Study endoscopic and colonoscopy findings in children under 16 years of age with gastrointestinal bleeding from 2018 to 2021

Background: One of the most common reasons for Children to visit clinics is gastrointestinal issues in which endoscopic studies are used occasionally to investigate it’s etiology more accurately. GI bleeding eventhough uncommon in children, can be life threatening. The aim of this study was to study endoscopic and colonoscopic findings in children with GI bleeding. Methods: This descriptive analytical study was done on 73 children under 16 years in Ardabil with the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. A checklist including demographic and treatment information of patients like severity of bleeding, bleeding type (melena, hematochezia, occult blood), laboratory results (hemoglobin, hematocrit) and clinical findings (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, ETC), endoscopic and colonoscopic results were collected and then analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS version 21. Results: Total 38 cases (52.1%) were gone under upper endoscopy and 35 cases (47/9%) were gone under colonoscopy. The most common indications for upper endoscopy was GI bleeding (76.3%) and the most common involved anatomical part was lower portion of esophagus (44.7%). The most common indication for colonoscopy was recurrent abdominal pain (62.9%). Pathologic cases were often seen in sigmoid, rectum and anus (52/8%). The most common colonoscopic findings were nodular hyperplasia (25/7%) and solitary nodule (20%). Conclusions: Results of study showed that, the frequency of endoscopic evaluation has been significantly lower in female children. According to the most common indications for upper and lower endoscopy, it is important to consider the frequency pattern of indications for endoscopic study.

Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica / Community-acquired pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit / Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica

RESUMEN Introducción: En el Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Pedro Agustín Pérez" de Guantánamo no se ha caracterizado la neumonía grave adquirida en la comunidad. Objetivo: Identificar el perfil de esta enfermedad en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del citado hospital en el periodo 2016-2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los ingresados en este periodo (N=153). Se estudió el sexo, edad, diagnóstico microbiológico, terapéutica antimicrobiana, aplicación de ventilación mecánica, procederes realizados, complicaciones, estadía, estado al egreso y causa directa de muerte. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas y se resumieron mediante frecuencias absolutas y acumuladas. Resultados: La mayor proporción de los pacientes fueron varones con edad entre 1 y 4 años de edad (30,7 %). El Streptococcus pneumoniae fue el más común (38,5 %). Las cefalosporinas fueron los fármacos más prescritos (36,0 %). El 16,3 % requirió ventilación mecánica y el 22,9 % presentó alguna complicación, la más común fue el derrame pleural paraneumónico (21,5 %). El 96,4 % egresó vivo y la principal causa de muerte fue el choque séptico (57,2 %). Conclusiones: La neumonía continúa siendo una patología frecuente en la edad pediátrica al igual que el predominio del sexo masculino. Después de la introducción de la vacunación, el Streptococcus pneumoniae ha emergido como el principal patógeno bacteriano a cualquier edad, con un predominio importante en los menores de 5 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Severe community-acquired pneumonia has not been characterized at the Pediatric Teaching Hospital ¨Pedro Agustín Pérez¨ in Guantanamo. Objective: To profile this affection at the Intensive Care Unit of the already cited institution in the period 2016-2019. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out. The study population was made out of all the patients in the intensive care unit in that period of time (N=153). The variables analyzed were: gender, age, microbiological diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, mechanical ventilation application, medical procedures applied, complications, in-hospital stay, state at the time of discharge and cause of death. Results were presented in tables and were summed up in absolute and cumulative frequencies. Results: Most patients were male, ranging from 1 to 4 years of age (30.7%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common infection (36.0%). 16.3% if the cases required mechanical ventilation and the 22.9% presented some complication, the most common being the parapneumonic pleural effusion (22.5%). 96.4% of the patients were discharged alive, and the main cause of death was septic shock (57.2%). Conclusions: Pneumonia remains a frequent pathology in patients in pediatric age; and prevails in male patients as well. After vaccination campaigns started, the Streptococcus pneumoniae emerged as the main bacterial pathogen to cause infections at any age, especially in patients below the 5 years of age.

RESUMO Introdução: No Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Pedro Agustín Pérez" de Guantánamo, pneumonia grave adquirida na comunidade não foi caracterizada. Objetivo: Identificar o perfil desta doença na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do referido hospital no período 2016-2019. Método: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, longitudinal e retrospectivo. O universo era composto por todos os admitidos neste período (N=153). Foram estudadas sexo, idade, diagnóstico microbiológico, terapia antimicrobiana, aplicação de ventilação mecânica, procedimentos realizados, complicações, permanência, estado na alta e causa direta do óbito. Os resultados foram apresentados em tabelas e resumidos por meio de frequências absolutas e cumulativas. Resultados: A maior proporção de pacientes eram homens entre 1 e 4 anos (30,7%). Streptococcus pneumoniae foi o mais comum (38,5%). As cefalosporinas foram os medicamentos mais prescritos (36,0%). 16,3% necessitaram de ventilação mecânica e 22,9% apresentaram alguma complicação, sendo a mais comum o derrame pleural parapneumônico (21,5%). 96,4% tiveram alta com vida e a principal causa de morte foi choque séptico (57,2%). Conclusões: A pneumonia continua sendo uma patologia frequente na idade pediátrica, assim como a predominância do sexo masculino. Após a introdução da vacinação, Streptococcus pneumoniae surgiu como o principal patógeno bacteriano em qualquer idade, com predomínio significativo em crianças menores de 5 anos.

Clinical characteristics of pediatric intracranial arachnoid cysts: an analysis of 488 cases / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To summarize the clinical features of pediatric intracranial arachnoid cysts (IACs).Methods Retrospective analysis of clinical data of 488 patients with pediatric IACs,admitted to our hospital from January 2003 to September 2013,was performed; 342 males and 146 females (M∶F=2.34∶1,mean age=[5.61±3.25] years) were chosen.Results A total of 221 patients (45.29％) were discovered accidentally,while 267 patients (54.71％) existed clinical chief complaints,including123 (46.07％) can be found being responsible for.Atotalof364 patients (74.59％) were simple IACs,and 124 patients (25.41％) were combined with other congenital diseases.IACs located at the middle cranial fossa (n=355,72.75％),the posterior fossa (n=82,16.80％),the anterior cranial fossa (n=20,4.10％),the cerebralconvexity (n=12,2.46％),the suprasellarcistern (n=7,1.43％),the intracerebral ventricle (n=5,1.02％),the quadrigeminal cistern (n=5,1.02％),and the inter hemispheres (n=2,0.41％).Four hundred and forty-nine patients (92.01％) were single cyst,and 39 (7.99％) were multiple cysts.In aspect of the tension effects based on imaging,127 patients (26.02％) were positive,and 361 (73.98％) were negative.All 76 patients (15.57％) accepted surgical operation,and 412 (84.43％) adopted the conservative treatment.After 3-72 months follow-up (mean 32.43±8.92 months),the symptoms relieved and the volume of cysts reduced in operation cases in different degrees; while 407 patients (98.78％) were stable,3 (0.73％) worsened on clinical symptoms,and 2 (0.49％) were improved.Conclusions The clinical complaints of IACs in children are complex,but only part could be determined the responsibility relations between the clinical complaints and IACs.Some IACs could be accompanied with other congenital diseases.In the natural history of IACs,most cysts maintain the stable volume,and only a few ofIACs need operation intervention.

Bloqueos paravertebrales torácicos ecoguiados en pediatría. Estudio de series de casos / Thoracic paravertebral loops echoguided in pediatrics. Case series study

La analgesia epidural es la técnica analgésica tradicionalmente utilizada para el manejo del dolor postoperatorio en cirugía torácica y abdominal alta, tanto en adultos como en pediatría. En la población pediátrica además de los riesgos inherentes a la colocación de un catéter peridural torácico, existen otro tipo de problemas, como la mayor dificultad técnica, y que el procedimiento debe realizarse con el paciente anestesiado. Los bloqueos analgésicos paravertebrales consisten en inyectar una dosis de anestésico local, o colocar un catéter, en el espacio paravertebral torácico y se extendieron gracias a la aparición de la ecografía.

The epidural analgesia is the analgesic technique traditionally used for the management of postoperative pain in upper thoracic and abdominal surgery in both adults and pediatrics. In the pediatric population in addition to the risks inherent in the placement of a thoracic epidural catheter, there are other problems, such as greater technical difficulty, and that the procedure should be performed with the anesthetized patient. Analgesics paravertebral blocks consist of injecting a dose of local anesthetic, or placing a catheter in the thoracic paravertebral space They were extended by the appearance of ultrasound.