Joint application of active and passive surveillance of occupational injuries: Based on UK HSE data / 环境与职业医学

Background The United Kingdom (UK) adopts active surveillance and passive surveillance to jointly collect occupational injury data, and builds a relatively complete occupational injury surveillance system, which can provide reference for the construction of China's occupational injury surveillance system. Objective To compare the results of active surveillance and passive surveillance of occupational injuries in the UK, and to explore the joint application value of active and passive surveillance methods in the field of occupational injury prevention and control. Methods The non-fatal occupational injury active surveillance data from Labor Force Survey were used to calculate indicators such as number of reported cases, reporting rate, lost workdays per year, lost workdays per capita, and average lost workdays per case. The fatal passive surveillance data reported by the employers were used to calculate number of reported deaths, reported mortality, and other indicators. Join-point regression was used to estimate the reported trends of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries from 2004 to 2020, and the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated. Results The active surveillance data showed that from 2004 to 2020, the number of reported cases of absenteeism ≥0 d due to occupational injury decreased from 89.7 (95%CI: 85.2, 94.2) per ten thousand to 44.1 (95%CI: 39.1, 49.2) per ten thousand, and the reporting rate of occupational injury decreased from 32100/100000 (95%CI: 3050/100000, 3370/100000) to 1410/100000 (95%CI: 1250/100000, 1570/100000), showing a linear downward trend (both APC and AAPC were −3.88%, P<0.05); the average lost workdays per case in 2019 was 9.1 (95%CI: 6.8, 11.5) d. The passive surveillance data showed that from 2004 to 2020, the number of reported deaths due to occupational injury decreased from 223 to 142, and the reporting rate of occupational injury decreased from 0.78/100000 to 0.44/100000, showing a linear downward trend (both APC and AAPC were −4.59%, P<0.05). Conclusion The reporting rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries in the UK are showing a linear downward trend. The active surveillance method based on Labor Force Survey provides more surveillance indicators for non-fatal occupational injuries, and the passive surveillance method based on employer report has more advantages in assessment of fatal occupational injuries. Jointly applying the two surveillance modalities and the combination of trend analysis indicators, such as AAPC, provide a more comprehensive picture of the epidemiological characteristics of occupational injuries.

Seguridad en vacunas: descripción de los eventos adversos notificados al sistema de vigilancia en Chile, 2014 a 2016 / Vaccine safety: description of the adverse events reported to the surveillance system in Chile, 2014 to 2016

Resumen Introducción: Los sistemas de vigilancia pasiva de los eventos supuestamente atribuidos a vacunación o inmu nización (ESAVI) permiten monitorizar efectos adversos (EA) conocidos y pesquisar EA infrecuentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los ESAVI notificados en Chile entre los años 2014 y 2016. Material y Método: Estudio de vigilancia epidemiológica. Se realizó un análisis general y un sub-análisis para vacuna pentavalente. Se calculó la tasa de reporte (TR) global de ESAVI cada 100.000 dosis de vacunas, la TR de ESAVI considerados de interés y el odds ratio de reporte (ROR) de apneas para pentavalente. Resultados: El total de ESAVI notificados fue de 2.552 con una TR global de 9,13. Un 13,4% de los ESAVI fueron serios. La TR de eventos de interés fue en general menor a las tasas de referencia. La vacuna con mayor TR (44,3) fue pentavalente, con un ROR de apnea versus otras vacunas de 10,5 (IC 95% 3,77-29,47). Discusión: Este estudio entrega una visión general de los ESAVI notificados en Chile. La TR global fue similar a otras reportadas, pero las de eventos de interés fueron menores a las referencias internacionales. Se muestra una posible asociación entre apneas y vacuna pentavalente.

Background: Passive surveillance systems for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) allow the monitoring of known adverse effects (AE) and the investigation of infrequent AE. Aim: To describe the AEFI notified in Chile between 2014 and 2016. Methodology: This was a study of epidemiological surveillance. A general analysis of AEFI and sub-analysis for pentavalent vaccine was carried out. It was calculated the global reporting rate of AEFI every 100,000 doses of vaccines, the reporting rate of AEFI considered of interest and the odds ratio of reporting (ROR) of apneas for pentavalent. Results: The total AEFI reported was 2,552 with a global reporting rate of 9,13. 13.4% of AEFI were serious. The vaccine reporting rate of events of interest was generally lower than the reference rates. The vaccine with the highest reporting rate (44.3) was pentavalent, with an ROR of apnea versus other vaccines of 10.5 (95% CI 3.77-29.47). Discussion: This study provides an overview of the AEFI notified in Chile. The global reporting rate was similar to other studies, but those of events of interest were lower than international references. A possible association between apnea and pentavalent vaccine is shown.

Equine infectious anemia in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Anemia infecciosa equina na região oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to characterize the outbreaks of equine infectious anemia (EIA) identified, between the years 2009 and 2015, in the western region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We identified 26 positive horses on 24 properties. Each positive property was considered an outbreak of the disease. The diagnoses were made using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test as a part of the sanitary checks conducted during animal transportation or certification of the horse´s sanitary status. The positive properties included farms or horse barns, and the infected animals were used for ranch work, sports, or reproduction. One outbreak was identified in animals that were being illegally transported from Argentina to Brazil. Fifteen outbreaks occurred on properties that were not registered with the Official Veterinary Service (OVS). Eleven outbreaks were identified in urban areas and 13 in rural areas. Twelve of the 24 outbreaks were diagnosed in 2015 alone, nine of which occurred in São Borja county. On two properties, a diagnosis could not be confirmed with a retest; therefore, these outbreaks were discharged. During sanitation checks on three properties, 12 additional positive animals were identified among a population of 1,108 susceptible animals. Based on these findings, we concluded that a subclinical form of the infection is present in that area, which is linked to properties that are not registered with the OVS, and that animals which are transported illegally across international borders represent a potential risk.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar os focos de EIA identificados, entre 2009 e 2015, na região oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Inicialmente foram identificados 26 equinos positivos em 24 propriedades, sendo que cada propriedade foi considerada um foco. Os diagnósticos foram realizados por imunodifusão em gel de ágar (AGID) na ocasião do transporte ou como medidas sanitárias, em casos de vínculo com animais infectados ou para fim de certificação do status sanitário. Um foco foi identificado em animais transportados ilegalmente da Argentina para o Brasil. Os estabelecimentos positivos eram fazendas ou estábulos e os animais infectados utilizados para trabalho, esporte ou reprodução. Quinze focos ocorreram em propriedades não cadastradas no SVO. Onze focos localizaram-se na zona urbana e 13 em propriedades rurais. Somente no ano de 2015 foram diagnosticados 12 dos 24 focos, sendo que no munícipio de São Borja ocorreram nove surtos neste período. Em duas propriedades o resultado inicial não foi confirmado no reteste, fazendo com que estes focos fossem encerrados imediatamente. Em três propriedades, durante o saneamento, identificou-se outros 12 animais positivos em três propriedades, de uma população de 1.108 susceptíveis. Assim sendo, pode-se concluir que a infecção que está presente na região, ocorre de maneira subclínica, associada a propriedades não cadastradas no SVO e animais transportados de forma ilegal, inclusive transporte internacional ilegal.

Analysis of adverse events following immunization in Tianjin (2011-2013) evaluated by active surveillance and passive surveillance / 天津医药

Objective To analyze the occurrence features of the active surveillance of adverse events following immu?nization (AEFI) in Tianjin, and evaluate the sensitivity of passive surveillance systems over the same period. Methods The layered eight vaccination clinics of four counties were selected as active surveillance points. The data of active surveillance AEFI were collected through telephone investigation in 2011-2013. The data of passive surveillance was collected through the national AEFI information management system. The descriptive methodology and chi square test were used. Results A total of 235 cases were collected through active surveillance in 2011-2013. The AEFI incidence rate was 718.70 per 100 000 doses,no difference in the incidence between three years(χ2=5.07). A total of 4164 cases were collected through passive sur?veillance. The incidence rate was 34.09 per 100 000 doses,the incidence increased year by year(χ2=572.02,P<0.05). In ac?tive surveillance cases, 95.32%was the common vaccine reaction, 3.83%was the rare vaccine reaction, no serious vaccinereaction. In passive surveillance cases, the common vaccine reaction, the rare vaccine reaction were 85.09%and 13.32%. The serious vaccine reaction was found in 44 cases. Conclusion The more slightly common vaccine reaction can be found by active surveillance. The sensitivity of Tianjin passive surveillance system is increasing year by year, which can meet the requirements for job. The classification and diagnostic criteria of the serious vaccine reaction need to be established.