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Background: Hepatotoxicity induced by Cyclosporine A (CsA) remains one of the major side effects. The aim of this studywas to determine the protective effects of beet root (Beta Vulgaris L) extract and silymarin against hepatotoxicity induced byCyclosporine A in rats. Methods: Sixty male albino rats, were divided into 6 groups (n=10). Group I control group. GroupII CsA-treated and received (50mg/kg weight, orally). Group III received (500mg/kg b.wt) beet root extract orally. Group IVreceived beet root extract and CsA as in group II and III. Group V was received (100 mg/kg b.wt) silymarin orally. Group VIreceived CsA and silymarin as in group II and V. Serum levels of (ALT, AST, ALP) and bilirubin (Total and Direct) weremeasured. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant status, damage to DNA, apoptosis and inflammatory mediators weremeasured in the tissues of the liver. Result: CsA administration significantly increased serum levels of the liver enzymesALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin. In addition, significant increase in MDA, Nitrite, 8-OHdG, caspase3, NF-κB, TNF-α andsignificant decrease of GST in liver tissues was noticed. Furthermore, histopathological changes occurred in CsA treatedrats exhibited disruption of normal liver architecture, congested central vein, vacuolated cytoplasm and inflammatory cellsinfiltration. Co-administration of beet root extract or silymarin +CsA ameliorated all these parameters. Conclusion: Thepresent study suggests that beet root extract and silymarin have beneficial effect in reducing hepatotoxicity induced by CsAvia decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, apoptosis and repairing the histopathological changes.
RESUMO
Introduction: Hippo therapy is a form of physical, occupational and speech therapy in which a therapist uses the characteristic movements of a horse. The horse's pelvis has a similar three dimensional movement to the human's pelvis at the walk. This movement provides physical and sensory input which is variable, rhythmic and repetitive which leads to improvement in spasticity and balance. Objective: The study aimed to find the effect of hippo therapy on balance and function in children with spastic diplegia Material and methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at College of Physiotherapy, Ahmadabad. Sixteen children (8 in control group (A) and 8 in experimental group (B) with spastic cerebral palsy, aged 3 to 10 years with GMFCS level 1, 2, body weight less than 35 kg were include. Children with history of botulism toxin injection within 6 months, selective dorsal rhizotomy or orthopedic surgery within 1 year, moderate to severe intellectual disability, uncontrolled seizures, and poor visual or hearing acuity were exclude. Both groups were given neuro developmental technique (NDT), group B was given additional hippo therpy (riding on horse with minimal support as required) for 15 minutes twice a week. Outcome measures were Pediatric balance scale (PBS), GMFM 66, 88, Modified Ashworth scale. Level of significance was kept at 5%. Result: Within group, analysis did not show significant difference in PBS score ( W2.214, p = 0.027). Within group analysis for group B showed significant difference in both GMFM score (W= 2.207, p = 0.027) and PBS score (W = 2.214, p = 0.027). Between group analysis for GMFM score showed significant difference (U = 0.500, p = 0.005). But there was no significant difference in between group analysis for PBS score (U = 12.00, p = 0.321). Conclusion: Hippo therapy and NDT both have similar effect for improving balance in spastic diplegic children. But Hippo therapy has an additional effect for improving gross motor function.