Participación de la Población Rural del Municipio de Filandia en los Sistemas de Seguridad Social / Participation of the Rural Population of the Municipality of Filandia in the Social Security Systems / Participação da População Rural do Município de Filandia nos Sistemas de Segurança Social

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo socioeconómico en las zonas rurales está impulsado por los programas de Protección Social y Seguridad Social, los cuales ayudan a las sociedades con altos índice de desigualdades e inequidades, protegiendo a los individuos más vulnerables de la sociedad. Objetivo: Analizar la participación de la población rural del municipio de Filandia a programas de Seguridad Social para el año 2020. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un muestreo estratificado con nivel de confianza del 90 % y un error muestral del 5 % a las 24 veredas del municipio. Se empleó una muestra de 239 predios y se utilizó el programa Stata® para analizar las variables identificadas en el estudio. Resultados: Se encontró que la zona rural del municipio de Filandia es altamente informal, ya que el 74,06 % de la población no cotiza a pensión, el 71,55 % no cotiza a salud y el 81,59 % no está afiliado a riesgos laborales. Adicionalmente, se evidencia una relación inversa entre la educación y la informalidad; igualmente, entre menos nivel de ingresos perciba una persona y pertenezca a un nivel bajo del SISBEN mayor es la probabilidad de no cotizar. Conclusiones: Los individuos de la zona rural del municipio son vulnerables a debacles económicos y sanitarios, aumentando su probabilidad de caer en trampas de pobreza. Así mismo, las malas condiciones laborales limitan el acceso a buenos servicios de salud y educación, la competitividad en relación con otros sectores, y profundizan la desigualdad en la sociedad.

Abstract Introduction: Socio Economic development in rural areas is enhanced by the social security systems. These help societies with a high inequality index, protecting the most vulnerable individuals in a society. Objective: Analyze the participation of the rural population of the municipality of Filandia in the social security systems for the year 2020. Materials and methods: A stratified sample was carried out with a 90 % of confidence level and a sampling error of 5 % to the municipality's 24 rural communities. The sample was 239 estates and the software Stata® was used to analyze the different variables identified in this study. Results: It was found that the rural areas of the municipality of Filandia are highly informal: 74.06% of the population does not contribute to social security, 71.55 % participate in subsidized health, and 81.59 % are not protected from occupational hazards. Additionally, it was found an inverse relationship between education and informality. Moreover, the lower the income level a person has, together with a low SISBEN level, the greater the probability of not contributing to the social security systems. Conclusions: the individuals in the rural areas of this municipality are vulnerable to economic and sanitary debacles; increasing the probability to fall into poverty traps. Likewise, poor labor conditions limit access to high-quality health and educational services, competitiveness in relation to other sectors, and deepen social inequalities.

Resumo Introdução: O desenvolvimento socioeconómico em áreas rurais é impulsionado por programas de Proteção Social e Previdência Social, que auxiliam sociedades com altos índices de desigualdades e iniquidades, protegendo os indivíduos mais vulneráveis da sociedade. Objetivo: Analisar a participação da população rural do município de Filândia nos programas da Previdência Social para o ano de 2020. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada amostragem estratificada com nível de confiança de 90 % e erro amostral de 5 % nas 24 aldeias do município. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 239 fazendas e o programa Stata® foi utilizado para analisar as variáveis identificadas no estudo. Resultados: Se encontró que la zona rural del municipio de Filandia es altamente informal, ya que el 74,06 % de la población no cotiza a pensión, el 71,55 % no cotiza a salud y el 81,59 % no está afiliado a riscos laborais. Além disso, há evidências de uma relação inversa entre educação e informalidade; da mesma forma, quanto menor a faixa de renda que uma pessoa recebe e pertence a uma faixa baixa do SISBEN, maior a probabilidade de não contribuir. Conclusões: Os indivíduos da área rural do município são vulneráveis a desastres económicos e de saúde, aumentando sua probabilidade de cair na armadilha da pobreza. Da mesma forma, as más condições de trabalho limitam o acesso a bons serviços de saúde e educação, a competitividade em relação a outros setores e aprofundam as desigualdades na sociedade.

Healthy City construction survey among residents living in Hangzhou City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the awareness of and participation in Healthy City construction among residents in Hangzhou City, so as to provide insights into promotion of participation in Healthy City construction.@*Methods@#Residents at ages of 15 to 75 years were sampled using the multi-stage stratified random sampling method, from 30 townships in Jianggan, Xiaoshan and Tonglu counties of Hangzhou City from November 2019 to July 2020, and a questionnaire survey of 10 representative projects pertaining to Healthy City construction in Hangzhou City was performed to investigate the awareness of and participation in Healthy City construction.@*Results@#A total of 5 559 questionnaires were allocated, and 5 211 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 93.74%. The respondents had a mean age of ( 43.82±17.25 ) years, and included 2 280 males ( 43.75% ) and 2 931 females ( 56.25% ). The overall standardized awareness and participation rates of Healthy City construction were 81.73% and 48.58% among the respondents. The projects with the three highest awareness included healthy environment improvements ( 92.67% ), travelling by public transportation ( 92.22% ) and tobacco control action ( 91.04% ), while the projects with the three lowest awareness included chronic disease management ( 75.57% ), maternal and child healthcare ( 72.73% ) and “Healthy Cell” Program ( 45.56% ). The projects with the three highest participation rates included travelling by public transportation ( 74.59% ), healthy environment improvements ( 65.17% ), tobacco control action ( 61.52% ), while the projects with the three lowest participation rate included chronic disease management ( 35.92% ), “Healthy Cell” Program ( 34.96% ) and maternal and child healthcare ( 33.20% ).@*Conclusions@# The overall proportion of participation in Healthy City construction is low among residents in Hangzhou City, and notably, the awareness rate of and the proportion of participation in chronic disease management, maternal and child healthcare and “Healthy cell” Program are both low.

The current condition of the workers' general health examination in South Korea: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND: Business owners in the Republic of Korea must take part in the workers' general health examination. However, there have been few formal analyses of the uptake of this examination by employees. In the present study, we examined the rates of participation in medical examinations according to age group, health insurance type, and enterprise size, and then compared these results with those of the national general health screening. Furthermore, we determined the distribution of patients with abnormal results for diabetes and hypertension, and outlined the significance and history of domestic health examinations. METHODS: We started by comparing participation rates extracted from the among health examination data of the National Health Insurance Service from 2006–2013 by sex, age, insurance type, and enterprise size of workplace health insurance beneficiaries (i.e., those whose insurance is provided by their workplace). In addition, we analyzed the prevalence rates of abnormal results for hypertension and diabetes, and explored the history and significance of health examinations in the Republic of Korea. RESULTS: The overall participation rate in the primary health examination in 2006 was 56%, and this increased to 72% in 2013. However, the rates of the secondary screening did not increase much. Among workplace policyholders (i.e., those whose insurance is provided by their workplace), the participation rates of workers in enterprises with less than 50 employees were lower than were those in enterprises with 50 or more employees. Notably, the rates and odds ratios of patients with abnormal results for diabetes and hypertension were relatively high, particularly among those working in smaller enterprises. CONCLUSIONS: Although the workers' general health examination has been replaced with the national general health screening, it remains necessary to ensure uniform health management services among all workers in the Republic of Korea. This can, in turn, promote occupational health and improve working conditions throughout the Republic of Korea.

A study on the factors affecting the follow-up participation in birth cohorts

OBJECTIVES: A stable follow-up participation rate is a very important factor for validity in a cohort study. This study analyzed the factors that affect the participation rate at one hospital-based birth cohort in South Korean. METHODS: The participants were recruited from the Mothers' and Children's Environmental Health study between 2006 and 2010. The analysis targeted 1751 mothers who participated in a birth cohort. We conducted analyses of general characteristics during pregnancy and those of infants at birth that affect the participation rate of the 6-month follow-up survey. RESULTS: The participation rate for the 6-month follow-up survey was 60.4%. The participation rate in the follow-up of the subsequent period decreased within a 5% to 10% range compared to the number of subjects. The participation rate of premature infants was 16.9% lower than that of a full-term infant (52.6% vs. 69.5%). Analysis showed a 16.7% difference between the participation rate of low-birthweight infants in follow-ups (53.7%) and the participation rate of infants with normal weight (70.4%). The participation rate of mothers who were employed during pregnancy was significantly lower for the 6-month follow-up compared to the participation rate of mothers who were unemployed during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, factors such as premature birth, low-birthweight, and the employment status of the mother during pregnancy affected the participation rate of the follow-up survey for the birth cohort at six months. A specific strategy is needed to encourage survey participation for the high risk groups in the follow-ups.

Regional Factors Associated with Participation in the National Health Screening Program: A Multilevel Analysis Using National Data

High participation rates are important for maximizing the effects of a health screening program. Previous studies have suggested that individual or regional characteristics have effects on health behaviors. In this study, we investigated the determinants of participation in the National Screening Program for Transitional Ages by simultaneously analyzing individual and area-level factors by multilevel analysis. A total of 1,081,216 subjects, aged 40 and 66 yr and nested in 254 areas, were included. There was a significant variation in participation rates across the areas even after adjusting for individual and area-level variables. Among the individual-level variables, increasing age, sex, higher income, and mild disability grade were associated with a higher participation rate. In urban areas, the 40-yr-old group had higher participation rates than the 66-yr-old group. Deprived areas had significantly high participation rates for both age groups. The number of screening centers per 1,000 inhabitants had no significant effect on participation in the screening program. In conclusion, regional characteristics are associated with participation rates independent of personal features and regional factors have differential effects with respect to age. A multi-dimensional approach is recommended to promote participation in health screening programs.

Review of National Health Screening Program for Infant and Children in Korea

National health screening program for infants and children in Korea was launched in November 2007 to cope with current health issues, such as high prevalence of accidents and incremental trends of developmental disorders and obesity. It is a kind of population surveillance systems which contains history taking, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, screening for visual acuity and questionnaires with anticipatory guidance. This program has been successfully implanted as one of the primary clinical services. First year's rate of participation was 35.3%. For the next few years, participation rate should be improved and quality control may be needed especially about counseling with the anticipatory guidance. Sociocultural changes and legislation should be tried to encourage double-income couples to bring their children for this periodic examination. Abnormal results were relatively high in the babies with the history of prematurity and low economical status. Thus, these groups could be the targets of the public health supports. To meet the future computerization of the health screening system, it is needed to develop the Korean developmental screening tools to replace K-ASQ (Korean Ages & Stages Questionnaires), which is currently under foreign copyright. Regular revision of the protocols and questionnaires are also important to maintain this screening system as evidence-based.

Factors Affecting the Participation Rate in the Health Screening Program of Medical Insurance / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors affecting the participation rate in the health screening program of medical insurance. METHOD: We investigated the factors associated with the participation rate in the health screening program in Korea. Data were collected at the aggregate level from 145 employee health insurance societies and 227 self-employed health insurance societies from 1995 to 1997. Data were also collected at the individual level from four health insurance societies. This study hypothesized that the participation rate of the health screening program was related to 1) the characteristics of its members and the size of the health insurance society; 2) the specifications of the health screening program; 3) the venue of the health screening institution and the interests of individuals in the health screening program; and 4) the activities of the health insurance society. We used bivariate and multiple regression models to examine the factors on the participation rate of the health screening program. RESULTS: First, in the case of dependents of on employee health insurance society, the ratio of dependents 40 years old and over, the average monthly contribution per household, the interest and satisfaction level of individuals in health screening, and the level of refunds for over-payment were all associated with the participation rate in the health screening program, accounting for 54.4% of the participation rate. Second, in case of those insured by the self-employed health insurance society, the interest and satisfaction level of individuals in health screening, the level of refunds for over-payment, and the performance level of on-the-spot health screening were statistically significant, accounting for 40.1% of the participation rate. CONCLUSION: The factors concerning the participation rate in the health screening program of medical insurance, in both a health insurance society and for individuals, were closely related to the age and gender of individuals and household contributions.