Pathogenesis of Airway Mucus Hypersecretion in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Intervention of Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is one of the most common chronic diseases of the respiratory system in the clinic. The disease has a long course and is difficult to cure， which seriously threatens human health. Airway mucus hypersecretion （AMH） is an independent risk factor for COPD and has a significant impact on the development and prognosis of the disease. The review finds that the abnormal proliferation of goblet cells and the excessive secretion of mucin are the direct causes of AMH. The pathogenesis of AMH may be closely related to the inhalation of heterogeneous particles， airway inflammation， the imbalance of mucin/water salt ratio， and the regulation of related signaling pathways. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） believes that AMH of COPD belongs to the category of lung distension with phlegm-fluid retention syndrome， and the disease is mainly treated from phlegm on the basis of lung distension. This article summarizes the relevant research in the field of TCM in recent years and finds that the single TCM that effectively intervened AMH of COPD is mainly phlegm-resolving TCM， and the main active ingredients of TCM are flavonoids， terpenoids， phenols， and alkaloids. The main TCM compounds are mainly designed to remove heat-phlegm， warmly resolve cold-phlegm， dry dampness to eliminate phlegm， invigorate Qi， promote blood circulation and dispel phlegm， and invigorate lung， spleen， and kidney. Its mechanism of action may be direct inhibition or indirect inhibition of airway epithelial goblet cell metaplasia and mucin expression by inhibiting airway inflammation， regulating aquaporins to correct the imbalance of mucin/water salt ratio， and regulating signaling pathways， so as to reduce mucus oversecretion in COPD. However， there are still some problems. For example， the research mainly focuses on TCM compounds instead of the single TCM or its effective components. The research on the mechanism of action is not thorough enough， and the research results are not interoperable. The clinical transformation rate of basic research is insufficient. This article systematically reviews the research status of AMH in the treatment of COPD with TCM and puts forward some thoughts on the existing problems， so as to provide a reference for clinical rational medication and in-depth research.

Sputum bacterial culture and drug resistance of 475 patients with pneumonia / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in sputum culture of pneumonia, and to provide evidence for the rational application of clinical antibacterial drugs . Methods The clinical data of 475 patients with positive sputum bacterial culture admitted to department of respiratory medicine of Neijiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2020 to May 2023 were collected. The types and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from sputum culture were statistically analyzed . Results A total of 539 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the sputum culture of 475 patients with pneumonia, including 344 strains (63.82%) of Gram-negative bacteria [mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae (79 strains, 14.66%)] and 195 strains (36.18%) of Gram-positive bacteria [mainly Streptococcus pneumoniae (70 strains, 12.99%)]. Klebsiella pneumoniae was highly sensitive to aztreonam, levofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, and ertapenem, with the sensitivity rates of 94.67%, 92.41%, 94.87%, 96.00% and 98.67% respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae was absolutely sensitive to teicoplanin, vancomycin and linezolid, and was highly sensitive to cefpirome, levofloxacin, imipenem and ertapenem, with the sensitivity rates of 94.29%, 91.43%, 97.14% and 98.48%. Conclusions The common pathogenic bacteria of patients with pneumonia in Neijiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Various pathogenic bacteria have different degrees of resistance to common antibacterial drugs. It is necessary to combine with the types and drug susceptibility results of pathogenic bacteria for the rational application of antibacterial drugs.

Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in prevention and control of infection in solid organ transplantation / 器官移植

Organ transplantation has become an effective treatment for multiple end-stage diseases. However, the recipients of organ transplantation need to take immunosuppressive drugs for a long time after operation, which leads to low immune function and relatively high incidence of bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Traditional microbial detection methods, such as pathogen culture, immunological detection and polymerase chain reaction, have been widely applied in infection detection, whereas these methods may cause problems, such as long detection time and presumed pathogens. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing has been widely adopted in infection prevention and control in organ transplantation in recent years due to high detection rate and comprehensive detection of pathogen spectrum. In this article, the application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the prevention and control of infection in solid organ transplantation was reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of transplantation-related infection.

Evaluation of the Biochemical, Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Soft Drinks Sold in Some Elementary School of Williamsville (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

The sale of soft drinks in and around primary schools is recurrent in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this work is to evaluate the rate of some biochemical and physicochemical parameters and the health risks related to the consumption of soft drinks. The biochemical and physicochemical parameters were determined according to the standard SOXHLET technique, that of Kjeldhal and also that described by Dubois et al in1956. Potentially pathogenic and pathogenic germs were enumerated and researched according to reference methods described by AFNOR. The moisture content of the different beverages ranged from 3.9±0.05 to 3.2±0.05, and the sugar content from 26.06±2.05 to 5.96±1.60. For the acidity, the higher value was 0.93± 0.15 (Bissap juice) and the lowest was 0.64± 0.02 (Tamarind juice). For proteins, the high value was 44.15 ± 0.11 (Milk Mint Juice) and the low value was 38.15 ± 0.11 (Ginger Juice). As for dry matter, the highest value was found in ginger juice (44.76 ±0.02) and the lowest in bissap juice (40.96 ±0.01). Soft drinks sold in Williamsville schools contain such potentially pathogenic species as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus with a wide range of loadings in the drinks. Escherichia coli was not identified. No Salmonella was observed in the different soft drinks analyzed. The presence of potentially pathogenic germs could pose a danger to school children.

Research progress on the effects of fine particulate components exposure on cardiovascular metabolic diseases / 公共卫生与预防医学

Exposure to fine particulate (PM2.5) has become a serious environmental risk factor threatening public health. A large number of epidemiological studies have shown that PM2.5 exposure is significantly associated with cardiovascular health.  At present, studies have found that PM2.5 components are associated with the incidence and death of cardiovascular metabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, etc.), which may be due to the different components of PM2.5 in different regions, which have different effects on cardiovascular health.  This article reviews the effects of different components of PM2.5 on cardiovascular metabolic diseases based on their sources and pathogenesis. The limitations of the effects of PM2.5 components on cardiovascular metabolic diseases are also discussed.

Distribution characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients with wound infection in Yunnan / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To analyze the distribution characteristics of the main pathogens of HIV/AIDS patients with wound infections and provide basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods　The clinical data of 294 patients with positive secretions or pus specimens from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Results　A total of 357 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 294 cases, of which 123 strains of Gram-negative bacilli (G-b), accounting for 34.5%, were mainly Escherichia coli (15.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.9%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%); Gram-positive bacilli (G+b) 14 strains, accounting for 3.9%; 108 Gram-positive cocci (G+c), accounting for 30.3%, of which 44 strains were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (12.3%), Coagulase-negative staphylococci were mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.2%) and Staphylococcus hemolyticus (2.8%); 37 strains of fungi, accounting for 10.4%, were mainly Candida albicans (5.9%); 75 strains of Mycobacterium, accounting for 21.0%, including 41 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (11.5%) and 34 strains of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (9.5%). 52 of the 294 HIV/AIDS patients had mixed infections, accounting for 17.7%. There was significant difference in the distribution of G+c, G-b, mycobacteria and mixed infection among different specimen sources (P<0.05), and there was significant difference in the distribution of mycobacteria among different CD4+T lymphocyte counts (P<0.05). There was significant difference in the level of CD4+T lymphocytes between patients of different ages (P<0.05), and there was significant difference in the level of CD4+T lymphocytes from postoperative incision and other parts (P<0.05). Conclusions　Patients with HIV/AIDS are prone to combined wound infections with various pathogenic bacteria. We should strengthen the research on wound infection in HIV/AIDS patients, and timely send patients with a low number of CD4+T lymphocytes for secretion or pus culture, so as to carry out targeted treatment and improve the prognosis of patients.

Investigation of viral etiology with sever acute respiratory infection of hospitalized patients in Guangdong Province from 2019 to 2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the infection status and epidemiological characteristics of viral pathogens in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Guangdong Province from 2019 to 2021, so as to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and prevention. Methods The respiratory tract samples of SARI patients collected from 2019 to 2021 were detected and analyzed for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV), human metapneumonic virus (HMPV) and other common respiratory viruses using Luminex respiratory multi-pathogen detection technology. Results A total of 1 948 influenza-negative cases were collected, of which 24.28 % were positive detection of virus infection. HRV/EV was the highest (10.32%), followed by RSV (4.31%). The detection rates were statistically significantly different among different age groups (χ2=176.186，P2=0.042，P>0.05). The detection peaks of RSV were mainly concentrated in summer and autumn, while HMPV was prevalent in winter, and HRV/EV and ADV had no obvious seasonality. Mixed infection was found in 39 samples, and the mixed infection rate was 2.00%. In the mixed infection cases, HPIV and HRV/EV combined infection was the most common. Conclusion HRV/EV, RSV, HMPV and ADV are predominant viral pathogens in SARI influenza-negative hospitalized cases in Guangdong Province from 2019 to 2021. It is recommended to strengthen the surveillance of SARI cases in children under 5 years old.

Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in lower respiratory tract of 276 hospitalized children / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in 276 hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection to facilitate prevention and treatment. Methods Among of 276 hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection from January 2019 to December 2021 were analyzed. Data on the distribution of pathogenic bacteria were collected and analyzed. At the same time, the information on drug resistance was collected, and the potential relationship between pathogen distribution and drug resistance was briefly analyzed and discussed. Results A total of 532 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in the blood samples from 276 patients in this study. There were 207 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, including 104 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 96 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and 7 strains of others. Gram negative bacteria (325 strains) were 172 strains of Klebsiella and 153 strains of Escherichia coli. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria in different gender and age groups (under 5 years old, 5-10 years old, and over 10 -14 years old) was calculated separately. The results showed that the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in female children under 5 years old (n=49 cases) was different from the total population: the infection of Gram-positive bacteria was higher than that of Gram-negative bacteria, and the proportion of Staphylococcus epidermidis was the highest (P<0.05). The distribution characteristics of children of other ages and sexes were consistent with the total distribution characteristics. The resistance rate of Gram-positive bacteria to penicillin, erythromycin and clarithromycin was high, while the resistance rate of Gram-negative bacteria to ampicillin, cefazolin and cefuroxime was high. The distribution characteristics were the same in children of different sex and age. Conclusion The pathogenic bacteria in children with lower respiratory tract infection in pediatric ward are mainly Gram-negative bacteria, and the main pathogenic bacteria have a high resistance rate to common drugs. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria in female children under 5 years old is unique: the infection of Gram-positive bacteria is higher than that of Gram-negative bacteria, and the proportion of Staphylococcus epidermidis is the highest, which deserves attention. The clinical drug sensitivity test can be used as an important reference for the treatment of drugs to guide the rational selection of antibiotics.

Analysis of bacterial spectrum and variability of drug resistance of bile in patients with common bile duct stones and biliary tract infections / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To analyze the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in bile culture in patients with common bile duct stones and biliary tract infections, in order to guide clinical optimization of antibiotics application.Methods:From March 30, 2017 to December 31, 2021, at Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 753 patients with common bile duct stones and biliary tract infections and received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were selected. Bile samples were obtained for bacterial culture, strain type identification and drug sensitivity test in order to analyze bile pathogenic bacteria distribution, change trend and drug resistance. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results:From 2017 to 2021, the total positive rate of bile culture in 753 patients with choledocholithiasis complicated with biliary tract infection was 90.17% (679/753). From 2017 to 2021, the positive rates of bile culture were 82.05% (64/78), 88.81% (119/134), 88.03% (125/142), 93.87% (199/212), and 91.98% (172/187), respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=10.78, P=0.029). The positive rate of bile culture in 2017 was lower than those in 2020 and 2021, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=9.43 and 5.57, P=0.002 and 0.018). There were no significant differences in the positive rates of bile culture among the other years (all P>0.05). A total of 1 033 pathogenic bacteria were detected in the 679 bile specimens with positive bile culture results. Among which the total proportion of Gram-negative bacilli was 57.02% (589/1 033), and from 2017 to 2021 the proportions were 66.38% (77/116), 66.47% (111/167), 59.43% (104/175), 54.75% (173/316), and 47.88% (124/259), respectively. The total proportion of Gram-positive cocci was 41.05% (424/1 033), and from 2017 to 2021 the proportions were 31.90% (37/116), 31.74% (53/167), 38.86% (68/175), 44.30% (140/316), and 48.65% (126/259), respectively. The total proportion of fungus was 1.94% (20/1 033), and from 2017 to 2021 the proportions were 1.72% (2/116), 1.80% (3/167), 1.71% (3/175), 0.95% (3/316), and 3.47% (9/259), respectively. From 2017 to 2021, the proportion of Gram-negative bacilli gradually decreased, while the proportion of Gram-positive cocci gradually increased, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=20.14 and 17.91, P<0.001 and =0.001). From 2017 to 2021, the change in the proportion of fungus was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The main Gram-negative bacilli in the bile culture were Escherichia coli (31.36%, 324/1 033) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.68%, 131/1 033); the main Gram-positive cocci were Enterococcus faecalis (14.04%, 145/1 033) and Streptococcus salivarius (4.36%, 45/1 033). From 2017 to 2021, the proportions of Escherichia coli were 39.66% (46/116), 38.92% (65/167), 33.14% (58/175), 28.48% (90/316), and 25.10% (65/259), respectively, with gradual decrease and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=14.34, P=0.006). From 2017 to 2021 the detection rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 30.43% (14/46), 26.15% (17/65), 29.31% (17/58), 38.89% (35/90), 40.00% (26/65), and 4/15, 20.00% (5/25), 20% (5/25), 24.32% (9/37), and 31.03% (9/29), and there were no significant differences in the detection rates of ESBL between different years (both P>0.05). Conclusions:From 2017 to 2021, the positive rate of bile culture in patients with choledocholithiasis complicated with biliary tract infection showed an overall increasing trend. Gram-negative bacilli were still dominated in bile pathogenic bacteria, while the proportion of Gram-positive cocci remarkably increased, and the bile bacterial spectrum significantly changed. Clinicians should adjust the antibiotic dosing regimens according to the variation of bacterial spectrum and drug resistance.

Role of LC3-associated phagocytosis in regulating infection / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a special phagocytosis occurring at the intersection of the two pathways of phagocytosis and autophagy. A hallmark event of the LAP process is the recruitment of microtubule-associated proteinⅠlight chain type 3-Ⅱ(LC3Ⅱ) to the phagosome surface of the monolayer membrane structure. The LAP pathway relies on the functions of the RUN domain and cysteine-rich domain containing, Beclin 1-interacting protein (Rubicon) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. The LC3-associated phagosome (LAPosome) binds to the lysosome to digest and degrade the contents. In recent years, increasing studies have found that LAP plays an important role in the infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms including fungi and bacteria. LAP is a crucial way in the host to resist and degrade the infection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, some pathogenic microorganisms can effectively escape from LAP in the host and even use LAPosome as a place for colonization and replication. This article summarized the recent progress in the role of LAP in host defense against pathogenic microorganism infection and the significance of it in the occurrence and development of diseases.

Etiological characteristics, prevention and control of monkeypox / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) and its re-emergence is a potential global threat. The number of human MPX-positive cases reported by some coutries was increasing since it was detected in the UK on May 7, 2022, which has become a public health emergency and attracted global attention. Understanding the virological characteristics, route of transmission, pathogenic mechanism, vaccines and antiviral drugs of MPX is of great significance for the prevention and control of monkeypox. This paper briefly described the etiological characteristics and the prevention and control measures for MPX.

Analysis of pathogenic fungi causing tinea capitis: a single-center retrospective study / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate the distribution of pathogenic fungi in patients with tinea capitis diagnosed in Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University in the past 10 years.Methods:A total of 871 outpatients or inpatients with tinea capitis were collected from the Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital from January 2011 to December 2020, and their clinical data and pathogen distribution were retrospectively analyzed. Pearson chi-square test was used to analyze differences in the pathogen distribution between children and adult patients with tinea capitis.Results:Of 871 patients with tinea capitis, 588 (67.5%) were males and 283 (33.5%) were females; 21 (2.40%) were aged less than 1 year, 266 (30.50%) aged 1 - 3 years, 352 (40.40%) aged 4 - 6 years, 187 (21.50%) aged 7 - 12 years, 4 (0.50%) aged 12 - 18 years, and 41 (4.70%) were aged 18 - 74 years. A total of 705 pathogenic strains were isolated from these patients, including 599 strains of Microsporum canis (85.0%) , 52 strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (7.4%) , 27 strains of Trichophyton tonsurans (3.8%) , and 18 strains of Trichophyton violaceum (2.6%) . Among the pathogenic fungi of tinea capitis, the proportion of Trichophyton violaceum was significantly higher in adults (8.8%) than in children (2.2%, P = 0.048) . Conclusions:In the past 10 years, the patients with tinea capitis in the Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital were mainly children aged 1 - 6 yearswhile adults, and adult patients with tinea capitis were uncommon. The main pathogen of tinea capitis was Microsporum canis, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex.

Distribution and drug resistance analysis of pathogenic bacteria in skin and soft tissue infections / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective:To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in skin and soft tissue infections.Methods:The lesion samples were collected from patients with skin and soft tissue infections in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College from January 2012 to September 2021, and the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and their drug resistance were analyzed. The data were analyzed with SPSS 23.0 statistical software.Results:A total of 692 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 1 121 patients.There were 372 strains of Gram-negative bacteria (53.76%), mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( n=92, 13.29%), Klebsiella pneumoniae ( n=55, 7.95%) and Enterobacter cloacae ( n=38, 5.49%); 276 strains of gram-positive bacteria (39.88%), mainly Staphylococcus aureus ( n=140, 20.23%), Streptococcus pyogenes ( n=38, 5.49%) and Enterococcus faecalis ( n=27, 3.90%); and 44 strains of fungi (6.36%), mainly Candida albicans ( n=19, 2.75%) and Candida tropicalis ( n=7, 1.01%). Staphylococcus aureus had a high resistance rate to penicillin G (53.57%), and Streptococcus pyogenes had a high resistance rate to tetracycline (89.47%). The resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to furantoin was high (29.35%). The resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftriaxone (38.18%) and cefzolin (36.36%) was high. The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with community-acquired infection was higher than that in patients with hospital-acquired infection ( χ2=5.272, P=0.022). Conclusion:Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogenic bacteria of skin and soft tissue infections in this area. Antibiotics should be used rationally according to the distribution of main pathogenic bacteria locally and the results of drug sensitivity.

Etiological diagnosis value of metagenomic next generation sequencing in the patients with spinal infection / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) in the etiological diagnosis of patients with spinal infection, so as to provide reference for timely diagnosis and treatment.Methods:A total of 40 patients with suspected spinal infection admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases in Henan Provincial People′s Hospital from January 2020 to July 2022 were included. The results of tissue culture, histopathological examination and tissue mNGS detection were analyzed retrospectively. According to the clinical diagnose, the patients were divided into the spinal infection group (28 cases) and the non-spinal infection group (12 cases). The positive rate, sensitivity and specificity of mNGS and tissue culture in the pathogen detection of patients with spinal infection were compared. McNemar test was used for statistical analysis.Results:There were 23 males and 17 females in 40 patients. The positive rate of mNGS was higher than that of tissue culture (75.0%(30/40) vs 12.5%(5/40)), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=0.08, P<0.001). Based on clinical diagnostic criteria, the sensitivity of mNGS in the diagnosis of spinal infection was higher than that of tissue culture (82.1% vs 17.9%), with a statistically significant difference ( χ2=0.02, P<0.001), while the specificity compared to the tissue culture (33.3% vs 100.0%), the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Conclusions:mNGS has a high pathogen detection rate and sensitivity in the etiological diagnosis of patients with spinal infection, which could provide clinical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with spinal infection.

Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the detection of pathogenic bacteria in brain abscesses / 中国综合临床

Objective:To analyze the application value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the detection of pathogenic bacteria in brain abscesses.Methods:The data of patients with brain abscess in Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent stereotaxic abscess puncture and drainage. According to the different methods of pathogen detection, they were divided into bacterial culture group (bacterial culture only) and mNGS group (bacterial culture with mNGS). The clinical symptoms, abscess site, bacterial culture and mNGS results, antibiotic application protocol and prognosis of the patients were analyzed. The bacterial detection results of the two groups were analyzed, and the antibiotic application and prognosis were compared. χ 2 test, exact probability method and Mann Whitney test were used to compare the difference between the two groups. Results:A total of 43 patients with brain abscess were enrolled, including 21 cases in bacterial culture group and 22 cases in mNGS group. The positive rate of bacteria culture group was 42.9% (9/21), the positive rate of bacteria culture group was 45.5% (10/22), and the positive rate of mNGS detection was 100% (22/22). Only 3 cases in the bacterial culture group could have a clear bacterial source, while 17 cases in the mNGS group could have a clear bacterial source according to the bacterial results, showing a significant statistical difference between the two groups (χ 2=19.69, P<0.001). The return time of bacterial culture was 7.0 (4.0,7.0) days, and the average return time of mNGS was 1.5 (1.5,1.5) days, the difference of bacterial return time between the two groups was statistically significant ( Z=0.00, P<0.001). The cost of antibiotic use in bacterial culture group was 24.00 (5.60,31.00) thousands yuan, and the cost of antibiotic use in mNGS group was 12.00 (2.10, 20.00) thousands yuan, and there was significant statistical difference between them ( Z=5.22, P=0.026). Conclusions:MNGS can quickly and accurately identify the types and sources of brain abscess pathogens, guide the clinical application of antibiotics more targeted, reduce the cost of antibiotic use, and is an effective method for the detection of brain abscess pathogenic bacteria.

Investigation and analysis of plague epidemic Yersinia infection in Marmota himalayana, Yugur Autonomous County of Sunan, Gansu Province / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To study the epidemic situation of Marmota himalayana plague and Yersinias infection in Yugur Autonomous County of Sunan (Sunan County) of Gansu Province, and to provide new ideas for prevention and control of plague. Methods:From 2014 to 2018, liver and spleen, cecum, throat swabs and blood samples of Marmota himalayana were collected on the spot in Sunan County, where Yersinia strains were isolated and identified, and plague F1 antigen and antibody were detected. Results:A total of 634 liver and spleen samples, 427 cecum samples and 426 throat swabs samples were collected from Marmota himalayana, and 23 strains of Yersinia pestis, 2 strains of Yersinia marcescens, and 1 strain of Yersinia flexneri were detected, with the detection rates of 3.63% (23/634), 0.47% (2/427) and 0.23% (1/426), respectively. The detection rate of Yersinia pestis in different years was statistically significantly different (χ 2 = 13.19, P = 0.010). A total of 1 822 serum samples of Marmota himalayana were detected, and 5 F1 antibody positive samples were detected, with a positive rate of 0.27%, the difference of positive rate between different years was statistically significant (χ 2 = 25.22, P < 0.001); 282 liver and spleen tissue homogenates of Marmota himalayana were detected, 22 F1 antigen positive samples were detected, the positive rate was 7.80%, and there was no statistically significant difference between different years (χ 2 = 7.85, P = 0.097). The 23 strains of Yersinia pestis detected were distributed in Mati Tibetan Township (12 strains), Dahe Township (6 strains) and Qifeng Tibetan Township (5 strains); 1 strain of Yersinia flexneri and 2 strains of Yersinia marcescens were both located in Dahe Township. Conclusion:There is an epidemic of plague among animals in Sunan County from 2014 to 2018, and the areas where Yersinia pestis and non pathogenic Yersinia are detected overlapped.

New understandings of the pathogenesis of primary angle-closure glaucoma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is still one of the common blinding eye diseases in China.Because of the irreversibility of the vision loss it caused, the factors affecting the early development of glaucoma are of great concern.The understanding of static anatomic structure of high-risk anterior segment, such as shallow anterior chamber, short axial length, thick iris and large anterior lens cannot fully explain the transformation process of PACG, so the specific role of dynamic changes in the development of glaucoma should be further considered.This article expounded the differences in iris volume and dynamic process of elasticity between normal people and patients with PACG, the incoordination between lens and intraocular structure during eyeball development, the dynamic block and expansion of ciliary body, vitreous and choroid, and the latest research on the relationship between the abnormal ocular nerve and vascular system adjustment and change with the onset of PACG, in order to provide guidance for understanding the pathogenesis of PACG, accurate clinical diagnosis and formulation of treatment strategies.

Research progress of ADPRHL2 gene related stress-induced childhood-onset neurodegeneration with variable ataxia and seizures / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Stress-induced childhood-onset neurodegeneration with variable ataxia and seizures caused by ADPRHL2 gene mutation is a recently diagnosed hereditary neurodegenerative disease, featured by a small number of reported cases, early age of onset, and high mortality.Therefore, to attract the attention of clinicians, the research progress of ADPRHL2 gene, its protein structure and function, as well as the hereditary mode, pathogenic mechanism, clinical features, and treatment prognosis of stress-induced childhood-onset neurodegeneration with variable ataxia and seizures were reviewed in this paper.

Thoughts of syndrome differentiation and treatment of precancerous lesions of chronic atrophic gastritis based on the theory on hidden pathogen / 国际中医中药杂志

Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) is a pathological change accompanied by intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia on the basis of chronic atrophic gastritis. It is also an important stage of "inflammation-cancer transformation" on gastric mucosa. Paying attention to the intervention of PLGC has important value and significance for the secondary prevention of gastric cancer. PLGC has the characteristics of occult onset, toxin damaging collaterals, and long course of disease, which is highly consistent to the pathogenesis characteristics of incubative pathogenic factors. Based on the relevance of incubative pathogenic factors and PLGC, treatment of PLGC from the perspective of incubative pathogenic factors should be mainly strengthening the spleen and stomach, and combined with the methods of regulating qi and dissipating dampness, and removing blood stasis and detoxification. It should also pay attention to the prognosis.Paying attention to the body-mind treatment can reduce the re-occurrence , so as to provide a new way of thinking for treating PLGC from incubative pathogenic factors.

Status and Prospect of Management Policy and System for High-level Pathogenic Microorganism Laboratories in China / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

High-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories are strategic scientific and technological forces of national biosafety， so it is significant to improve the policy and system management and strengthen the safety supervision. This paper reviewed the current status of management policy and system of high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories， summarized the problems and challenges in terms of safety laws and regulations， supervision mechanism， hierarchical and classified management， standards and norms， legal person responsibility system， occupational access system and personnel training system. This paper also proposed targeted policy suggestions that might underlie the biosafety management of high-level pathogenic microorganism laboratories in China.