulação, adoção e expansão de políticas específicas são centrais para sua difusão para outros países e para explicar esse fenômeno com maior propriedade.

Expression and clinical significance of PTEN and CyclinD1 protein in patients with PTC / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective To explore the expression and clinical significance of PTEN and CyclinD1 protein in patients with PTC,and to provide theoretic evidence on prognosis evaluation and clinical personalized treatment.Methods 76 patients diagnosed with PCT,treated in Quhua Hospital in Zhejiang Province,from Jan.2015 to Jan.2017,were enrolled.The expression of PTEN and CyclinD1 protein was detected by EnVision two-step immunohistochemical method,and their correlation with clinical pathologic characteristic of PTC was analyzed.Results The negative rate of PTEN of the patients enrolled was 73.68％(56/76),and compared with negative rate of tumor-adjacent tissue(19.74％,15/76),demonstrated statistic significance (x2=44.429,P＜0.05).The down regulation of PTEN expression was positively related with pathological stage,tumor lymph node metastasis and sex (P＜0.05).The positive rate of CyclinD1 was 76.32％(58/76),and compared with positive rate of tumoradjacent tissue(13.16％,10/76),demonstrated statistic significance(x2=61.311,P＜0.05).The up regulation of CyclinD1 protein was positively related with pathological stage and tumor lymph node metastasis (P＜0.05).Conclusions The down regulation of PTEN and up regulation of CyclinD1 are closely related with PTC pathological stage and tumor lymph node metastasis.Detection of PTEN and CyclinD1 would be benefit to early evaluation on prognosis of PTC patients.

Role of preoperative washout fluid thyroglobulin from fine-needle aspirates in detecting lymph node metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma and its influential factors / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value and influential factors of washout fluid thyroglobulin collected during fine-needle aspiration (FNA-Tg) in detecting lymph node metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) before thyroidectomy. Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 131 patients diagnosed with PTC based on histopathology. They presented with suspicious enlarged cervi-cal lymph nodes and underwent high-frequency ultrasound-guided FNA before the surgery. FNA and FNA-Tg were performed simulta-neously. All the related data were collected. In order to obtain the best cut-off value, the FNA-Tg receiver-operating characteristic curve was generated. The cytopathology and postoperative pathologic results, as well as the ultrasound images during the follow-up, were considered the gold standard. The diagnostic performance of each method (FNA, FNA-Tg, and FNA+FNA-Tg) were compared. Ad-ditionally, some suspicious influential factors such as the anatomical location of lymph nodes and associated laboratory indexes were also analyzed for the diagnostic accuracy of FNA-Tg. Results: The best cut-off value of FNA-Tg in our study was 1.295 ng/mL. The diag-nostic performance of the combined method was the best when compared with other methods, with a sensitivity of 96.4% and speci-ficity of 99.2%. Additionally, FNA-Tg was much more accurate when used in diagnosis of lateral cervical lymph nodes. Among all the as-sociated laboratory indexes, the level of serum Tg (sTg) was an independent predictive factor for an FNA-Tg level above 1.295 ng/mL (odds ratio=1.018). Conclusions: FNA-Tg is a useful tool in the identification of metastatic cervical lymph nodes preoperatively, espe-cially for lateral cervical lymph nodes. In addition, 1.295 ng/mL could be one of the reference standards of the FNA-Tg cut-off value. When the sTg level is high, we should interpret the FNA-Tg results cautiously.

Prevalência de tireoidite de Hashimoto em casos de carcinoma papilífero de tireoide / Prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da coexistência entre tireoidite de Hashimoto em casos de carcinoma papilífero de tireoide. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo a partir dos arquivos eletrônicos do Centro de Patologia de Curitiba ­ Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças ­ Curitiba, PR, no qual foram analisados 139 laudos histopatológicos de pacientes submetidos a tireoidectomia com diagnóstico de carcinoma papilífero de tireoide, do período de dezembro de 2010 a maio de 2013. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram uma prevalência do gênero feminino (80,6%) e uma média de idade dos pacientes de 43,5. A variante de carcinoma papílifero mais frequente foi o tipo clássico (47,5%) e a que foi mais associada com tireoidite de Hashimoto foi o tipo microcarcinoma (55%). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de tireoidite de Hashimoto entre pacientes com carcinoma papilífero foi de 39,6%, a mesma ocorreu mais em mulheres, a média de idade foi de 43,5 anos e o subtipo histológico de carcinoma papilar mais associado foi o microcarcinoma

AIM: To evaluate prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study from the electronic files of the Centro de Patologia de Curitiba ­ Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças - Curitiba, PR, analyzing 139 histopathological examinations of patients who were submitted by a thyroidectomy diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma, from the time of December's 2010 to May´s 2013. RESULTS: The result has shown a prevalence of the female gender (80.6%), and an average age of 43.5. The papillary carcinoma variant of higher frequency was the classic type (47.5%), and the microcarcinoma type was the more associated (55%) with the Hashimoto´s thyroiditis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in patients with papillary carcinoma was 39.6%, it was more in females, the average age was 43.5 years and the histological subtype of papillary carcinoma was the most associated is the microcarcinoma

Comparison of orthotropic models of RET/PTC1 rearrangement and BRAFV600E mutation papillary thyroid cancer cell lines in nude mice / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To observe and compare the different orthotopic models of papillary thyroid cancer ( PTC) cell lines of RET/PTC1 rearrangement and BRAFV600E mutation in nude mice. Methods Human PTC cell lines TPC-1, BHP5-16 and BHP2-7 were used. The genotypes of RET/PTC1 rearrangement and BRAFV600E mutation were determined by realtime-PCR and DNA sequencing analysis. The cells(2×105) were injected into the thyroid gland of nude mice. The nude mice were executed at 4th, 12th week, and then their thyroid tumors were removed and weighed. The levels of thyroid hormone were detected using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results Both TPC-1 and BHP2-7 cells were identified as RET/PTC1 rearrangement by real time-PCR, and the expression of RET/PTC1 rearrangement in BHP2-7 cell was higher than that of TPC-1 cell. BRAFV600E mutation was found in BHP5-16 cell by DNA sequencing analysis, but was not found in TPC-1 and BHP2-7 cells. There were different characteristics in three orthotopic nude model groups. Tumorigenic rates of TPC-1 and BHP5-16 groups were 100%, but the growth of tumor was more rapid in BHP5-16 group than that in TPC-1 group, with more weight tumor. The changes of thyroid hormone levels in BHP5-16 group and TPC-1 group were the same, which were normal at 4th week and sharply decreased at 12 th week(P0. 05). Conclusions It showed difference in the orthotopic models of PTC cell lines of RET/PTC1 rearrangement and BRAFV600E mutation in nude mice. BRAFV600E mutation has obvious impacts on increasing tumorigenic rate and promotion of tumor growth in the orthotopic model. It should not be ignored that advanced thyroid tumor will lead to the destruction of thyroid function.

Analysis of the factors associated with clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective BRAFV600E mutation, RET/PTC rearrangement, and the concomitant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT) could influence clinicopathological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).This study is to investigate the distribution of three factors in PTC and to analyze their associations with clinicopathological characteristics.Methods Fine-needle aspiration samples were collected in a total of 122 conventional PTC patients, who were confirmed by surgery.The clinicopathological features were collected to analyze its association with different factors.BRAFV600E mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement were detected by pyrosequencing and Taqman-qPCR, respectively.Results BRAFV600E mutation was significantly correlated with an older age and a less coexistence with HT(P＜0.05).In contrast, RET/PTC rearrangement was more prevalent in young patients and was associated with the concomitant of HT(P＜0.05).In the age of ≥20 year and＜45 year groups, BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with extrathyroidal invasiveness.RET/PTC rearrangement was significantly associated with bilateral lymph node metastasis and the number of metastatic lymph node.Conclusions The distribution of three factors were different in PTC patients.In addition to the age at diagnosis, all of three factors should also be considered together to analyze the association of clinicopathological features of PTC.

Mutation Profile of Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Asians

Recent advances in molecular diagnostics have led to significant insights into the genetic basis of thyroid tumorigenesis. Among the mutations commonly seen in thyroid cancers, the vast majority are associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) mutations are the most common mutations observed in papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs), followed by RET/PTC rearrangements and RAS mutations, while follicular thyroid cancers are more likely to harbor RAS mutations or PAX8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) rearrangements. Beyond these more common mutations, alterations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter have recently been associated with clinicopathologic features, disease prognosis, and tumorigenesis in thyroid cancer. While the mutations underlying thyroid tumorigenesis are well known, the frequency of these mutations is strongly associated with geography, with clear differences reported between Asian and Western countries. Of particular interest is the prevalence of BRAF mutations, with Korean patients exhibiting the highest rate of BRAF-associated thyroid cancers in the world. Here, we review the prevalence of each of the most common mutations in Asian and Western countries, and identify the characteristics of well-differentiated thyroid cancer in Asians.

A Case Report of ‘Pseudo Tumor Cerebri’

Pseudo tumor cerebri is a clinical entity of uncertain etiology characterized by intracranial hypertension. The syndrome classically manifests with headaches and visual changes in women with obesity. This case is being presented for the following points: raised ICT, bilateral CN VI palsy, bilateral papilledema (left > right), neck rigidity present without Kernig's and Brudginski signs. Keeping the history, Neurological findings, investigative results, point to the possibility of raised intracranial pressure with CN VI involvement. The final clinical diagnosis, to the above syndrome, points out to ‘Pseudo-tumor cerebri’.

Clinical implications of rearrangements during transfection of papillary thyroid cancer (RET/PTC) 1,3 detected with FQ-PCR in fine-needle aspiration specimen of thyroid nodules / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of rearrangements during transfection of papillary thyroid cancer (RET/PTC) 1,3 in fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimen from regional thyroid nodules by FQ-PCR.Methods Two hundred and eighty-five FNA samples were collected from patients with thyroid nodules during January 2012 to January 2013.RET/PTC1,3 rearrangements were detected with FQ-PCR.Results The frequencies of the RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 rearrangements in 285 FNA samples were 17.2％ (49/285) and 1.4％ (4/285),respectively.During 21.7 months of follow-up,19 (40.4％,19/47) RET/PTC1 positive patients were confirmed to have papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) after operation.In the patients with RET/PTC1 rearrangement PTC was found in Thy5 and Thy4 groups.In Thy 2 group,22.6％ cases with RET/PTC1 rearrangements developed PTC as compared with 3.2％ cases without it(x2 =6.667,P＜0.01).In addition,8.5％ (4/47) RET/PTC1 rearrangements emerged in benign lesions.Conclusions It is convenient and reliable to detect RET/PTC1,3 rearrangements by FQ-PCR using FNA samples.RET/PTC1 rearrangement frequently occurs in PTC,however it would be detected in benign lesions occasionally.

Clinical significance on expression of IMP3 and CD44v6 in papillary thyroid carcinoma / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To investigate expression,significance and relationship of IMP3 and CD44v6 protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma.Methods Immunohistochemical method was used to investigate the expression of IMP3 and CD44v6 protein in 30 cases PTC(10 follicular variant of papillary carcinoma cases,20 conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma cases),20 PTC with lymph node metastasis cases,20 benign tissues of thyroid cases.Quantitative analysis of the detection was conducted by Biosens Digital Imaging System vl.6 (professional image analysis software),and the target integral optical density (IOD) was used for the judgement parameter.Results IMP3 and CD44v6 expression in the PTC is higher than in benign group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05) ; IMP3 and CD44v6 expression in PTC with lymph node metastasis was higher than without lymph node metastasis in the organization to express,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05) ; There was a positive correlation between IMP3 and CD44v6 expression and metastasis in PTC (r =0.903,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The expression of IMP3 and CD44v6 protein was closely correlated with the invasion and metastasis of PTC.IMP3 and CD44v6 protein might be considered as molecular markers for PTC.

Cáncer de tiroides y síndromes polipósicos intestinales Síndrome de Gardner / Thyroid cancer and intestinal polyposis syndromes Gardner syndrome

Resumen Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 22 años de edad, evaluada debido a que en su historia familiar a su madre se le encontró carcinoma de colon sigmoide. A la paciente se le diagnosticó poliposis colónica, que resolvió tras remoción endoscópica de las lesiones. Se realizó estudio de nódulo tiroideo y se realizó tiroidectomía total encontrándose un carcinoma papilar de tiroides como diagnóstico definitivo. Hicimos una revisión de la literatura. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 182-185).

Abstract We report the case of a 22-year-old woman evaluated because in her family history his mother had a sigmoid colon carcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with colonic polyposis, which resolved after endoscopic removal of the lesions. We made the study of a thyroid nodule and performed total finding a papillary thyroid carcinoma as definitive diagnosis. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 182-185).

Perfil de salud en profesores universitarios y su productividad / Health profile and productivity of university teachers

Introducción: En América Latina muchos agentes educativos consideran, que para que se generen necesidades de autoperfeccionamiento continuo en el personal docente, resulta imprescindible que se someta consciente y periódicamente a un proceso de evaluación de su desempeño, lo cual viene a constituir otra causa de estrés. Objetivo: La carga de trabajo a la que son sometidos los profesores de tiempo completo (PTC) en las universidades, puede ser fuente generadora de enfermedad, por lo que se identificó el perfil de salud en relación con su desempeño docente. Métodos: En un estudio descriptivo y transversal, con un universo de 61 profesores a tiempo completo de la Universidad de Colima, del área de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, se solicitó consentimiento informado y se garantizó el anonimato. Resultados: Al aplicar los criterios de selección se contó con un total de 47 PTC. Se crearon dos grupos, de acuerdo con el nivel alcanzado de estímulos al desempeño docente (ESDEPED): de I a IV y de V a VIII. En ambos grupos de profesores se encontraron: caries dental, sobrepeso, obesidad, enfermedades digestivas y astenopia. En los que obtuvieron niveles más altos se agregan de manera importante lumbalgias, cefaleas, insomnio, ansiedad, fatiga crónica e insuficiencia venosa, lo cual refleja que a mayor productividad, mayor incremento de enfermedades, semejante a lo reportado por otros investigadores. Conclusiones: Una limitación del presente estudio es que tiene un tamaño de muestra pequeño, sin embargo, nos da indicios de que el nivel de desempeño docente pudiera estar asociado a diferentes enfermedades. Es necesario realizar estudios posteriores con un mayor tamaño de muestra, para confirmar esta afirmación.

Background: In Latin America, many educational agents consider that, to develop a continuous self-improvement of the teaching personnel, the teachers should periodically undergo a conscious and systematic performance evaluation process, what leads to another cause of stress among them. Objective: The workload to which Full Time Teachers (FTT) are submitted in the universities can be a generating source of diseases; this is the reason why the health profile in relation to their teaching performance was identified. Methods: A descriptive transversal study was conducted in a universe of 61 Full Time Teachers of the Biological Sciences and Health in the University of Colima. Informed consent was requested and anonymity was granted. Results: The selection criteria comprised a total of 47 FTT. Two groups were created, according to the levels of stimuli for teaching performance: from I to IV and from V to VIII. In both groups of teachers, dental cavities, overweight, obesity, digestive diseases and asthenopia were found. In those who obtained the highest levels, back pain, headaches, insomnia, anxiety, chronic fatigue and venous insufficiency were significantly added, reflecting that, a higher productivity leads to a higher increase of diseases, as reported by the researchers. Conclusions: A limitation of this study is that it has a small sample; however, it gives us the clues that the level of teaching performance could be associated with different pathologies. It is necessary to carry out further studies with a larger sample size to confirm this statement.