Hypotonic infant with Pallister–Killian syndrome diagnosed by cytogenetic microarray, without pigmentary skin changes and malformations

Pallister–Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare genetic developmental disorder characterized, by intellectual disability, seizures, streaks of hypo- or hyperpigmentation and characteristic dysmorphic features. PKS is characterized by the presence of cytogenetic abnormality in form of a supernumerary isochromosome 12p, in a tissue limited mosaicism. The isochromosome 12p is usually not detected in karyotype done from peripheral blood. Presence of patchy pigmentary skin lesions suggest the possibility of mosaicism and karyotype from skin is done which clinches the diagnosis. We describe an infant with severe hypotonia in whom trisomy 12p was detected by chromosomal microarray performed on peripheral blood. The karyotype from blood was normal and combining this information with three copies of 12p in microarray suggests the possibility of tetrasomy12p in mosaic form. The infant did not have any skin patchy pigmentary changes and malformations and hence, the diagnosis of PKS was not clinically suspected. Cytogenetic microarray is the first test for evaluation of cases with developmental delay and intellectual disability, PKS diagnosis may come as a surprise in unsuspected cases without characteristic skin pigmentary abnormality and malformations.

Síndrome de Pallister-Killian en una paciente mestiza mexicana: Reporte de caso / Paüister-KiUian syndrome in a Mexican mestizo patient: Case report

El síndrome de Pallister-Killian es una entidad poco frecuente causada por tetrasomía 12p en mosaico. Presenta facies tosca, alopecia frontotemporal, frente prominente, fisuras palpebrales oblicuas ascendentes, hipertelorismo ocular, ptosis palpebral, estrabismo, epicanto, puente nasal ancho, nariz corta, narinas antevertidas, filtrum largo, labio superior delgado e inferior prominente, pabellones auriculares con lóbulos gruesos y protruidos, cuello corto, pezones supernumerarios, manos anchas, braquidactilia, alteraciones en la pigmentación de la piel, cardiopatía congénita, discapacidad intelectual y crisis convulsivas. Su diagnóstico es complejo, ya que, en sangre periférica, el cariotipo suele ser normal. Se presenta el caso de una paciente mestiza mexicana de 4 años de edad con retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor y características fenotípicas que correspondieron a síndrome de Pallister-Killian. El cariotipo en fibroblastos de la biopsia de piel demostró mos47,XX,i(12)(p10)--#91;85--#93;/46,XX--#91;21--#93;. Un equipo multidisciplinario realiza el seguimiento con controles regulares por los departamentos de Neurología, Pediatría General y Genética Médica.

Pallister-Killian syndrome is caused by a tetrasomy 12p mosaicism and is characterized by facial dysmorphism, pigmentary skin anomalies, congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, epilepsy and mental retardation. The diagnosis is complex as the cytogenetic analysis in blood is usually normal, requiring karyotyping in other tissues, therefore the clinical suspicion is critical to guide the diagnostic tests and the patient requires an interdisciplinary clinical evaluation regarding the several manifestation of the syndrome. W e present the case of a Mexican mestizo female patient of 4 years of age referred by psychomotor delay and cleft palate; the clinical multidisciplinary evaluation demonstrated characteristics corresponding to the Pallister-Killian syndrome. The GTG banding karyotype analysis was normal, the skin fibroblast was mos47,XX,i(12)(p10)--#91;85--#93;/46,XX--#91;21--#93;. This case is an example of the importance of the clinical evaluation in order to establish a diagnosis that is a challenge for the clinical multidisciplinary team to offer medical management and genetic counseling.

Using Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization to Diagnose Pallister-Killian Syndrome

Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by isochromosome 12p and tissue-limited mosaic tetrasomy 12p. In this study, we diagnosed three pediatric patients who were suspicious of having PKS using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and FISH analyses performed on peripheral lymphocytes. Patients 1 and 2 presented with craniofacial dysmorphic features, hypotonia, and a developmental delay. Array CGH revealed two to three copies of 12p in patient 1 and three copies in patient 2. FISH analysis showed trisomy or tetrasomy 12p. Patient 3, who had clinical features comparable to those of patients 1 and 2, was diagnosed by using FISH analysis alone. Here, we report three patients with mosaic tetrasomy 12p. There have been only reported cases diagnosed by chromosome analysis and FISH analysis on skin fibroblast or amniotic fluid. To our knowledge, patient 1 was the first case diagnosed by using array CGH performed on peripheral lymphocytes in Korea.

Detección de un caso síndrome de Pallister-Killian diagnosticado por citogenética convencional / Detection of Pallister-Killian syndrome case through conventional cytogenetic diagnosis

El síndrome de Pallister-Killian es producido por una tetrasomía del brazo corto del cromosoma 12 en algunas células del cuerpo, debido a la presencia de un isocromosoma (12p), mientras que el resto de las células tienen un complemento cromosómico normal, fenómeno al cual se le denomina mosaicismo cromosómico. Se considera de ocurrencia esporádica, con muy bajo riesgo de recurrencia, y afecta igualmente a hombres y mujeres. El síndrome de Pallister-Killian o tetrasomía 12p en mosaico, tiene un fenotipo amplio y no específico, que se caracteriza con mayor frecuencia por hipotonía, retardo mental severo, sordera y convulsiones, que pueden empeorar con la edad. Se reporta el caso de un niño diagnosticado con síndrome de Pallister-Killian en Colombia, y este reporte hace referencia a las dificultades para realizar el diagnóstico de la anomalía cromosómica, ya que no se sospecha el síndrome y el cariotipo convencional puede dar resultado negativo.

Pallister-Killian syndrome occurs from a tetrasomy of chromosome 12 short arm in some body cells due to the presence of isochromosome (12p) whereas the rest of cells have normal chromosomal complement. This phenomenon is called chromosomal mosaicism. It is considered to occur sporadically, with very low chance of recurrence and affects both women and men. Pallister-Killian syndrome or tetrasomy 12p mosaicism has wide non-specific phenotype characterized by higher frequency of hypotonia, severe mental retardation, deafness and seizures that may worsen as age increases. This is the report of a child diagnosed with Pallister-Killian syndrome in Colombia, which makes reference to difficulties in diagnosing a chromosomal anomaly, since this syndrome is not suspected and the testing for conventional karyotype may provide negative results.

Anestesia en un paciente con síndrome de Pallister-Killian / Anesthesia in a patient with Pallister-Killian's syndrome

El Síndrome de Pallister-Killian está determinado por la tetrasomía del brazo corto del cromosoma 12p, se caracteriza por retraso mental y diferentes dismorfias. Se describe aquí la técnica anestesiológica utilizada en una niña de 12 años de edad portadora de esta afección con el antecedente de un cuadro febril con convulsiones a las 40 horas de la intervención en un procedimiento anterior, que se sometió a anestesia general para extracción de múltiples piezas dentarias en mal estado. La técnica utilizada fue una anestesia general intravenosa en base a propofol y remifentanyl con colocación de una máscara laríngea. No se observaron complicaciones de ningún tipo.

Pallister-Killian syndrome is characterized by tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosoma 12p, which produces mental retardation and dysmorphic characteristics. We described the anesthesyologic technique used in a 12 year old child affected by this syndrome, who underwent surgery for teeth extraction. She has had a febril syndrome with seizures in the postoperative period (40 hours) in a prior surgery.Total intravenous anesthesia was done with propofol and remifentanyl under laryngeal mask.There has been no complication of any type.

A Síndrome de Pallister-Killian é determinada pela tetrassomía do braço curto do cromossoma 12 p, e se caracteriza por retardo mental e diferentes dismorfias. Aqui se descreve a técnica de anestesia utilizada em uma menina de 12 anos portadora desta doença com antecedentes de febre e convulsões 40 horas antes da intervenção em um procedimento anterior realizado com anestesia geral para extração de múltiplos dentes em mau estado. A técnica utilizada foi uma anestesia geral intravenosa com propofol e remifentanyl com colocação de uma máscara laríngea. Não se observaram complicações de nenhum tipo.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Pallister-Killian Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Stenosis and Right Ventricular Dilatation / 대한진단검사의학회지

Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare disorder characterized cytogenetically by tetrasomy 12p for isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 12. PKS is diagnosed by prenatal genetic analysis through chorionic villous sampling, genetic amniocentesis, and cordocentesis, or by chromosomal analysis of skin fibroblasts, but is not usually detected by chromosomal analysis of peripheral blood cells. Herein, we report a case of a gravida at 23 weeks gestation with pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular dilation of the heart which were detected by sonography. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and a multicolor banding technique were performed to verify the diagnosis as 47,XX, +mar.ish i(12)(p10)(TEL++)[16]/46,XX[4], and an autopsy confirmed the cardiac anomalies detected on antenatal sonography.

A Case of Tetrasomy 12p Diagnosed Prenatally / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Tetrasomy for the short arm of chromosome 12 (Pallister-Killian syndrome) is an uncommon mosaic aneuploidy, which may present in the prenatal period with an ultrasonographically detected fetal abnormalities or following karyotyping for maternal age and other causes. In this syndrome the chromosome abnormalities, isochromosome is present in amniocyte with a much greater percentage than fetal lymphocyte. The most consistent reported prenatal ultrasound findings for tetrasomy 12p include polyhydramnios with short femurs and a diaphragmatic hernia. We report a case identified by prenatal karyotyping diagnosis.

A Case of Pallister-Killian Syndrome

Since Pallister first described 12p tetrasomy syndrome in 1977, approximately 50 patients have been described. Chromosomal study of lymphocyte is normal in most cases, but fibroblasts usually reveal 12p tetrasomy in chromosomal study. We report on a 17-month-old male infant with Pallister-Killian syndrome. He was admitted in our hospital for investigation of developmental delay and myoclonic seizure. He was diagnosed with Killian syndrome by clinical feature and 12p isochromosome in chromosomal study. He had multiple anomalies such as frontal bossing, temporofrontal balding, hypertelorism, simian crease, and accessory nipple. He died at home at 25 months old.

Detection of the Pallister-Killian Syndrome by G-Banding and FISH in Cultured Skin Fibroblasts / 대한임상병리학회지

Pallister-Killian syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, coarse face, profound mental retardation, and epilepsy. Chromosomes of peripheral lymphocytes are usually normal, however, tissue cultures show varying degree of mosaicism for an extra metacentric chromosome i(12)(p10). We report on a two-year-old boy with Pallister-Killian syndrome confirmed by FISH in cultured skin fibroblasts. The patient had myoclonic seizures beginning at 2 months and was delayed in physical and speech development. Craniofacial manifestations include sparsity of scalp hair, hypertelorism, sparse eyebrows, flat nasal bridge, and large ears. Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral lymphocytes done at another hospital was reported to be normal. Studies of his skin fibroblasts showed an extra small metacentric i(12p) chromosome in 100% of metaphases. FISH using of whole chromosome painting probe for chromosome 12 confirmed that the supernumerary chromosome was an isochromosome 12p.