Anti-inflammatory Assessment of Methanol Extract of Acalypha ciliata Leaves and It’s Leucocyte Mobilization in Adult Wistar Rats

Aim: The study's objective was to examine the anti-inflammatory activity and leucocyte mobilization of a methanol extract of leaves from Acalypha ciliata in adult Wistar rats. Study Design: Egg albumin-induced edema was used for anti-inflammatory test and leucocyte mobilization test was carried out to check for total leucocyte cout and differentials. Place and Duration of the Study: This original study was conducted between January and June 2013 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Methology: The pulverized leaf of Acalypha ciliata was extracted using cold maceration, and the Treas and Evans technique of phytochemical screening was used. The anti-inflammatory study was conducted using the method of Winter et al., and the acute toxicity study was assessed using Lorke's method. ANOVA was used to statistically examine the collected data. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, soluble carbohydrates, phenols, glycosides, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Flavonoids, Alkaloids, and Soluble carbohydrates appeared in abundant concentration (2199.76±10.81, 2141.6±7.583, 913±21.06). Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. Anti-inflammatory study revealed that group treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract significantly (P =0.05) and in a dose dependant manner decreased in TLC when compared with normal control. Moreover, the group treated with 100,200,400 mg/kg b.w of extract and reference drug(Indometacin) mobilized the leucocyte at the rate of 36, 22, 12 and 62 % respectively. A significant (P = 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 5 hours when compared to the toxic group. Conclusion: As a result of this study's findings, it can be concluded that methanol extract of the Acalypha ciliata leaf has anti-inflammatory characteristics. High dosages of the extract resulted in a better decrease of oedema and an increase in leukocyte mobilization in response to agar suspension than low doses. Many anti-inflammatory herbs and substances alter inflammatory reactions by hastening the breakdown of or reversing the effect of the inflammatory mediators. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory compounds.

Radio-histopathological evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of apigenin in Freund’s induced arthritis in Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Arthritis is a leading cause of physical disability and impaired quality of life. At present, symptomatic treatment is available for arthritis. According to literature, apigenin possess anti-inflammatory activity. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to screen the anti-inflammatory activity of Apigenin in freund’s induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: A total 30 rats were selected and divided into five groups each of six animals. Group – I (Normal saline), Group – II (Freund’s adjuvant (0.1 ml of 0.5%), Group – III (Dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg), Group – IV (Apigenin 50 mg/kg), and Group – V (Apigenin 100 mg/kg) doses were administered to their respective groups for 28 days. X-ray was taken on 28th day and animals were sacrificed and affected paw used for histopathological examination. Results: Group – II rats showed inflammation, thickness, fibro, and fatty changes in joint compared to Group – I X-ray and histopathological examination. Groups – III and V rats showed reduction inflammation, thickness, and fatty changes compared to Group – II. Group – IV showed lesser effect compared Group – V. Conclusion: Apigenin administration significantly prevent the Freund’s induced radiological and histopathological changes in rats.

Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Vanilla planifolia seeds in Wistar rats

Background: Inflammation is a protective response of the body to the harmful stimuli. Inflammation can be either acute or chronic, always associated pain, redness and loss of function. Vanilla planifolia (VP) is the aromatic plant, as per literature, it has anti-inflammatory activity, which has not been tested as per modern medicinal parameters. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used for the treatment but have many adverse effects such as gastritis, hepatitis etc. Therefore, there is always a search for new safe drug. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of VP seeds in acute and chronic animal model of inflammation. Materials and Methods: Rats weighing 150–200 g of either sex were included in the study. Acute Anti-inflammatory activity tested with carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic with cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. Animals were divided into five groups – Gr-I Control, Gr-II Vehicle control, Gr-III Diclofenac sodium, Gr-IV (VPLD), Gr-V (VPHD). Drug treatment was given 1 h before carrageenan injection. Paw volume measured at different time interval with plethysmometer. In chronic model, drug treatment was given for 7 days after pellet implantation. On 8th day, pellets removed and dried in oven. Weight of wet and dry pellets from all the groups compared with vehicle control. Data obtained was analyzed with Graph pad prism 6. Results: Reduction in paw volume started in all drug treated groups after 1 h of treatment. Paw volume was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in group III, IV & V in 5 h. reached to near normal. In chronic model, VPLD showed decrease in wet pellet (P < 0.01) and dry pellet weight (P < 0.05) significantly. VPHD was more effective in reducing wet pellet (P < 0.001) and dry Pellet weight (P < 0.01). Similar results were seen on the left side. Conclusion: VP seed extract showed promising anti-inflammatory effect in both models of inflammation.

Importance of sequential herbicide application in the control of Elephantopus mollis / A importância da aplicação sequencial no controle de Elephantopus mollis

RESUMO: Popularmente conhecida como pata de elefante ou sussuaiá, Elephantopus mollis, é uma espécie que recentemente surgiu como uma planta daninha em lavouras de cultivos de grãos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade diferencial de biótipos de E. mollis oriundos de áreas agrícolas e não agrícolas e determinar as melhores combinações de herbicidas aplicados em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento para o controle desta espécie. Foram realizados três experimentos. No experimento de sensibilidade diferencial foram utilizados dez herbicidas em dois biótipos em duas fases de desenvolvimento. O experimento de dose resposta foi conduzido com oito doses de sete herbicidas. O experimento a campo foi realizado em uma área que apresenta problemas com a planta daninha para validar os resultados dos experimentos anteriores. O biótipo oriundo de área agrícola apresentou menor sensibilidade aos herbicidas quando comparado ao biótipo oriundo de área não agrícola. Os herbicidas de contato inicialmente apresentam controle superior, mas logo a planta apresenta rebrote em função de gemas presentes no colo da planta. A aplicação isolada de 2,4-D com doses entre 1005 e 1675 g e.a ha-1 possui controle de 25%. Quando o 2,4-D é seguido da aplicação de paraquat (400 g i.a ha-1) o controle passa a ser entre 51 e 68%. O melhor tratamento para o controle de plantas desenvolvidas é a mistura de 2,4-D + glyphosate (1340 + 1080 g e.a ha-1) com aplicação sequencial de paraquat.

ABSTRACT: Elephantopus mollis, popularly known as elephant paw or sussuaiá, is a species that has recently emerged as a weed affecting grain crops. This study aimed to evaluate the differential sensitivity of biotypes of E. mollis obtained from agricultural and nonagricultural areas and to determine the best combinations of herbicides applied at different stages of development for controlling this species. Three experiments were conducted. In the differential sensitivity experiment, 10 herbicides were used in 2 biotypes in 2 stages of development. The dose-response experiment was conducted using 8 doses of 7 herbicides. The field experiment was conducted in an area with weed issues to validate the results of previous experiments. The biotype from the agricultural area showed lower sensitivity to herbicides than the biotype from the nonagricultural area. The contact herbicides initially presented better control; however, the weed shortly showed re-growth due to the presence of buds in the plant crown. Isolated application of 2.4-D amine at doses between 1005 and 1675 g a.e. ha−1 demonstrated 25% control. When 2,4-D amine was followed by paraquat application (400 g a.i. ha−1), the control observed was between 51% and 68%. The best treatment for the control of completely developed weeds is 2,4-D amine + glyphosate mixture (1340 + 1080 g a.e. ha−1), followed by sequential paraquat application.

Phytochemical Profiling, Free-Radical Scavenging And Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Meliosma Simplicifolia (L.)

Objective: In the current research, to determine the stem extract of Meliosma simplicifolia (L.) for total phenol, tannin, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory and identify the phytoconstituents utilizing GC-MS and FT-IR. Methods: The ability of the plant extract to act as hydrogen/electrons donor or scavenger of radicals was determined by in vitro antioxidant assays using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging, reducing power assay, superoxide radical (O2•) scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema models using Wistar albino rats. The GC-MS and FT-IR analysis of the methanolic stem extract of M. simplicifolia was revealed the presence of phytochemicals. Results: Quantitative studies of estimated phenol, flavonoid and tannin, as for the methanol extract of stem showed the highest content of phenolic compounds (39.83±3.62GAE mg/100). Antioxidant activities were concluded the estimation M. simplicifolia stem for as followed the studies. In stem the methanol extract showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (124.3µg/ml). The anti-inflammatory activity has shown in high doses of methanolic extract 250 mg/kg of significant value (p<0.05) inhibition of paw edema, on 6th hour, respectively. The FT-IR analysis has confirmed their characteristic peak values and functional groups. Conclusion: M. simplicifolia has an effective of anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a potential source for the development of new treatments.

Mucus from different fish species alleviates carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw edema in rats

Objective: To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of mucus obtained from different fish species on the carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Methods: Forty-two rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Acute paw edema was induced by 0.1 mL of 1％ carrageenan, and a single dose of diclofenac and lyophilized mucus (25 mg/kg) of rainbow trout, brook trout, European sea bass, and gilthead sea bream were administered to rats through gastric gavage 1 h before carrageenan treatment. Rat paws were measured before and 1-4 h after carrageenan treatment. The mRNA expressions of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β), antioxidant markers (catalase and superoxide dismutase), and COX-2 were investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The inhibition percentage of carrageenan-induced paw edema by different fish mucus ranged from 52.46％ to 74.86％ at 4 h. Histopathological evaluation showed that all fish mucus diminished carrageenan-induced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. The upregulation of IL-1β mRNA induced by carrageenan was decreased by the mucus of rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream while an increase in the expression of IL-6 mRNA was reduced by the mucus of rainbow trout, brook trout, and gilthead sea bream. In addition, the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase was higher in the rainbow trout mucus group than the carrageenan group. Conclusions: Mucus obtained from different fish species may have anti-inflammatory effects.

Study on anti-inflammation mechanism of Radix et Rhizome Sophorae Tonkinensisin rat based on profile of pharmacokinetic parameters / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the anti-inflammation effect of Radix et Rhizome Sophorae Tonkinensis (short for " RRST") in rat paw edema induced by carrageenan based on pharmacokinetic parameters and its mechanism. Methods Male SD rats were divided into four groups: control group, hydrocortisone group(40 mg · kg-1), water extract powder of RRST high-dose group (0. 6 g · kg-1) and low-dose group (0.3 g · kg-1) (short for "RRST-H" and "RRST-L"). The rat paw volume was measured before and 0. 5, 1,2 and 3 h after model establishment, and the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the inflammatory tissues were tested after the last measurement of paw volume, and plasma was collected from the posterior orbital venous plexus to explore the profile pharmacokinetic parameters of matrine and oxymatrine. Results Compared with control group, the swelling rate significantly decreased in hydrocortisone group after model establishment (P < 0. 01), and the swelling rate significantly decreased as the same points as hydrocortisone group in RRST-treated group (P <0. 05). There was dose-dependent relationship of RRST total exposure in plasma, which proportionally increased with the dose increasing. The AUC value of matrine was about twice that of the lowdose group, which was consistent with the strongest anti-inflammation point. The content of inflammatory factors in the inflammatory tissues were markedly downregulated in RRST-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner(P < 0. 01). Conclusions RRST shows antiinflammation effect in a dose-dependent manner, which is positively related to the total exposure of matrine in plasma, and the anti-inflammatory mechanism is related to the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory factors.

Mucus from different fish species alleviates carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw edema in rats

Objective: To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of mucus obtained from different fish species on the carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Methods: Forty-two rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Acute paw edema was induced by 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan, and a single dose of diclofenac and lyophilized mucus (25 mg/kg) of rainbow trout, brook trout, European sea bass, and gilthead sea bream were administered to rats through gastric gavage 1 h before carrageenan treatment. Rat paws were measured before and 1-4 h after carrageenan treatment. The mRNA expressions of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β), antioxidant markers (catalase and superoxide dismutase), and COX-2 were investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The inhibition percentage of carrageenan-induced paw edema by different fish mucus ranged from 52.46% to 74.86% at 4 h. Histopathological evaluation showed that all fish mucus diminished carrageenan-induced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. The upregulation of IL-1β mRNA induced by carrageenan was decreased by the mucus of rainbow trout and gilthead sea bream while an increase in the expression of IL-6 mRNA was reduced by the mucus of rainbow trout, brook trout, and gilthead sea bream. In addition, the mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase was higher in the rainbow trout mucus group than the carrageenan group. Conclusions: Mucus obtained from different fish species may have anti-inflammatory effects.

In vivo methods for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antinoceptive potential / Métodos in vivo para avaliação do potencial anti-inflamatório e antinociceptivo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The constant search for bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities are of interest to research centers. For the characterization of these activities, trials on guinea pigs are necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate some methods to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of natural products. CONTENTS: A stimulus is required to evaluate these activities, and the induction of inflammatory or nociceptive process can be by chemical inducers like formaldehyde, carrageenan, among others, or electronic equipment such as the hot plate. For all assays, the baseline and post-dose measurement of the studied compound is always compared with a control group. The planning of the experiment, as well as its conduct in accordance with well-established protocols, are important tools in the success of the work. The tests presented evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity as well as the mechanisms involved. CONCLUSION: It was possible to evaluate that the tests present in the literature today meet the researcher's need for the elucidation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of new compounds.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A busca constante por compostos bioativos com atividade anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva são de interesse dos centros de pesquisas. Para a caracterização dessas atividades são necessários ensaios em cobaias. Frente a isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar alguns métodos para a avaliação do potencial anti-inflamatório e antinociceptivo de produtos naturais. CONTEÚDO: Para a avaliação dessas atividades é necessário um estímulo, sendo que a indução de processo inflamatório ou nociceptivo pode ser por indutores químicos como formol, carragenina, entre outros, ou ainda, equipamentos eletrônicos como placa quente. Para todos os ensaios, sempre é realizada a mensuração basal e posterior à administração do composto que está sendo estudado em comparação com um grupo controle. O planejamento do experimento, assim como toda a condução conforme protocolos já bem ilustrados, são ferramentas importantes no êxito do trabalho. Os testes apresentados avaliaram atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória assim como mecanismos envolvidos. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível avaliar que os testes presentes na literatura hoje, atendem a necessidade do pesquisador na elucidação da atividade anti-inflamatória e atividade antinociceptiva de novos compostos.

Caracterização macroscópica e microscópica da pododermatite em relação à classificação industrial de pés de frango para consumo humano / Pododermatitis macroscopic and microscopic characterization related to industrial classification of chicken feet for human consumption

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e classificar a pododermatite em frangos de corte, comparando as lesões microscópicas com os aspectos macroscópicos utilizados pela inspeção sanitária. Foi realizada coleta de pés de frangos de corte, em matadouro de aves sob inspeção sanitária, após classificação utilizada nos padrões para exportação. Foram coletados 30 pés tipo A, 30 pés tipo B e 33 pés tipo C, escolhidos aleatoriamente dentro de cada grupo. Para análise histopatológica, foram desenvolvidos escores de acordo com a gravidade das lesões, variando de 0 a 2. Foi observada associação (qui-quadrado, P<0,05) entre a classificação macroscópica (A, B e C) e as alterações histológicas (0, 1 e 2). A classificação A diferiu significativamente (ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer, P<0,05) das classificações B e C quanto aos escores histopatológicos observados. Não houve diferença no comprometimento dos pés pelas lesões que justificassem a separação entre os pés classificados em B e C, uma vez que ambos apresentaram delimitação linear das lesões, sugerindo superficialidade e restrição ao epitélio queratinizado. Portanto, sugere-se o aproveitamento dos pés para consumo humano após remoção mecânica do "calo de pé", uma vez que este produto não oferece riscos ao consumidor.(AU)

The aim of this study was to identify and classify pododermatitis in broilers, comparing the microscopic lesions with the macroscopic aspects used by the Sanitary Inspection. Broiler chicken feet were collected at a Poultry slaughterhouse under Sanitary Inspection, after classification according to the exportation standards. The chicken feet were randomly selected in each group, 30 feet type A, 30 feet type B and 33 feet type C. For the histopathological analysis, scores were developed according to the severity of the lesions, varying from 0 to 2. There was association (Chi-square, P< 0.05) between the macroscopic classification (A, B and C) and histological changes (0, 1 and 2). The A classification differed significantly (ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer, P< 0.05) from the B and C classifications regarding the histopathological scores observed. There was no difference in feet lesions that justified the separation between the feet classified in B and C, since both presented a linear delimitation of the lesions, suggesting superficiality and restriction to the keratinized epithelium. Therefore, the use of the feet for human consumption after mechanical removal of the footpad lesions is suggested since the product does not pose risks to the consumer.(AU)

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Gmelina arborea in experimental acute and sub-acute inflammatory models in wistar rats

Background: Inflammation is a complex reaction to various injurious agents such as infections, trauma, foreign bodies, tissue necrosis, physical and chemical agents, that consists of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocytes and systemic reactions. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are currently the most commonly prescribed drugs for treating pain and inflammation. The traditional NSAIDs usually cause various adverse effects on long term use. Gmelina arborea Linn (Gambhari) belongs to family Verbenaceae. The roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and bark are used for treating different ailments as anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-pyretic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, diuretic and other common disorders.Methods: The study was carried out by using inflammatory models in wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of G. arborea was compared with standard drug aspirin. The study parameters for acute inflammation was assessment of reduction in inflammation & the percentage inhibition of the paw edema. The parameter for the sub-acute inflammation was percentage inhibition of the dry granuloma weight.Results: The low and high dose of G. arborea root extract significantly showed the anti-inflammatory activity when compared to control group. The high dose of G. arborea extract showed comparable results in parameters like reducing inflammation, percentage inhibition of paw edema and dry granuloma weight in acute carrageenan paw edema and sub-acute inflammation cotton pellet granuloma models with standard aspirin treated group.Conclusions: Since G. arborea root extract was having all the qualities required for anti-inflammatory drug. However, no clear inference can be drawn at this stage and hence we consider the work for further extensive research.

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extract from Arenga pinnata in Mice/Rats / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract from Arenga pinnata in mice/rats after intragastric administration. METHODS： The mice were randomly divided into A. pinnata ethanol extract group  and solvent control group （distilled water）， with 20 mice in each group. Maximal dosage method was used to observe the acute toxicity of ethanol extract from A. pinnata with intragastric administration. The mice were randomly divided into A. pinnata ethanol extract high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups [6.5， 3.25， 1.625 g/kg （by ethanol extract， similarly here in after）， i.g.]， positive control group （0.005 g/kg morphine， i.p.） and blank control group （distilled water， i.g.）. The analgesic effect was evaluated by hot plate method， and the licking latency was compared 30， 60 and 90 minutes after administration. The mice were randomly divided into A. pinnata ethanol extract high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups （6.5， 3.25， 1.625 g/kg， i.g.）， positive control group （loxoprofen sodium 0.023 g/kg， i.g.） and model control group （distilled water， i.g.）. The analgesic effect was evaluated by acetic acid writhing method. The writhing times within 20 minutes were compared and the writhing inhibition rate was calculated. The mice were randomly divided into A. pinnata ethanol extract high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups （6.5， 3.25， 1.625 g/kg， i.g.）， positive control group （morphine 0.005 g/kg， i.p.）， model control group （distilled water， i.g.）. The analgesic effect was evaluated by formalin-induced pain method. The total licking time was compared between 0-5 min and 10-40 min after formalin administration； the inhibition rate of licking was calculated. The mice were grouped according to acetic acid writhing test. The mice were given relevant medicine once a day for consecutive 3 days. The mice were given xylene to induce inflammation model， and the degree of ear swelling was compared. Rats were randomly divided into A. pinnata ethanol extract high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups （4.5， 2.25， 1.125 g/kg， i.g.）， positive control group （losoprofen sodium 0.016 g/kg， i.g.）， model control group （distilled water， i.g.） and blank control group （distilled water， i.g.）， once a day， for consecutive 3 days. The rats were given Freund’s complete adjuvant to induce inflammation model and then given relevant medicine for consecutive 7 d. The degree of paw swelling was compared before inflammation and within 7 days after inflammation. The number of mice/rats in each group was 8 to 14 in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory tests. RESULTS： Compared with solvent control group， the body weight of mice had no significant increase in A. pinnata ethanol extract group； no drug-induced toxicity was found. Compared with blank control group， licking latency in mice was significantly prolonged in A. pinnata ethanol extract high-dose group 30 and 60 minutes after medication （P＜0.01）. Compared with model control group， the times of writhing， total licking time and the degree of ear swelling of mice were decreased significantly in A. pinnata ethanol extract high-dose， medium-dose and low-dose groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model control group， the degree of paw swelling began decrease significantly in A. pinnata ethanol extract high-dose group 4 h after inducing inflammation， and the effect lacted until the 7th day （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： A. pinnata ethanol extract has no significant acute oral toxicity， and possesses significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Comparative evaluation of various analgesic drugs in Wistar rats used as a teaching tool to teach animal experiments to post graduate MD Pharmacology students

Background: Postgraduates when join Pharmacology department, they don’t have much idea about guidelines and methods to do animal experiments. This study was designed to sensitize postgraduate students to animal experiments by evaluating the anti-inflammatory effects and the efficacy of diclofenac, tramadol and etoricoxib in reducing paw edema in wistar rats.Methods: The wistar rats of 225-250gram were divided into four groups (n=10 each). In all the groups the paw edema on right paw was created using 0.1ml of 1% formalin subcutaneously. Group 1 rats (control), group 2 were given diclofenac, group 3 were given tramadol and group 4 were given etoricoxib orally. The parameters assessed were water displacement in plethysmography after 2, 4, 24, 48 hours of giving the drug. The circumference of edematous paws after 4 hours, licking of paw was observed over 30minutes of giving the drug and was compared. Pre and post study feedback were obtained from the students by using a preformed questionnaire to assess the knowledge gained by the students.Results: The test showed that all the drugs were effective in reducing inflammation, circumference of edema and the licking duration significantly (p<0.05). The post study answering of questions by postgraduate was 100% in comparison to pre-study answering which was 33%.Conclusions: A short animal study conducted as a teaching tool to postgraduate students was able to teach the guidelines of animal experiments and handling of animals effectively.

Anti inflammatory effect of rhizome of Curcuma longa. Linn, in Albino rats by the method of Carrageenin induced paw oedema

Background: Curcuma longa or turmeric is a popular Ayurvedic herb, traditionally used for various inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis and spondylitis. Turmeric which containing phytochemical ingredient curcumin is used in India for centuries as a topical anti inflammatory agent. Many of the currently used anti inflammatory agents like NSAID’s and glucocorticoids have many undesirable adverse effects, especially when they are used for long period. In the present study, Curcuma longa, a plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family was chosen for investigating its anti-inflammatory effects.Methods: The rhizomes of Curcuma longa were collected locally. The extract was prepared by soxlet extraction with 50% ethanol. Albino rats of Wistar strain (170-250grams) obtained from the animal house of medical college Thiruvananthapuram were used. Aspirin was purchased from sigma Labs, Mumbai. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was done in rats by the method of Carrageenin induced paw oedema.Results: The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa inhibited the development of oedema at the end of 3 hours. The anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by the extract was dose dependent and statistically significant at dose levels of 1000-mg/kg and comparable to that of standard drug used Aspirin.Conclusions: The present study with extract of Curcuma longa revealed that it has significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Anti-inflammatory activity and chemical analysis of extracts from Trifolium riograndense

Abstract Aiming to investigate new therapeutic agents with fewer side effects, the number of studies about natural products has increased. Phenolic compounds comprise a well-studied class of abundant plant-derived compounds, whose anti-inflammatory activity has been described. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds that occur mainly in the Leguminosae family, and can be found in many species, such as Trifolium riograndense Burkart, Leguminosae (clover). In this study an HPLC method was used to determine and quantify four isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A) in hydrolyzed leaf, flower, stolon, and root extracts of T. riograndense. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using the rat paw edema method and in vitro chemotaxis model with a dry extract from the leaves, which had the highest amount of isoflavones. The major isoflavone found in all parts of the plant was formononetin. The chemotaxis assay revealed that the different concentrations (0.2-50 µg/ml) of the dry extract significantly inhibited neutrophil migration in a concentration-dependent manner (more than 90%). In the rat paw edema test, oral administration of clover extract 100 mg/kg was able to significantly inhibit the edema formation induced by carrageenan. In conclusion, chemical analyses showed that Trifolium riograndense is a plant rich in isoflavones and a new interesting option as isoflavone source. The results of the biological tests taken together show that the extract of T. riograndense has anti-inflammatory effect in rodents.

Perineural dexmedetomidine effects on sciatic nerve in rat / Efeitos de dexmedetomidina perineural no nervo ciático em ratos

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that high dose dexmedetomidine would increase the duration of antinociception to a thermal stimulus in a rat model of sciatic nerve blockade without causing nerve damage. The rats were anesthetized with isoflurane. After electromyography (EMG) recordings, right sciatic nerves were explored and perineural injections were delivered: Group D (n = 7), 40 µg µg kg-1 dexmedetomidine administration, Group II (n = 6), (0.2 mL) saline administration, Group III (n = 2), only surgically exploration of the right sciatic nevre. Time to paw withdrawal latency (PAW) to a thermal stimulus for both paws and an assessment of motor function were measured every 30 min after the nerve block until a return to baseline. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of right and left sciatic nerves were recorded 10 times per each nerve once more after perineural injections at 14 day. After EMG recordings, right and the part of left sciatic nerve were excised at a length of at minimum 15 mm for histopathological examination. Comparison of right/left CMAP amplitude ratios before and 14 days after the procedure showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000). There were no differences in perineural inflammation between the Group D, Group S, and Group E at 14 days.

Resumo O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para testar a hipótese de que dexmedetomidina em dose alta aumentaria a duração da antinocicepção a um estímulo térmico em modelo de rato de bloqueio do nervo ciático sem causar danos ao nervo. Os ratos foram anestesiados com isoflurano. Após os registros da eletromiografia (EMG), os nervos ciáticos direitos foram explorados e injeções perineurais foram administradas: Grupo D (n = 7) recebeu 40 µg/kg-1 de dexmedetomidina, Grupo II (n = 6) recebeu 0,2 mL de solução salina, Grupo III (n = 2) recebeu apenas exploração cirúrgica do nervo ciático direito. O tempo de latência de retirada da pata (LRP) a um estímulo térmico para ambas as patas e uma avaliação da função motora foram avaliados a cada 30 minutos após o bloqueio do nervo até o retorno à fase basal. O potencial de ação muscular composto (PAMC) dos nervos ciático direito e esquerdo foi registrado 10 vezes para cada nervo, mais uma vez, após as injeções perineurais no 14º dia. Após os registros da EMG, o nervo ciático direito e parte do esquerdo foram excisados com um comprimento de no mínimo 15 mm para exame histopatológico. A comparação das proporções da amplitude do PAMC direito/esquerdo antes e 14 dias após o procedimento mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,000). Não houve diferenças em inflamação perineural entre os grupos D, S e E aos 14 dias.

Effects of skin/muscle incision and retraction on spatial learning and memory in immature rats after adult-hood / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of skin/muscle incision and retraction(SMIR)on mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and the ability of spatial learning and memory in immature rats after adulthood. Methods 27 male SD rats aged 3 weeks and weighing 60 ~ 80 g were randomly divided into 3 groups(n = 9):control group(group C),sham operation group(group Sham)and skin/muscle incision and retraction group (group SMIR). Group SMIR received operation for skin/muscle incision and retraction. Sham group received skin/muscle incision but no retraction.No surgery was operated on C group. Pain behavior was assessed by mechanical paw withdrawal threshold(MWT)to von Frey filament stimulation before and 1,3,7,12,22 and 32 days after operation.The effects of spatial learning and memory function were assessed by Morris water-maze test at 33 days after operation. Results Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold of group SMIR decreased 1 day after operation (P<0.05)and showed no significant difference before and 3,7,12,22,32 days after operation in 3 groups(P >0.05). In Morris water-maze test,compared with Sham and C group,the average escape latency in SMIR was sig-nificantly longer in the water maze navigation experiment(P < 0.01);the ratios of time and path in the quadrant of the platform were obviously lower in SMIR(P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference between sham and C group(P>0.05).Conclusion SMIR did not cause chronic pain but may cause a decrease in the ability of spatial learning and memory in immature rats.

Expression of GDF10 in spinal cord in a rat model of neuropathic pain / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To observe the expression change of growth and differentiation factor 10 ( GDF10 ) in the spinal cord of the rats with neuropathic pain .METHODS:Male SD rats (n=60) were used.The neuropathic pain was induced by ligation of left L 5 spinal nerves of the animals .The paw withdrawal threshold was detected 1 d before surgery , and 0 d, 1 d, 3 d, 10 d and 21 d after surgery.The changes of GDF10 in the dorsal horn of L5 spinal cord were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot .RESULTS:The paw withdrawal threshold of the rats with spinal nerve ligation was decreased from 1 d after surgery until 3 d with obvious difference compared with the na ve rats ( P<0.05 ) , continuously decreased until 10 d, and then stabilized at 21 d.The GDF10 was located in the cytoplasm of the neurons in the dorsal horn of L5 spinal cord detected by immunofluorescence staining .The expression of GDF10 in L5 dorsal horn de-tected by immunofluorescence staining was reduced after surgery , significantly decreased from 10 d ( P<0.05) until more than 21 d after surgery in spinal nerve ligation group compared with na ve group.GDF10 in L5 spinal cord detected at 10 d after surgery by Western blot was significantly down-regulated in spinal nerve ligation group compared with na ve group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Spinal nerve ligation induces the decrease in GDF 10 expression in spinal dorsal horn .The down-regulation of GDF10 may contribute to the regulation of hyperpathia caused by mechanical stimulation after the injury of spinal nerve .

An experimental research on the analgesic effect and underlying mechanism of BTX-A for rat knee osteoarthritis / 中国康复医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the analgesic effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in osteoarthritis model and the changes of Nav1.8 protein expression in spinal ganglia changes.Method:Animal model of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) was established by intra-articular injection of 4％ papain solution 0.3ml into SD rat right knee.After the formation of arthritis,they were randomly divided into two groups at the 2nd day:BTX-A group (n=10):intra-articular injection of 5μl BTX-A 0.1IU;WFI group (n=10):intra-articular injection of 5μl water.No papain or BXT-A was given to the sham group (n=10).At the 1st,3rd,5th day after injection,we tested the pain behavior,thermal pain threshold,and sodium channel 1.8 (Nav1.8) protein expression in spinal ganglion by using immunohistochemistry.Result:Analysis of spontaneous pain behavior showed abnormal gait caused by rat osteoarthritis.Comparing with the WFI group,abnormal gait caused by osteoarthritis improved significantly in BTX-A group.At day 5 it improved more significantly than day 1 and day 3.Thermal pain threshold of BTX-A group increased more than that of WFI group (P＜0.05) at any time point.Abnormal high Nav1.8 protein in model rats decreased in spinal ganglia for BTX-A group.Conclusion:The intra-articular injection of BTX-A may play the analgesic effect in the model of KOA by down-regulating of the expression of Nav1.8 protein in spinal ganglia and reduction in the central sensitization to pain stimulation.

Estudo comparativo da ação anti-inflamatória do óleo-resina da Copaifera reticulata em modelos farmacológicos experimentais em camundongos / Comparative study of oleoresin of copaiba species Copaifera reticulata as antiinflammatory in experimental models in mice

Na Região Amazônica o uso do óleo das árvores copaibeiras é tão extenso, que a copaíba se destaca como a planta medicinal mais utilizada e conhecida pela população amazônica. Existem diversas indicações para a utilização do óleo-resina de copaíba com pouco respaldo científico. Avaliar a ação do óleo-resina de copaíba da espécie Copaifera reticulata como antiinflamatório em modelos experimentais de reação inflamatória aguda foi o objetivo desta pesquisa. Para isso, foram utilizados 4 grupos de 7 camundongos da linhagem Swiss Webster, que receberam tratamento veiculado com o ultrassom, e o óleo-resina extraído de árvore da espécie Copaífera reticulata. O modelo de inflamação aguda bolsa de ar (air pouch) induzida por carragenina foi utilizado para avaliar o efeito anti-inflamatório do óleo-resina de copaíba (in natura). As análises ocorreram no exsudato que foi avaliado quanto ao conteúdo total de proteínas, número total de leucócitos e análise celular. Para análise estatística foi eleito o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com nível de significância alfa = 0,05. As células totais e as mononucleares não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si nem em relação ao grupo copaíba. A comparação do nível de proteínas apresentou diferença significativa (p-valor < 0,01) entre o grupo controle (0,2608 ± 0,1557) e o grupo tratado por carragenina (0,597 ± 0,152). Foi observada diferença real (1,4 neutrófilos) entre os grupos carragenina (2,0079 ± 1,5231) e o grupo copaíba (0,6063 ± 0,32). Conclui-se que a atividade anti-inflamatória do óleo-resina é potencialmente importante como fonte de princípios ativos e que o ultrassom proporcionou a facilitação e aceleração da penetração transcutânea do óleo-resina de copaíba, favorecendo o seu uso tópico. (AU)

In the Amazon region the use of oil of copaibeira trees is so extensive that the copal stands out as the most known medicinal plant used by Amazonian population. There are several indications for the use oleoresin of copaiba with little scientific backing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oleoresin of copaiba species Copaifera reticulata as antiinflammatory in experimental models of acute inflammatory reaction. For this, we used 28 mice of Swiss Webster strain, who received treatment with ultrasound aired, and oleoresin extracted from Copaifera reticulata. The model of acute inflammation air pouch induced by carrageenan was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of oleoresin of copaiba (fresh). The analysis occurred in the exudate analyzed for total protein content, total number of leukocytes and cell analysis. For statistical analysis was elected the Kruskal-Wallis test with significance level alpha = 0.05. Total cells and mononuclear cells showed no statistically significant differences among themselves or in relation to the group copal. The comparison of protein level showed a significant difference (p-value < 0.01 *), saline was lower (0.2608 ± 0.1557) than carrageenan (0.597 ± 0.152). Real difference was observed (1.4 neutrophils) between groups carrageenan (2.0079 ± 1.5231) and the group copaíba (0.6063 ± 0:32). We concluded that the antiinflammatory activity of the oleoresin is potentially important as a source of active ingredients and provided that ultrasound facilitation and acceleration of transcutaneous penetration of the copaiba oil, favoring its topical use. (AU)