Historia de la rabia en Chile: tres tesis médicas / History of rabies in Chile: three medical theses

En la antigüedad ya se describía la rabia como una enfermedad zoonótica fatal cuyo pronóstico inexorable superaba todas las alter-nativas terapéuticas de los más célebres médicos. La realidad chilena sobre esta enfermedad a fines del siglo XIX fue descrita certeramente por el médico mártir Pedro Videla Órdenes en su tesis "La rabia" de 1879, destacando la descripción clínica de la rabia, su pronóstico fatal y la ausencia de tratamientos eficaces. Tan sólo seis años después, en 1885, el aclamado químico y microbiólogo Louis Pasteur desarrolló la vacuna antirrábica, logrando por primera vez en la historia de la humanidad prevenir esta terrible enfermedad. En Chile, se inició rápidamente la implementación de la vacuna Pasteur, vacunando al primer chileno el 7 de julio de 1896. Los doctores Milcíades Espinosa y Arturo Atria, en sus tesis "Generalidades sobre la rabia" (1898) y "Sobre la rabia y su profilaxia en Chile" (1905), respectivamente, abordaron esta primera etapa del desarrollo de la vacuna antirrábica en el país.

In antiquity, rabies was already described as a fatal zoonotic disease whose inexorable prognosis exceeded all the therapeutic alternatives of the most famous doctors. The Chilean reality about this disease at the end of the 19th century was accurately described by the martyred doctor Pedro Videla Ordenes in his thesis "La rabia" of 1879, highlighting in it his description about the unknown etiological agent, the fatal prognosis of the disease and the absence of effective treatments. Just six years later, in 1885, the acclaimed chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine, managing to prevent this terrible disease for the first time in human history. In Chile, the implementation of the Pasteur vaccine began rapidly, vaccinating the first Chilean on July 7, 1896. Doctors Milcíades Espinosa and Arturo Atria, in their theses "Generalidades sobre la rabia" (1898) and "Sobre la rabia y su profilaxia en Chile" (1905), respectively, addressed this first stage of the development of the rabies vaccine in the country.

De Bombaim ao Rio de Janeiro: circulação de conhecimento e a criação do Laboratório de Manguinhos, 1894-1902 / From Bombay to Rio de Janeiro: the circulation of knowledge and the establishment of the Manguinhos laboratory, 1894-1902

Resumo Para se compreender a fundação, em 1900, e os primeiros trabalhos científicos do Instituto Soroterápico Federal, é necessário analisar a circulação de conhecimento e a disputa internacional envolvendo os soros antipestosos e as vacinas antipestosas. O artigo discute a criação do primeiro soro antipestoso, em Paris, e os testes realizados a partir de 1897 na Índia. Paralelamente, examina a invenção da vacina antipestosa na mesma época em Bombaim e a oposição construída entre ela e o soro antipestoso francês. Em seguida, observa os diferentes caminhos pelos quais esses objetos chegaram ao Brasil e como questões locais se conectaram à disputa científica internacional e justificaram, no Rio de Janeiro, reconfigurações em torno desses dois objetos.

Abstract In order to understand the 1900 establishment of the Federal Serum Therapy Institute of Manguinhos and its earliest scientific work, we must analyze the circulation of knowledge and international disputes surrounding antiplague serums and vaccines. This article discusses the development of the first antiplague serum, in Paris, and the trials conducted in India, which started in 1897. It also examines the invention of an antiplague vaccine in Bombay around the same time and the ensuing controversy involving it and the French serum. The article then explores the pathways by which these objects reached Brazil and also looks at how local issues there meshed with the international scientific dispute, ultimately justifying reconfigurations of the two objects in Rio de Janeiro.

Opportunities and challenges for the development of dengue vaccine / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Dengue virus(DENV)is an enveloped single positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. It is the cause of dengue fever,life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever and den-gue shock syndrome. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are responsible for the wide transmission of DENV in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. Currently,there have been several dengue vaccines entering clinical trials,including the Sanofi Pasteur chimeric yellow fever dengue tetravalent vaccine (CYD),which has been licensed for use in some countries. However,CYD does not provide adequate pro-tection against all four serotypes of DENV and induces severe dengue diseases in young and seronegative vac-cine recipients. Therefore,a more efficacious dengue vaccine is still needed. Here,we reviewed the oppor-tunities and challenges for the development of dengue vaccines.

Production of functional killer protein in batch cultures upon a shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions

The aim of this work was to study the production of functional protein in yeast culture. The cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Embrapa 1B (K+R+) killed a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Embrapa 26B (K-R-)in grape must and YEPD media. The lethal effect of toxin-containing supernatant and the effect of aeration upon functional killer production and the correlation between the products of anaerobic metabolism and the functional toxin formation were evaluated. The results showed that at low sugar concentration, the toxin of the killer strain of Sacch. cerevisiae was only produced under anaerobic conditions . The system of killer protein production showed to be regulated by Pasteur and Crabtree effects. As soon as the ethanol was formed, the functional killer toxin was produced. The synthesis of the active killer toxin seemed to be somewhat associated with the switch to fermentation process and with concomitant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity.

Produção de conhecimento e busca de aplicações: a experiência da universidade com a indústria química / Knowledge production and the quest for applicability: the experience of universities and the chemical industry

Aborda a natureza e as implicações da interação universidade-indústria. A ideia de que a inovação nem sempre é resultado de processo originado na pesquisa básica trouxe novas possibilidades conceituais sobre tal interação. Segundo Stokes, discriminado o espaço conhecimento-utilidade em quadrantes, aquele que concentra alto conteúdo científico e alto grau de utilidade seria o 'quadrante de Pasteur'. As evidências sobre a química alemã e a engenharia química norte-americana mostram o papel fundamental dos professores universitários no desenvolvimento das empresas químicas. O estabelecimento de centros de P&D nas empresas no século XX, combinado à tendência de redução do conteúdo básico dessas atividades em favor do conteúdo aplicado, não invalida essas evidências.

The article addresses the nature and implications of interactions between universities and industry. The idea that innovation does not necessarily spring from a process grounded in basic research has endowed this interaction with new conceptual possibilities. Dividing the 'understanding-use' space into quadrants, Stokes applies the term Pasteur's quadrant to the one displaying a high concern both with scientific understanding and with utility. The experience of German chemistry and US chemical engineering demonstrate how university professors have played a vital role in the development of chemical companies. The twentieth-century creation of corporate R&D centers, combined with the trend for reducing basic research in favor of applied research, does not invalidate these results.

Louis Pasteur: In memoriam / Louis Pasteur: In memoriam / Louis Pasteur: In memoriam

Se hace un recuento de los experimentos que le permitieron a Pasteur concluir que no existe la generación espontánea; se enfatizan algunas de las cualidades de este investigador como la originalidad, la independencia de criterio, la perseverancia, la dedicación, la amplitud de horizontes y el interés en servir a los demás; Pasteur contribuyó al avance del método científico aplicándolo rigurosamente y puede ser considerado como el fundador de la microbiología.

A description is presented of the experiments on which Pasteur based his conclusion than no spontaneous generation exists; some of the qualities of this researcher are emphasized such as originality. independence of criterion, perseverance. dedication. Broadmindedness and interest in serving other people; by applying it rigorously. Pasteur greatly contributed to the advancement of the scientific method; besides. he can be considered the founder of microbiology

El legado de Louis Pasteur / The legacy of Louis Pasteur

En este artículo se destacan cualidades de Louis Pasteur como la precocidad de su aptitud artística, la capacidad de concentración y reflexión y la perseverancia en sus empeños para lograr lo deseado; luego se hace una síntesis de su vida a través de sus logros científicos: sentar las bases de la estereoquímica, demostrar que las fermentaciones se deben a la acción de organismos vivos, probar que no existe la generación espontánea, aclarar la etiología de varias enfermedades humanas y animales y proponer soluciones para ellas, incluyendo la producción de vacunas, que culminó con el éxito de la vacunación antirrábica. Pasteur había nacido en una época en que predominaba la insalubridad y se corría grave riesgo de fallecer de enfermedades infectocontagiosas; a su muerte había contribuido inmensamente a mejorar esa situación

Several qualities of Louis Pasteur are emphasized in this paper, namely: his artistic gift, his capacity for concentration and reflection and his perseverance in working to achieve his goals; a sinthesis of his life is presented through his scientific achievements: to establish the bases of stereochemistry, to prove that fermentations are due to the action of living organisms and that no spontaneous generation exists, to elucidate the etiology of several human and animal diseases and to propose solutions for them including the production of vaccines that culminated with the success of rabies vaccination. Pasteur had been born at a time of great unhealthiness and high risk of death due to infectious diseases; through his life-Iong research he considerably improved such situation.