Dyslipidemic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of raw and roasted xoconostle (Opuntia joconostle) peel / Efecto dislipidémico de extractos acuosos y etanólicos de cáscara cruda y asada de xoconostle (Opuntia joconostle)

The aim of the present study was to assess the impacts of roasting and the type of extraction solvent (ethanol or water) on the hypolipidemic act ivity of xoconostle fruit peel extracts in a tyloxapol - induced model of hyperlipidemia. Water and ethanol extracts from raw and roasted Opuntia joconostle peels were obtained to quantify the phytochemicals contained within and assess their hypolipidemic ac tivity in rats (n=5) against tyloxapol - induced dyslipidemia (400 mg/kg). The raw ethanol and water extracts, as well as the roasted water extract (200 mg/kg), showed hypolipidemic activity in the tyloxapol - treated group ( p <0.05). In contrast, the roasted s ample extracted with ethanol did not show this effect. The concentrations of phenolic compounds (39.80 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (16.42 ± 0.14 mg QE/g) were higher in the ethanolic extracts than in the aqueous extracts. Conversely, the concentration of beta lains (115.51 ± 1.66 mg/100 g) was higher in the water extracts than in the ethanol extracts. It was concluded that the roasting process modified the concentration of some phytochemicals and their antioxidant capacity in vitro , producing a hypolipidemic ef fect in tyloxapol - induced hyperlipidemic rats

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el impacto del tostado y del tipo de disolvente de e xtracción (etanol o agua) sobre la actividad hipolipidémica de los extractos de cáscara de frutos de xoconostle en un modelo de hiperlipidemia inducido por el tyloxapol. Se obtuvieron extractos acuosos y etanólicos de cáscara cruda y asada de Opuntia jocon ostle para cuantificar los fitoquímicos que contienen y evaluar su actividad hipolipidémica en ratas (n=5) contra la dislipidemia inducida por el tyloxapol (400 mg/kg). Los extractos acuosos y etanólicos crudos, así como el extracto acuoso tostado (200 mg/ kg), mostraron actividad hipolipidémica en el grupo tratado con tiloxapol ( p <0,05). En cambio, la muestra asada y extraída con etanol no mostró este efecto. Las concentraciones de compuestos fenólicos (39,80 mg GAE/g) y flavonoides (16,42 ± 0,14 mg QE/g) f ueron mayores en los extractos etanólicos que en los acuosos. Por el contrario, la concentración de betalaínas (115,51 ± 1,66 mg/100 g) fue mayor en los extractos acuosos que en los etanólicos. Se concluyó que el proceso de asado modificó la concentración de algunos fitoquímicos y su capacidad antioxidante in vitro , produciendo un efecto hipolipidémico en ratas hiperlipidémicas inducidas por el tyloxapol.

Effect of Hayani Date (Phoenix dactylifera L) Peels on Blood Sugar, Blood Lipids, Liver and Kidney Functions, and Inflammation in Diabetic Rats

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Hayani date peel powder and its methanolic extract on glycemia and lipidemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats as well as their effects on kidney and liver functions in addition to their anti-inflammatory activity. Twenty-four rats were used in this study, six of them served as normal control (group 1) which continued feeding on the basal diet, while the remaining 18 rats were injected with streptozotocin (50mg/kg) to induce diabetes. The diabetic rats were divided into three groups (6 rats each), one of them feeding on the basal diet only which acted as diabetic control (group 2), another group fed on the basal diet and treated orally with the peel extract in a concentration of 250 mg/kg body weight (group 3), while the third group was treated with peel powder merged in the basal diet with a concentration of 5% w/w (group 4). The results showed that the extract and the powder of the peels significantly decreased the blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc), total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine, and uric acid as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin 2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), interleukin 1B (IL-1?), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels. In contrast, significant increases in serum insulin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and albumin were noticed in comparison to diabetic control. Generally, the peel extract was more effective than the peel powder. It is recommended by eating the whole fruit of date without peeling.

Harina de cáscara de zanahorias como ingrediente en la elaboración de galletas

En el presente estudio se evalúa la incorporación de cáscaras de zanahoria como ingrediente en galletas en diferentes concentraciones, de esta manera se pueden disminuir los desperdicios además de aprovechar nutrientes, compuestos bioactivos y fibra dietética de las cáscaras. Se recolectaron cáscaras de zanahorias, se lavaron, deshidrataron a 60°C por 24 horas y posteriormente de molieron finamente para obtener harina de cáscara de zanahoria (HCZ). Se desarrollaron galletas con la incorporación de 0, 5, 10 y 20% de HCZ en reemplazo de harina (Muestras CZ0, CZ5, CZ10 y CZ20 respectivamente). Se evaluó la preferencia y aceptabilidad sensorial de las muestras de galletas, mediante prueba de ordenamiento y escala hedónica de 9 puntos por parámetros (apariencia, color, aroma, sabor, textura, aceptabilidad general) respectivamente. También se evaluó la saciedad producida por su consumo mediante "Cociente de Saciedad" (CS) que utiliza la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) para cuantificar el estado de saciedad en diferentes tiempos. Se determinó el contenido de fibra dietética (FD) en la HCZ y en las muestras de galletas por método enzimático-gravimétrico. Los resultados demostraron que la muestra CZ20 logró la primera preferencia sensorial y la mayor aceptabilidad sensorial en forma significativa (p<0.05). La incorporación de HCZ en galletas produjo aumento del contenido de fibra dietética y del CS. En base a los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que la mejor opción resultó ser la galleta con 20% de HCZ, ya que sensorialmente es la de mayor preferencia y de mayor aceptabilidad, contiene más fibra dietética y provoca más saciedad.

In the present study, the incorporation of carrot peels as an ingredient in cookies in different concentrations is evaluated, in this way, waste can be reduced in addition to taking advantage of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fiber from the peels. Carrot peels were collected, washed, dehydrated at 60°C for 24 hours, and then finely ground to obtain carrot peel flour (CPF). Cookies were developed with the incorporation of 0, 5, 10, and 20% of CPF in replacement of flour (Samples CZ0, CZ5, CZ10, and CZ20 respectively). The preference and sensory acceptability of the cookies samples were evaluated using an an-Ranking test and a 9-point Hedonic Scale by parameters (appearance, color, aroma, flavor, texture, general acceptability) respectively. The satiety produced by its consumption was also evaluated through the "Satiety Quotient" (SQ) which uses the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to quantify the state of satiety at different times. The dietary fiber (DF) content in the CPF and in the cookies samples was determined by the enzymatic-gravimetric method. The results showed that the CZ20 sample achieved the first sensory preference and the highest sensory acceptability in a significant way (p<0.05). The incorporation of CPF in cookies produced an increase in the content of dietary fiber and SQ. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the best option turned out to be the cookie with 20% CPF, since sensorially it is the most preferred and most acceptable, contains more dietary fiber and causes more satiety than the other samples.

Production of enriched cakes by apple pulp and peel powder and evaluation of chemical, functional and textural properties / Producción de pasteles enriquecidos por pulpa de manzana y cáscara en polvo y evaluación de propiedades químicas, funcionales y texturales

Background: Apple pomace is a by-product of the fruit juice industry and comprises peel, seed, stem, and pulp tissues. This by-product contains dietary fibers, polyphenols, vitamins, and organic acids that can benefit human health and have a high potential as a dietary source. Baked products are well-known food types to humans and have a key role in feeding people worldwide. Nowadays, enriched products such as bread, cakes, and biscuits are available in stores. Different studies worldwide have been done about applying the by-products of the fruit juice industry in the bakery. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate apple peel (APE) and pulp (APU) powders separately as a partial substitute for wheat flour in cake production. Methods: Apple peel and pulp separately produced as the residual wastes of juicing were dried for 3 hours in oven (60°C). The dried pulp and peel were ground and sieved using a 60 µm mesh. In this research, chemical and physicochemical analyses were performed according to AACC (Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists) and standard food analysis methods. Textural characteristic was analyzed by a texture analyzer (Brookfield CT3-10 Kg, US) equipped with an aluminum probe. Results: Different levels of APE and APU powders (10%, 20%, and 30 %) were used to enrich the cakes. The ash content, fat content, water adsorption capacity, and oil absorption capacity of the wheat flour were lower than APU and APE, whereas the moisture content, protein content, bulk density, and pH showed a reverse trend. Adding APU and APP to the cake formula increased total dietary fiber (TDF) from 4.14 % in the control sample to 27.71 % in the sample with 30 % apple peel powder (APE-30). The highest a* colorimetric parameter (redness) in the cake core was 3.82 in the APE-30 sample. The addition of APE and APU significantly increased the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the samples (p<0.05). APE-10 samples could improve the nutritional properties of the cakes without significant reduction (p>0.05) in overall acceptance compared to the control sample. Conclusion: The results of this research demonstrated that a partial replacement of the wheat flour with apple pulp and peel significantly increased the dietary fibers, especially insoluble dietary fiber, compared to the control sample. Apple pulp and apple peel powders had the potential for use in cake making as a good source of dietary fibers

Antecedentes: la pulpa de manzana es un subproducto de la industria del jugo de frutas y se compone de tejidos de cáscara, semillas, tallo y pulpa. Este subproducto contiene fibra dietética, polifenoles, vitaminas y ácidos orgánicos que pueden ser beneficiosos para la salud humana y tienen un alto potencial como fuente dietética. Los productos horneados son de tipos de alimentos bien conocidos para los seres humanos y son clave en la alimentación de las personas de todo el mundo. Hoy en día, los productos enriquecidos como pan, pasteles y galletas están disponibles en las tiendas. Se han hecho diferentes estudios en todo el mundo sobre la aplicación del subproducto de la industria del jugo de frutas en la panadería. Objetivo: El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar los polvos de cáscara de manzana (APE) y pulpa (APU) como sustituto parcial de la harina de trigo en la producción de pasteles. Métodos: Cáscaras de manzana y pulpa producidas por separado como desechos residuales de jugos, se secaron durante 3 horas en el horno (60 °C). La pulpa seca y la cáscara fueron molidas y tamizadas usando una malla de 60 micras. En esta investigación el análisis químico y físico-químico realizado de acuerdo con el AACC (Aprobado Métodos de la Asociación Americana de Químicos del Cereales) y los métodos estándar de análisis de alimentos. La característica textural fue analizada por el analizador de textura (Brookfield CT3-10 Kg, US) equipado con una sonda de aluminio. Resultados: Se utilizaron diferentes niveles de polvos APE y APU (10, 20 and 30 %) para enriquecer los pasteles. La capacidad de absorción de ceniza, grasa, agua y aceite de la harina de trigo fue menor que la APU y APE, mientras que la humedad, la proteína, la densidad a granel y el pH mostraron una tendencia inversa. Además, APU y APE en fórmula de pastel, aumentaron la fibra dietética total (TDF) de 4.14 % en la muestra de control a 27.71 % en la muestra con un 30 % de polvo de pelar de manzana (APE-30). El parámetro más alto a* colorimétrico en núcleo de pastel fue de 3.82 (enrojecimiento) en la muestra APE-30. La adición de APE y APU aumentó significativamente la dureza, gomosidad y masticabilidad de las muestras (p<0.05). Las muestras de APE-10 podrían mejorar las propiedades nutricionales de los pasteles sin reducción significativa (P<0.05) en aceptación general, en comparación con la muestra de control. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio demostraron que un reemplazo parcial de la harina de trigo por pulpa de manzana y cáscara aumentó significativamente la fibra dietética especialmente la insoluble, cuando se compara con la muestra de control. La pulpa en polvo y la cáscara de manzana tienen el potencial de uso en la fabricación de pasteles como una buena fuente de fibra dietética.

Use of bacaba peel for the development of hydroelectrolytic beverages and their consumer acceptance

Abstract The hydroelectrolytic beverages segment has been expading its market and introducing new flavors in order to meet the demand for new products. However, experimental studies find concerns about the chemical compositions of these drinks. The aim of this study was to develop a drink without synthetic coloring or flavoring, with functional attributes based on the bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) peel extract. Two hydroelectrolytic drinks were developed, one hypotonic and the other isotonic, containing 0.5 and 1.0% of bacaba peel extract. Physicochemical characterization, determination of total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity were perfomed, in addition to color evaluation, as well as sensory analysis by means of preference tests. The developed formulations showed potential antioxidant activity and natural red coloring due to the phenolic compounds and anthocyanins present in the beverages. The sensory evaluation indicated positive acceptance by the tasters regarding the addition of the bacaba peel extract to the beverage formulations. The developed formulations demonstrated that the use of the bacaba peel is a viable option for the production of sports drinks, acting as a natural dye and offering health benefits due to its bioactive compounds.

Nutritional and Functional Properties of Wheat-Defatted Peanut-Orange Peel Composite Flour

The need to improve and enhance the nutritional quality of locally made foods (bakery and confectionaries) cannot be overemphasized. This study set out to meet this need by producing composite flours from wheat, defatted peanut and orange peel flour blends which will serve an even greater issue of reducing the cost of wheat importation and use. The samples were coded as follows: A-100:0:0, B-90:5:5, C-85:10:5, D-80:15:5, E-75:20:5 of wheat flour: Defatted peanut flour: orange peel flour. The flours produced were analyzed for functional, anti-nutrient, proximate, minerals, and phytochemical properties. The functional properties of flours; bulk density, swelling capacity, OAC, WAC, and Foaming capacity ranged from 0.43 to 0.93 g/ml, 0.89 to 5.67%, 0.47 to 2.55 g/L, 1.75 to 4.35ml/g, 0.52 to 10.56% respectively. The anti-nutritional properties: phytates, tannins, and trypsin inhibitor content of flours ranged from 0.0352 to 0.0845%, 0.040 to 0.600%, and 0.011 to 0.048mg/g respectively. The proximate composition of the flour samples, Moisture, Protein, fats, crude fibre, ash, carbohydrates, and energy values ranged from 5.58 to 9.55%, 6.33 to 15.64%, 1.06 to 3.51%, 0.24 to 4.07%, 1.42 to 2.65%, 85.37 to 64.58% and 376.34 to 352.47kcal/100g respectively. The mineral composition in the samples ranged from 232.05 to 394.62mg/100g for Ca, 76.09 to 122.27mg/100g for Mg, 6.71 to 29.42 mg/100g for Fe, 108.78 to 256.47mg/100g for K, 10.09 to 25.75 mg/100g for Zn. The phytochemical composition of the samples was as follows; 0.067-0.153%, for saponins; 0.043-1.457%, for alkaloids; 1.03-13.77mgGAE/g, for Total phenolics; 3.07-29.31mg/QE, for Total Flavonoids respectively. The composite flour herein produced demonstrates great potential for its use in the development of functional foods given its great nutrients and improved functional characteristics. However sample E with 75%wheat: 20%DPF: 5%OPF surpassed all other samples in terms of the quality attributes and therefore was the best of the formulations.

Effect of Packaging Materials and Storage Temperatures on the Microbiological Quality of Hibiscus sabdarifa Drinks during Ambient and Refrigeration Storage

Aims: To evaluate the effect of packaging materials and storage temperatures on the microbiological quality of Hibiscus sabdarifa drinks produced with: 1) commercial pineapple flavour (HCPF) and; 2) Phoenix dactylifera (38%) and pineapple extract (2%) (HPPE). Methodology: Pasteurized drinks packaged in polyethylene sachets, plastic and glass bottles were stored at refrigeration (4.4±2oC) and ambient (25±2oC) temperatures for 27 and 9 days respectively. Results: There was significant (P≤0.05) decrease in total bacterial count in HCPF (≤4.51-≥2.14 Log10CFU/ml) with higher death rate (0.06) in plastic bottles at 4.4±2oC while at 25±2oC it increased significantly (P≤0.05) in HPPE samples (4.00-≤4.95 Log10CFU/ml) with least growth rate in plastic bottles (0.02). Yeast count at 25±2oC (1.28 – 2.15 Log10CFU/ml) was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than at 4.4±2oC (1.00 – 1.60 Log10CFU/ml) and drinks in plastic bottles had the least growth rates (≤0.03). Coliform (2.04 – 2.59 Log10CFU/ml), Escherichia coli (2.00 – 2.93 Log10CFU/ml) and Staphylococcus (2.00 – 2.50 Log10CFU/ml) sparingly detected, were unable to grow in the drinks with greater inhibition at 25±2oC in all packaging materials. No growth of Salmonella was observed in the drinks. Glass bottles favoured more microbial growth but the levels were satisfactory for all packaging which is indicative of microbiological safety. Conclusion: Any of the packaging material can be used for packaging of Hibiscus sabdarifa drinks with storage at refrigeration temperature for ≤ 21 days. It is informative to both consumers and producers that the then wasted pineapple peels can serve as an ingredient in Hibiscus sabdarifa drink production.

Larvicidal potential and residual activity effect of kinnow peel oil against Aedes aegypti L.

Background & objectives: Transmission of dengue virus by Aedes aegypti mosquito is one of the major global health concerns. The present study was aimed to explore the larvicidal potential of oil extracted from kinnow peel waste to be used as an efficient, economic and safe agent against Ae. aegypti. Methods: Kinnow peel oil was extracted and its five concentrations at 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 ppm were tested against 4th instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. Larval mortality (%) and LC50 and LC90 values of toxicity were determined followed by evaluation of the residual activity effect of its leftover effective concentration on larval mortality, development and emergence. Effect of storage (2, 4 and 6 months) on larvicidal potential of kinnow peel oil was also determined. Results: Out of the tested concentrations, 70 ppm of kinnow peel oil was found to be the effective concentration against 4th instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. LC50 and LC90 toxicity values were 47.26 and 61.56 ppm, respectively. No residual activity effect in terms of larval mortality was found, however a significant delay in development (L4 to adult) was observed after placing new larvae in the leftover effective oil concentration. No effect of storage on larvicidal potential of 2, 4 and 6 months old kinnow peel oil in comparison to freshly extracted oil was observed. Interpretation & conclusion: Kinnow peel oil proved to have a good potential as a biolarvicide against Ae. aegypti and could be used as an effective and eco-friendly mosquito control agent in the future.

Pre-operative optical coherence tomography predictors: Do they hold any relevance in the era of inverted internal limiting membrane flap in large macular holes?

Purpose: To study the relevance of preoperative OCT predictors in large macular holes (MH) treated using the inverted ILM peel technique. Methods: Prospective study of 95 patients undergoing vitrectomy for large MH between January 2019 and December 2020 was performed by dividing the patients into groups depending on various quantitative parameters and indices of MH such as base diameter (BD), hole form factor (HFF), macular hole index (MHI), diameter hole index (DHI), and tractional hole index (THI) by using parameters such as minimal hole diameter, hole height, nasal and temporal arm lengths. Depending upon the duration of symptoms, patients were divided into three groups: <3 months, 3–6 months, and >6 months. Anatomical success rate, type of closure, and postoperative vision gain were analyzed in relation to the abovementioned diameters, indices, and duration to see if any significance existed. Results: The mean age of patients included in the study was 60.48 ± 13.88 years, with female preponderance (males: females = 37:58). Change in logMAR was statistically significant individually with all studied parameters (P < 0.0001) without influence of size of hole and other indices. BD and DHI levels showed significant association with type of closure as indicated by P values of 0.017 and 0.048, respectively. Duration of symptoms showed no significance in terms of anatomical and functional success. Conclusion: OCT predictors of MH success seem to have lost relevance with inverted flap surgeries as 100% anatomical success is achieved with this technique, with 95.78% (91/95) achieving type 1 closure with statistically significant equivalent functional gain across the indices with no effect of duration of symptoms.

Potencial efecto terapéutico de los polifenoles obtenidos de la cáscara de granada en la esteatosis hepática

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) tiene una elevada prevalencia a nivel mundial, y puede ir desde la esteatosis simple hasta hepatocarcinoma. Su origen es multifactorial, siendo la dieta poco saludable un factor clave en su patogenia y progresión. Los polifenoles son antioxidantes que han mostrado beneficios en el tratamiento de la EHGNA. Una fuente emergente de estos compuestos son los residuos agroindustriales, entre ellos, la cáscara de granada. La cáscara de granada tiene un alto contenido de polifenoles, específicamente de elagitaninos. Su extracto fenólico (extracto de cáscara de granada; ECG) ha mostrado efectos promisorios a nivel metabólico. Sin embargo, su uso presenta algunas limitantes que deben ser consideradas antes de recomendar su ingesta mediante alimentos funcionales o nutracéuticos para prevención o tratamiento de EHGNA. Objetivo: Discutir a partir de datos obtenidos en estudios in vitro y modelos animales, el potencial terapéutico de los polifenoles obtenidos de la cáscara de granada para prevención y tratamiento de la EHGNA. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos PubMed y Web of Science (2015 a la fecha) de estudios en modelos de esteatosis hepática in vitro y en animales, además de ensayos clínicos relacionados. Conclusión: Existen datos promisorios sobre el uso del ECG en alteraciones metabólicas propias de la EHGNA y esteatosis hepática, principalmente a nivel de perfil lipídico. Se deben discutir las dosis y formas de administración, con el fin de mejorar su estabilidad y biodisponibilidad. Se requieren ensayos clínicos controlados que confirmen los efectos en humanos.

ABSTRACT Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high prevalence worldwide and can range from simple steatosis to hepatocarcinoma. Its causes are multifactorial, with an unhealthy diet being a key factor in its pathogenesis and progression. Polyphenols are antioxidants that have shown benefits in treating NAFLD. An emerging source of these compounds is agro-industrial by-products, including pomegranate peels. Pomegranate peels are high in polyphenols, specifically ellagitannins. Its polyphenolic extract (PPE) has shown promising metabolic benefits. However, its use has some limitations that must be considered before recommending its intake through functional foods or nutraceuticals to prevent or treat NAFLD. Objective: This article aims to discuss, using results from in vitro studies and animal models, the therapeutic potential of polyphenols obtained from pomegranate peels to prevent and treat NAFLD. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed and Web of Science databases (2015 to date) of in vitro and animal model studies of hepatic steatosis, in addition to related clinical trials. Conclusion: There are promising data on the use of PPE in metabolic disorders typical of NAFLD and hepatic steatosis, mainly improving lipid profile. Doses and vehicles of administration should be discussed to improve stability and bioavailability. Controlled clinical trials are required to confirm the effects in humans.

Optimization of the simultaneous extraction technology of dietary fiber and flavonoids from the peel of Prunus armeniaca / 中国药房

OBJEC TIVE To optimize the simultaneous extraction technology of dietary fiber （DF）and flavonoids from the peel of Prunus armeniaca . METHODS The content of DF was calculated with enzyme-gravimetric method ，and the content of flavonoids was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The orthogonal design and single factor test were used to optimize the extraction technology ，with the factors of liquid-solid ratio ，pH，papain concentration ，α-amylase concentration ，temperature of enzymatic hydrolysis and time of enzymatic hydrolysis as factors ，using the contents of DF and flavonoids as indexes. RESULTS The optimal extraction technology included the solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 10（g/mL），pH5，0.5％ papain and 0.5％ α-amylase， enzymatic hydrolysis at 50 ℃ for 1 h. After three times of validation ，the average content of DF was 0.801 g/g（RSD＝1.95％）， and the average content of flavonoids was 2.135 mg/g（RSD＝2.44％）. The average comprehensive score was 0.988（RSD＝ 0.81％）. CONCLUSIONS The optimal extraction technology is stable and feasible.

Determination of bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and the phytochemistry of the organic banana peel in Thailand

Banana fruit is enriched with phytonutrients, minerals, and its peel, which is mostly discarded as waste. This research aimed to study its bioactive compound properties, antimicrobial activity, and identify and characterize the constituents of organic banana peel extract (BPE), composed of six species (i.e., Kluai Homthong, Kluai Namwa, Kluai Kai, Kluai Hukmook, Kluai Lebmuernang, and Kluai Homtaiwan). Total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant content, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were important in BPE of Kluai Kai. BPE of Kluai Hukmook could inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum exposed diverse compounds of primary and secondary phytochemicals. Four main constituents, including acetic acid, formic acid, 1,2-benzenediol,3-methyl-, and 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophone derived from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), demonstrated their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity. This result suggests that organic banana peel can both be applied as an antioxidant and antimicrobial substance. BPE increases the value of banana peels (BPs) and reduces the burden of its waste disposal in the environment.

Araçá (Psidium cattleianum Sabine): bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and pancreatic lipase inhibition / Araçá (Psidium cattleianum Sabine): compostos bioativos, atividade antioxidante e inibição da lipase pancreática

ABSTRACT: "Araçá" has been reported with different biological activities such as antioxidant, antiproliferative and antimicrobial as well as inhibitors of digestive enzymes. The digestive pancreatic lipase enzyme plays a fundamental role in lipid metabolism, and its inhibition has been studied as a target for obesity treatment. This study quantified the bioactive compounds present in different parts of "araçá" fruit and evaluated their antioxidant activity and lipase inhibition properties. Three samples were analyzed for total anthocyanins, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and pancreatic lipase inhibition. Anthocyanins were reported only in pulp-peel of red "araçá" sample. Phenolic compounds concentration was higher in pulp-peel than in seeds for all samples. The antioxidant activity followed the same trend. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and both antioxidant activity and lipase inhibition. Lipase inhibition activity was higher for pulp-peel compared to the seeds. Overall, the results showed that "araçá" fruit extracts could be beneficial for the treatment of obesity.

RESUMO: A fruta araçá tem sido destacada por suas diferentes atividades biológicas como antioxidante, antiproliferativa e antimicrobiana, além de inibidores de enzimas digestivas. A enzima digestiva lipase tem papel fundamental no metabolismo lipídico, e sua inibição tem sido estudada como alvo para o tratamento da obesidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar os compostos bioativos presentes em diferentes partes do fruto do araçá e avaliar sua atividade antioxidante e propriedades de inibição da lipase. Três amostras foram analisadas quanto a antocianinas totais, compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e inibição da lipase pancreática. Antocianinas foram encontradas apenas na polpa-casca da amostra de araçá vermelho. A concentração de compostos fenólicos foi maior na polpa-casca do que nas sementes para todas as amostras. A atividade antioxidante seguiu a mesma tendência. Os compostos fenólicos totais, a atividade antioxidante e a inibição da lipase apresentaram uma correlação positiva. A atividade de inibição da lipase foi ligeiramente superior para a polpa-casca em comparação com as sementes. No geral, os resultados revelaram que os extratos da fruta do araçá podem ser benéficos para o tratamento da obesidade.

A review: Antimicrobial activity and toxicity analysis of the peel of banana, pomegranate, papaya, and citrus fruits (lemon and orange)

ABSTRACT@#Fruits have nutrients and health-promoting compounds and usually fruits are eaten fresh with minimally processed. To meet rising demand, the production and processing of horticultural crops of fruits have grown massively in response to the population and changing dietary habits. It is rarely known that some fruit wastes, including peel, actually have their own advantages to humans as well as industry. In fact, these fruit wastes, including fruit peel, should be handled and used to minimise the environmental impacts. The functional properties of the peel of banana, pomegranate, papaya, and citrus fruits such as lemon and orange can beneficially help in the production of new health products and in food industries. Antimicrobial compounds in fruit peel play an important role in inhibiting the microbial growth, specifically pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus aureus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial compounds present in the fruit peel are typically secondary metabolites consisting, in particular, of phenolic compounds, steroids and alkaloids, which give certain functional effects on human health. It has been reported that every fruit peel has its own antimicrobial compounds which are responsible for inhibiting microbial growth. These fruit peel, despite their beneficial effects, have also been shown to have toxicity effects on their consumption depending on the amount of doses used in the implementation. This review covers physiological properties, chemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and the toxicity analysis of the fruit peels from banana, pomegranate, papaya, and citrus fruits.

Optimization of Ultrafiltration Technology of Enzymatic Hydrolysate from Eucommia ulmoides Peel / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To optim ize the ultrafiltration technology of enzymatic hydrolysate from Eucommia ulmoides peel. METHODS：The single factor test was adopted to investigate the effects of molecular weight of ultrafiltration membrane ，liquid temperature，operating pressure ，operating frequency ，membrane filtration time ，liquid concentration and pH on transfer rates of aucubin，geniposide and chlorogenic acid as well as solid removal rate in enzymatic hydrolysate from E. ulmoides peel. Setting the molecular cut off of fixed ultrafiltration membrane of 100 000，liquid concentration of 7 g/L，and pH value of 7，the ultrafiltration technology was optimized by Box-Behnken design response-surface methodology and validated with liquid temperature ，operating pressure，operating frequency and membrane passing time as factors ，using comprehensive scores calculated from transfer rates of aucubin，geniposide and chlorogenic acid as well as solid removal rate as indexes. RESULTS ：The optimal ultrafiltration technology of enzymatic hydrolysate from E. ulmoides peel was as follows as liquid temperature of 35 ℃，operating pressure of 0.5 MPa，operating frequency of 35 Hz and membrane passing time of 42 min. Results of validation tests showed that the comprehensive scores of the transfer rates of aucubin ，geniposide and chlorogenic acid as well as solid removal rate in enzymatic hydrolysate from E. ulmoides peel was 78.06％（RSD＝1.43％，n＝3），and its relative error with the predicted value （77.18％） was 1.14％. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimized ultrafiltration technology is stable and reliable ，and can be used for the ultrafiltration purification of enzymatic hydrolysate from E. ulmoides peel.

A new diarylheptane dimer from Zingiber officinale peel / 药学学报

Three diarylheptanoids were isolated from the n-butanol fraction of Zingiber officinale peel by MCI Gel CHP-20, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified by MS and NMR spectroscopy techniques: (2S,2'S,3R,3'R,4R,4'R,6R,6'R)-6,6'-bis((S)-1-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)-2,2'-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)octahydro-2H,2'H-[3,3'-bipyran]-4,4'-diol (1), (E)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one (2), and alpinin B (3). Compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 2-3 were obtained from Zingiber officinale peel for the first time.

Banana Peel Flakes Alleviate Blood Glucose And Stress In A Dose-Dependent Manner

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic and antidepressant effects of banana peel flakes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats were classified into five groups with different treatments. Groups I to IV were diabetic rats model groups that consumed only standard diet, standard diet containing 5%, 10%, and 20% of banana peel flakes, respectively. While group V was a healthy control group fed a standard diet. Immunohistochemistry staining was measured to examine serotonin expression in the colon and pancreas. Results: The diabetic rats treated with 20% banana peel flakes had a lower blood glucose concentration (p<0.05) compared with diabetic control and showed a shorter duration of immobility time (p<0.05) than the healthy control. Additionally, compared with diabetic control, the diabetic rats treated with 5% banana peel flakes showed higher serotonin expression (p<0.05) in the colon. In contrast, serotonin expression in the pancreas did not show any significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The present study disclosed that the banana peel flakes provided an antidepressant effect in the diabetic rats model, which might occur through the mechanism of controlling blood glucose concentration.

Evaluations of antidepressant activity of Punica granatum peel extract in albino mice

Background: Depression is the most common disorder of mental illnesses and affects excess of 10-15% of population. According to the WHO reports, more than 350 million persons suffer from depression all over the world. The aim of present study is to evaluate anti-depressant activity of Punica granatum peel extract (PgPE) in albino mice.Methods: Male albino mice (20-30 g) were used. Animals were divided into 5 groups with 6 animals in each which were subjected to forced swim test. Group 1 is control, group 2 received (standard) imipramine 10 mg/kg, p.o, group 3 (T1) PgPE 50 mg/kg, p.o, group 4 (T2) PgPE 100 mg/kg, p.o, group 5 (T3) PgPE 200 mg/kg, at first animals were forced to swim for 15 min (trained), and the study was performed after 24 hrs. All the animals were treated with individual drug 60 min prior to study, animals were forced to swim for 6 min and the duration of immobility was recorded. The mouse was considered immobile when it floats motionlessly or made only those moments necessary to keep its head above the water surface. The total duration of immobility of each mouse was recorded after the test in each group.Results: The duration of immobility is significantly reduced at PgPE 200 mg/kg and results were analysed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA).Conclusions: PgPE 200 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) decreases the duration of immobility in mice.

Ellagic acid production using polyphenols from orange peel waste by submerged fermentation

Background: Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results: The orange peel waste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68 mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2 × 107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion: The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications.

Two new monoterpenoids of Zingiber officinale peel / 药学学报

The chemical constituents of Zingiber officinale peel were isolated and purified by various chromatographic separation techniques such as Diaion HP-20, MCI Gel CHP-20, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC. Seven terpenoids were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data: (4R,6S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-4-ol (1), 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropylcyclohex-2-ene-3,4-diol (2), 3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (3), 3-(3-hydroxybutyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (4), angelicoidenol (5), grasshopper ketone (6), and dihydrophaseic acid (7), in which compounds 1, 2 are new compounds, named: (4R,6S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-4-ol and 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-isopropylcyclohex-2-ene-3,4-diol, and compounds 3-7 were obtained from this plant for the first time.