Actitudes hacia el endeudamiento hedónico en estudiantes secundarios chilenos / Attitudes towards hedonic indebtedness in Chilean high school students

Resumen Introducción: El consumo se ha instaurado como medio de interacción social generando altos niveles de endeudamiento en la población chilena. Los adolescentes han sido especialmente sensibles a esto, producto que a través del consumo acceden a elementos simbólicos asociados a la construcción de la identidad. El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar la existencia de relaciones entre valores materiales, susceptibilidad al efecto de pares y actitudes hacia el dinero con respecto a las actitudes hacia el endeudamiento hedónico en estudiantes secundarios chilenos. Método: La muestra es de 1297 estudiantes secundarios chilenos, el 46% es hombre y el 54% es mujer, correspondientes a las ciudades de La Serena, Coquimbo, Santiago y Temuco. Se aplicaron las escalas de Actitudes hacia el Endeudamiento, Materialismo para Adolescentes, Escala de Susceptibilidad a la Influencia de los Pares y la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Dinero. Los datos fueron analizados a través de una regresión lineal múltiple jerárquica. Resultados: Se evidencian relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre sexo, valores materiales, susceptibilidad al efecto de pares y las actitudes hacia el dinero con respecto al endeudamiento hedónico. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio entregan pistas al momento de abordar la educación financiera, donde debe considerarse que la cultura materialista del modelo económico neoliberal impacta en las actitudes, valores y propensión al endeudamiento de los adolescentes y posteriormente adultos.

Abstract Introduction: Consumer spending has established itself as a means of social interaction, generating high levels of indebtedness among the Chilean population. Adolescents have been especially sensitive to this situation, since through consumption they have access to symbolic elements associated with the construction of identity. The objective of this research is to determine the existence of relationships between material values, influence of peers, and attitudes towards money with regard to attitudes towards hedonic indebtedness in Chilean high school students. Method: Of a sample of 1297 Chilean high school students, 46% are men and 54% are women, corresponding to the cities of La Serena, Coquimbo, Santiago and Temuco. The scales of Attitudes towards Indebtedness, Materialism for Adolescents, Scale of Susceptibility to the Influence of Peers and the Scale of Attitudes towards Money were applied. The data were analyzed through a hierarchical multiple linear regression. Results: The results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between sex, material values, peer effect and attitudes towards money with respect to hedonic indebtedness. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study provide clues when approaching financial education in adolescents, where it must be considered that the materialistic culture of the neoliberal economic model impacts on the attitudes, values ​​and propensity to indebtedness of adolescents and later adults.

Os fatores sociodemográficos moderam a associação da prática de atividade física dos pais e amigos com o nível de atividade física dos adolescentes? / Sociodemographic factors moderate the association of the physical activity practice of parents and friends with the level of physical activity of adolescents?

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se os fatores sociodemográficos moderam a associação da prática de atividade física dos pais e dos amigos com o nível de atividade física dos adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal, realizado com 2.859 adolescentes (57,8% sexo feminino) de 14 a 19 anos de idade do município de João Pessoa, Paraíba. O nível de atividade física dos adolescentes e a prática de atividade física dos pais e dos amigos foram mensurados por questionários. A prevalência de adolescentes fisicamente ativos foi de 50,2% (IC95%: 47,3-53,1), sendo mais elevada no sexo masculino (66,3%; IC95%: 63,7-69,0) comparada ao feminino (38,4%; IC95%: 36,1-40,8). Os resultados da regressão logística binária demostraram que há associação entre a prática de ativida-de física dos pais e dos amigos e o nível de atividade física dos adolescentes (p < 0,001). No entanto, essa associação é moderada por fatores sociodemográficos (sexo e classe econômica). A magnitude da medida de associação entre a prática de atividade física dos amigos e a dos adolescentes foi mais elevada nos adolescentes do sexo masculino (OR = 5,02; IC95%: 2,73-9,26 vs. feminino OR = 2,21; IC95%: 1,55-3,14) e de classe econômica A/B (OR = 3,90; IC95%: 2,39-6,39 vs. classe C/D/E: OR = 2,27; IC95%: 1,53-3,37). A prática de atividade física da mãe se associou de forma significativa e positiva com o nível de atividade física nos adolescentes de classe econômica A/B (OR = 1,87; IC95%: 1,32-2,62). Conclui-se que os fatores sociodemográficos moderam a associação da prática de atividade física dos amigos e da mãe com o nível de atividade física dos adolescentes. A magnitude da associação entre essas variáveis variou com o sexo e a classe econômica dos adolescentes.

The objective of this study was to analyze if the sociodemographic factors moderate the association of physical activity practice of parents and friends, and the level of physical activity among adolescents. It was an cross sectional epidemiological study with 2,859 adolescents (57.8% female) 14-19 years old of the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba. The level of physical activity among adolescents and the physical activity of parents and friends were measured by questionnaires. The prevalence of physically active adolescents was 50.2% (95%CI: 47.3-53.1), being higher in males (66.3%; 95%CI: 63.7-69.0) compared to female (38.4%; 95%CI: 36.1-40.8). The results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that there is an association between physical activity of parents and friends and the level of physical activity among adolescents (p < 0.001). However, this association is moderated by sociodemographic factors (sex and economic class). The magnitude of the measure of the association between the practice of physical activity of friends and adolescents was higher in male (OR = 5.02; 95%CI: 2.73-9.26 vs. female OR = 2.21; 95%CI: 1.55-3.14) and A/B economic class adolescents (OR = 3.90; 95%CI: 2.39-6.39 vs. class C/D/E: OR = 2.27; 95%CI: 1.53-3.37). The physical activity of the mother was associated significantly and positively with the level of physical activity in adolescents of A/B economic class (OR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.32-2.62). We conclude that sociodemographic factors moderate the association of physical activity from friends and from the mother with the level of adolescents physical activity. The magnitude of the association between these variables varied with sex and economic class of adolescents.

Eficacia académica percibida, crianza, uso de internet y comportamiento en la adolescencia / Achievement perceived, parenting, internet use and adolescent behavior

Resumen El uso intensivo de internet puede contribuir a desarrollar disfunciones psicosociales graves en la adolescencia. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones de la percepción de eficacia académica con el uso de internet para ocio, los estilos de crianza y los problemas exteriorizados e interiorizados en la adolescencia (agresividad proactiva, reactiva, física y verbal, afiliación a pares rebeldes e inestabilidad emocional). Han participado 762 adolescentes de 12 a 17 años (M = 13.69; DT = 1.40; varones 52.8%). Utilizan internet en tiempo de ocio entre cero y 98 horas semanales, de ahí que la población se haya distribuido en cuartiles. Las variables se han obtenido a través de pruebas estandarizadas. Los análisis estadísticos se basan en metodología descriptiva y predictiva. Los resultados han permitido obtener tres conclusiones. Primera, el número de horas de internet para fines recreativos se relaciona con una peor eficacia académica percibida. Segunda, los adolescentes que usan Internet intensamente perciben más permisividad de los padres y menos apoyo y comunicación por parte de los padres. Estos adolescentes presentan más riesgo de conectarse con pares rebeldes y tienen índices más altos de inestabilidad emocional y agresividad (reactiva, proactiva, física y verbal). Tercera, la paternidad más punitiva, la agresividad y la afiliación a pares rebeldes aumentan el uso intensivo de Internet. Esta investigación corrobora la necesidad de una formación adecuada, dirigida a fomentar el apoyo y la comunicación paterno-filial para educar el uso racional y responsable de internet de ambos, padres y adolescentes.

Abstract The intensive use of the Internet can contribute to the development of serious psychosocial dysfunctions in adolescents. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationships between achievement perceived with the leisure use of the internet, parenting, and externalized and internalized problems during adolescence (aggressiveness reactive, proactive, physical and verbal, affiliation with deviant peers and emotional instability). The sample is made of 762 adolescents from 12 to 17 years old (M = 13.69, SD = 1.40), with 52.8% of males and 47.2% of females. The use of internet in leisure time is between 0-98 hours per week. Hence the population has been distributed in quartiles. The variables have been obtained through standardized tests. Statistical analyzes are descriptive and predictive methodology. The analyses carried out have allowed us to obtain three conclusions. First, the number of hours of internet for recreational purposes is related to worse achievement perceived of the adolescent. Second, it has been found that adolescents who use Internet intensively greater perceived permissiveness of the parents and a lower support and communication with them. These adolescents present an increased risk of joining deviant peers and have higher rates of emotional instability and aggressiveness (reactive, proactive, and physical and verbal). Third, more punitive parenting, aggressiveness and affiliation with deviant peers boost the intensive use of the internet. This empirical research corroborates the need for adequate training aimed at fostering parental-child support and communication to educate the rational and responsible use of the Internet by both parents and adolescents.

The correlation of teacher’s role, peers, and mass media with the incidence of dating violence in adolescents at SMK Piri 1 Yogyakarta

Background: Dating violence has long-lasting and also short effects that are serious and have negative impacts severity toward physical forms of violence, psychic, economic and sexual. This study aims to know the relationship between the teachers’ role, their peers and the mass media and dating violence in adolescents at SMK PIRI 1 Yogyakarta.Methods: The design of the study is analytical survey with cross-sectional design.The sample was students of class XI of SMK Piri 1 Yogyakarta with a total of 147 respondents.A questionnaire was used to determine the relationship between the role of the teacher, peers and mass media with dating violence. Univariate and bivariate analyzes were performed with chi square test.Results: There were two variables that show there was a relationship between peers (p=0.009), mass media (p=0.019) with dating violence and there was no relationship between teacher roles and dating violence (p=1.00), peer prevalence ratio values indicate (RP=0.682), mass media (RP=1,432) and the teacher's role (RP=0,977) and confidence interval 95% confidence level, that there are peers (CI=0,528-0,888), mass media (CI = 1,067-1,922) and the teacher's role (CI=0.745-1.228).Conclusions: There is a relationship between peers and mass media with dating violence, and there is no relationship between teachers’ role and dating violence in SMK 1 Piri Yogyakarta.

Role of peers and family with the occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus in the working area of Seberang Padang health center, Padang city

Background: The occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Seberang Padang health center has increased every year. The role of coeval friends and family is one of the factors that influence HIV prevalence. This study aims to discover the role of peers and family with HIV occurrence in the area of the Seberang Padang health center.Methods: This type of research is observational analytic with case control study design. Time of study in October 2017. The population were all of HIV cases at Seberang Padang Health Center, 41 cases with a sample of 16 cases and 16 controls. Data collection uses a questionnaire. Univariate analysis using descriptive statistical method in the form of frequency distribution and percentage while bivariate with α 0.05 chi square test.Results: More than half (78.6%) of respondents have a poor peer role, more than half (71.4%) respondents have a poor family role. There was a relationship between the role of peers and the role of the family with HIV. People with poor family roles are 15 times at risk for HIV incidence and 9 times at risk if they have a poor peer roles.Conclusions: Peers and family have an important role in shaping a person's behavior, thus increasing the risk of suffering from HIV. Seberang Padang Puskesmas officers are advised to educate families to always act as the most active group to remind respondents to maintain health and keep away from anything that can damage their health and avoid HIV.

Associations between Weight Teasing by Peers, Self Esteem, and Academic Related Stressors with Body Weight Status among Adolescents in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia

@#Introduction: Growing evidence highlighting the physical health risks linked with adolescent obesity and yet little is known on the role of psychosocial factors on the body weight status of adolescents. A cross sectional study was conducted to ascertain the associations between psychosocial factors (operationalised as weight teasing by peers, self-esteem and academic related stressor) with body weight status of adolescents in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: A total of 455 adolescents aged 13-16 years (50.3% male and 49.7% female) were recruited from five randomly selected schools through a multistage cluster sampling. Body weight and height were assessed and body mass index (BMI) was computed. Weight teasing by peers, self-esteem and academic related stressor were assessed using self-administered questionnaire of Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS), Rosenberg Self esteem Scale (RSE) and Secondary School Stressor (SSS) respectively. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 17.1% and 12.2%. Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescents who experienced weight teasing by their peers had 12 times higher odds to be overweight and obese. However, low self-esteem and high academic stressor were associated with a reduction in the likelihood of being overweight and obese. This rather contradictory results may be due to various factors that may affect the adolescents’ self-esteem and academic related stressor. Conclusion: Intervention programmes need to consider the peer environment of adolescents, increasing awareness on the effect of weight teasing by peers and further well designed study is crucial to stimulate the central understanding of psychosocial correlates to the adolescent obesity.

Preditores do uso do Facebook pelos adolescentes portugueses: Contributos de um estudo exploratório / Predictors of Facebook use among Portuguese adolescents: Contributes of an exploratory study

Resumo A generalização do uso das redes sociais online, tem trazido oportunidades e constrangimentos ao mesmo tempo-ou até mais depressa-que a investigação e o conhecimento sobre este tópico. Neste trabalho, pretendemos explorer o papel de variáveis pessoais e psicossociais no uso do Facebook, recorrendo a um conjunto de questionários de autorrelato junto de uma amostra de 386 adolescentes portugueses. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar diferenças na utilização em função do género, uma relação positiva com a idade, a autorregulação e autoestima, sendo a interação com pares da sua rede de contactos offline o mais forte preditor para o uso das redes sociais. Estes dados sugerem o papel desta aplicação como um meio para manter o contacto com os pares.

Abstract The widespread use of social networks has brought opportunities and constraints at the same time, even faster than research and knowledge on this topic. In this paper, we intend to explore the role of personal and psychosocial variables in Facebook use, considering a set of self-report questionnaires to a sample of 386 Portuguese adolescents. We found gender differences in social network use, a positive relationship with age, self-regulation and self-esteem, with peer interaction with offline contacts as the strongest predictor for social network use. These data suggest the role of this application as a mean to maintain contact with peers.

Influencia de pares en preadolescentes y adolescentes: Un predictor de la insatisfacción corporal y las conductas alimentarias anómalas / Peer influence in preadolescents and adolescents: A predictor of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors

Los pares contribuyen a la presencia de insatisfacción corporal y conductas alimentarias anómalas, mismas que tienen su pico de ocurrencia durante la adolescencia; sin embargo, se ha sugerido que los pares pueden incidir desde edades más tempranas. Por ello, los propósitos de este estudio fueron: evaluar la influencia de pares, la interiorización del ideal corporal, la insatisfacción corporal y las conductas alimentarias anómalas en preadolescentes vs. adolescentes; y analizar la influencia de pares en la predicción de la insatisfacción corporal y las conductas alimentarias anómalas. Participaron 273 preadolescentes y 175 adolescentes, hombres y mujeres, quienes completaron cuatro cuestionarios, además de recabar su peso y estatura. La prueba t de Student solo reveló diferencias entre los grupos en índice de masa corporal, interacción con pares, interiorización del ideal corporal y conductas alimentarias anómalas, siendo los adolescentes quienes obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en las primeras tres variables. Los análisis de senderos mostraron que en ambos grupos los pares tuvieron efecto directo sobre la insatisfacción corporal, misma que actuó como mediadora del efecto sobre el comportamiento alimentario. Se concluye que la insatisfacción corporal no difiere entre preadolescentes y adolescentes, y que en ambos la influencia de pares mostró ser un importante factor predictor.

Peers contribute to the development of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors, conditions that show their peak occurrence during the adolescence; however, literature has suggested that peers may influence since earlier ages. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate peer influence, internalization of the body ideal, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors, in preadolescents vs. adolescents; and to analyze the peer influence in the development of disordered eating behaviors and body dissatisfaction. A total of 273 preadolescents and 175 adolescents' men and women answered four questionnaires, additionally weight and height was measured. The t Student test showed differences between groups only in body mass index, interaction with peers, internalization of body ideal and eating behaviors, being adolescents who obtained higher scores in the first three variables. Path analysis showed that in both groups peers influenced body dissatisfaction, which act as a mediator of disordered eating behavior. It is concluded that body dissatisfaction is not different between preadolescents and adolescents and in both groups peer influence was an important predictive factor.

Factores de riesgo en el acoso escolar y el ciberacoso: implicaciones educativas y respuesta penal en el ordenamiento jurídico español / Risk factors in school harassment and ciberbullying: instructional implications and criminal answer in the Spanish legal order / Fatores do risco no assédio escolar e o ciberassédio: implicações educativas e resposta penal no ordenamento jurídico espanho

Se analizan los fenómenos del acoso escolar y el ciberacoso desde una perspectiva analítica y teórica. A partir de una definición consensuada de ambos conceptos, se intenta identificar los factores de riesgo en la génesis y desarrollo del acoso en las aulas, y los efectos que produce en los distintos implicados. Además, se presenta una síntesis de algunos de los principales trabajos de investigación realizados en la última década, y el estudio de las medidas educativas y penales que arbitra el ordenamiento jurídico español en la erradicación de la violencia escolar. Se concluye que la lucha contra el acoso requiere la intervención conjunta y coordinada de diferentes instancias: la familia, la comunidad educativa y los servicios de protección de menores, en la prevención y detección de situaciones de riesgo

The school harassment and ciberbullying phenomena are examined from an analytical and theoretical perspective. From a consensus definition of both concepts, an identification of risk factors in the genesis and development of intimidation in classrooms is intended in order to understand the impact and effects produced on the different individuals concerned. In addition, a synthesis of some of the main research works carried out in the past decade is offered, as well as the study of some educational and criminal measures and policies arbitrated by the Spanish legal system in the eradication of school violence. It is finally concluded that the fight against bullying, harassment and intimidation requires joint and coordinated intervention of different groups, authorities and bodies like families, the educational community and minor protection services in the prevention and detection of risk situations

Os fenômenos do assédio escolar e o ciberassédio são analisados de uma perspectiva analítica e teórica. De uma definição consensuada de ambos os conceitos, tenta-se identificar os fatores do risco na gênesis e no desenvolvimento do assédio nas aulas, e os efeitos que produzem nos diferentes implicados. Além, uma síntese de alguns dos trabalhos principais da pesquisa feitos na última década é apresentada, e também o estudo das medidas educativas e penais que arbitra o ordenamento jurídico espanhol na erradicação da violência escolar. Conclui-se que a luta contra o assédio requer a intervenção conjunta e coordenada de diferentes instâncias: a família, a comunidade educativa e os serviços da proteção dos menores, na prevenção e na detecção de situações do risco

Influencia de factores socioculturales en la imagen corporal desde la perspectiva de mujeres adolescentes / Influence of sociocultural factors on body image from the perspective of adolescent girls

Resumen: La imagen corporal es un tópico relevante en el desarrollo de la identidad durante la adolescencia, donde los factores sociales son decisivos en la determinación de las expectativas individuales. Este estudio describe y analiza la percepción que mujeres adolescentes tienen acerca de la influencia de los aspectos socioculturales en su imagen corporal. El enfoque de investigación fue cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, basado en la teoría fundamentada. Se entrevistó a cinco mujeres adolescentes de entre 16 y 18 años de edad. Los resultados muestran que existe una experiencia de la imagen corporal caracterizada por sentimientos ambivalentes y diferentes grados de insatisfacción corporal. En general, las participantes sobrevaloran la importancia del aspecto físico y, específicamente, la delgadez es considerada signo de atractivo, éxito y perfección; prototipo estético que favorece la insatisfacción corporal. Los parámetros socioculturales percibidos como más influyentes fueron los medios masivos de comunicación, especialmente las redes sociales digitales, que superan a los pares y a la familia. Se concluye que el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de juicio crítico para discernir entre los ideales corporales y los cuerpos reales podría favorecer la prevención de problemas alimentarios en las mujeres adolescentes.

Abstract: Body image is a relevant topic in the development of identity during the adolescence, where social factors are significant in determining individual expectations. This study aims to describe and analyze the perception that female adolescents have about the influence of sociocultural factors on their own body image. This research has a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive approach based on the Grounded Theory. Five adolescent girls aged between 16 and 18 years were interviewed. Results show that body image is characterized by ambivalent feelings and different degrees of body dissatisfaction. In general, participants overvalue physical aspects, for instance, thinness is believed as a sign of attractiveness, success and perfection, prototype linked to body dissatisfaction. The more influential sociocultural parameters were mass media, especially online social networks, peers and family. It is concluded that strengthening critical judgment skills to distinguish between the ideal body and the real body could enhance the prevention of eating disturbances in adolescent women.

Percepción de la creatividad en niños, padres y pares: efectos en la producción creativa / Perception of Creativity in Children, Parents and Peers: Effects on Children's Creative Production / Percepção da criatividade em crianças, pais e pares: efeitos na produção criativa

Objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la percepción de la creatividad en niños, padres y pares, y el efecto de estas percepciones sobre la producción creativa de los niños en actividades de papel y lápiz. Método. Participaron 359 alumnos de 9 a 13 años de diferentes escuelas y colegios de la provincia de Entre Ríos de la República Argentina. Para conocer la producción creativa, los niños completaron la prueba de figuras del Test de Pensamiento Creativo de Torrance Forma B. Para estudiar la valoración de los pares, padres y niños sobre la creatividad se aplicó el Sociograma "Compañero creativo", la Escala de Personalidad Creadora (versión heteroevaluación a los padres o tutores) y la versión autoevaluación a los niños de 11 a 13 años. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que tanto la percepción parental (F (2, 356) = 6.55, p = 0.002), así como la evaluación que realizan los pares (F (2, 356) = 4.90, p = 0.008) sobre la creatividad mejoran la producción creativa del niño en las tareas de papel y lápiz. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la producción creativa según la evaluación del niño sobre su propia creatividad. Conclusión. Los datos muestran la importancia cardinal de los factores contextuales, particularmente, la percepción de los padres y de los pares en los procesos de formación del yo en cuanto a las competencias y habilidades que son necesarias para realizar una actividad creadora.

Objective. The present study aimed at assessing the perception of creativity in children, parents and peers, as well as the effect of these perceptions on the child's creative output in paper-and-pencil activities. Method. The study involved 359 students aged 9-13 years from different schools and colleges of the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina. To know the creative production, children completed the Figural Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT; Torrance, Ball y Safter, 1992), Form B. To study the valuation of peers, parents and the own child on creativity, the Sociogram "Creative peer" for all children, the Creative Personality Scale (CPS; 2004, in its hetero-evaluation version for parents or guardians) and the Self-evaluation version for children aged 1113 years were administered. Results. The results showed that both parental perception (F (2, 356) = 6.55, p = 0.002) and peers' evaluation (F (2, 356) = 4.90, p = 0.008) on creativity improve the child's creative production in paper-and-pencil activities. No significant differences were found in the creative production according to the child's self-perception of his/her creativity. Conclusion. Data demonstrate the fundamental importance of contextual factors, mainly the perception of parents and peers in the process of the formation of the self, in terms of competencies and skills that are necessary to carry out a creative task.

Escopo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção da criatividade em crianças, pais e pares, e o efeito de estas percepções sobre a produção criativa das crianças em atividade de papel e lápis. Metodologia. Participaram 359 alunos de 9 a 13 anos de idade de diferentes escolas e colégios da província de Entre Ríos da República Argentina. Para conhecer a produção criativa, as crianças completaram a prova de figuras do Test de Pensamento Criativo de Torrence Forma B. Para estudar a valoração dos pares, pais e crianças sobre criatividade foi aplicado o Sociograma "Companheiro criativo", a Escala de Personalidade Criadora (versão heteroavaliação aos pais ou tutores) e a versão auto-avaliação às crianças de 11 a 13 anos de idade. Resultados. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a percepção parental (F(2,356) = 6.55, p = 0.002), assim como a avalição que foi feita pelos pares (F(2,356) = 4.90, p= 0.008) sobre a criatividade melhoram a produção criativa da criança em tarefas de papel e lápis. Não foram achadas diferenças significativas na produção criativa segundo a avalição da criança sobre sua própria criatividade. Conclusão. Os dados mostram a importância cardinal dos fatores contextuais, particularmente, a percepção dos pais e dos pares nos processos de formação do Eu em quanto às competências e habilidades que são necessárias para fazer uma atividade criadora.

Ideación suicida y grupo de iguales: análisis en una muestra de adolescentes venezolanos / Suicide Ideation and Peers Group: Analysis of a Venezuelan Adolescents Sample

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar un modelo de relaciones para predecir la ideación suicida de adolescentes escolarizados. Se propuso un modelo basado en la conducta suicida de los iguales, el apoyo del padre y de la madre, la violencia familiar y la depresión. La muestra estuvo conformada por 912 sujetos. Los resultados obtenidos mediante un path analysis indican que los adolescentes con síntomas de depresión optan por amigos con conductas suicidas y estos, además, aumentan directamente la probabilidad de ideación suicida.

The goal of this study was to determine a model of relationship in order to predict school-age adolescents suicide ideation. A model based on peers' suicidal behavior, father and mother's support, family violence and depression was proposed. A sample of 912 subjects was used. The results through path analysis suggest that teenagers with depression symptoms prefer relating with friends who show suicidal behavior.

Prevalencia de uso de cannabis: perfil familiar y social de una muestra adolescente / Prevalence of Cannabis Use: Familiar and Social Profile of a Teen Sample

Este estudio describió y estableció diferencias del perfil estructural/dinámico familiar y social de adolescentes de acuerdo a la prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis. Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo transversal. Muestra no probabilística de 156 adolescentes incluidos en educación secundaria. Menor apoyo familiar, menor grado de confianza y consumo de sustancias ilegales caracterizó la dinámica de familias de quienes han probado cannabis al menos una vez en la vida. Una mayor cantidad de amigos de quienes han probado cannabis alguna vez consumen cannabis, alcohol, tabaco y otras sustancias. Las parejas de quienes han consumido cannabis no funcionan como factor de protección ya que consumen más sustancias que parejas de quienes nunca han probado cannabis. Los programas de prevención en uso de cannabis deben hacer mayor hincapié en el trabajo del aspecto dinámico de las familias y de los adolescentes en relación con sus pares incluyendo sus parejas.

This study described and established differences in the structural/dynamic family and social profile of adolescents according to the lifetime prevalence of cannabis. Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Non-random sample of 156 adolescents included in secondary education. Low family support, less confidence and consumption of illegal substances characterized the dynamics of families of who have tried cannabis at least once in life. A greater number of friends of who have ever used cannabis use more cannabis, alcohol, tobacco and other substances. Couples of who have used cannabis not function as a protective factor as they consume more substances that couples who have never tried cannabis. Cannabis prevention programs have to do a greater emphasis on the work of the dynamic aspects of families and relationships of adolescents with their peers including their partners.

Childhood maltreatment and psychological adjustment: a systematic review / Maus-tratos na infância e ajustamento psicológico: uma revisão sistemática

This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to child maltreatment on self-esteem, social competence, peer relationships and school performance through a systematic literature review. For this purpose, a search of articles indexed in Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Amed databases between 1984 and 2012 was done. In this review, 19 empirical articles in English were analyzed based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. These studies highlight that, overall, both adults and children/teenagers who were exposed to maltreatment during childhood showed impairments on self-esteem, social competence, peer relationships, and school performance. The analysis of the articles has also allowed the identification of the instruments used to assess the variables of interest and the description of the profile of those who participated of the studies included in this review. (AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos da exposição a maus-tratos sobre a autoestima, a competência social, a relação com pares e o desempenho acadêmico por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura. Para isso foi realizada uma busca de artigos indexados nos bancos de dados Medline, PsycINFO, Embase e Amed, publicados entre 1984 e 2012. Nesta revisão, 19 artigos empíricos e no idioma inglês foram analisados a partir de critérios de inclusão/exclusão. Os estudos destacam que, de maneira geral, adultos ou crianças/adolescentes que sofreram maus tratos na infância apresentaram prejuízos na autoestima, na competência social, na relação com pares e no desempenho acadêmico. A análise dos artigos permitiu, ainda, a identificação dos instrumentos utilizados para a avaliação das variáveis de interesse e a descrição do perfil dos participantes dos estudos incluídos nessa revisão. (AU)

Namoro na adolescência no Brasil: circularidade da violência psicológica nos diferentes contextos relacionais / Adolescent dating in Brazil: the circularity of psychological violence in different relationship contexts

Avalia a perpetração de violência psicológica no relacionamento afetivo-sexual atual de adolescentes do sexo masculino e feminino e sua relação com violência psicológica vivenciada em outros contextos de suas vidas: família, relacionamento com amigos e com parceiros afetivo-sexuais anteriores. Responderam a um questionário fechado e autoaplicado 3.205 escolares do 2º ano do Ensino Médio, com idade entre 15 e 19 anos, de escolas públicas estaduais e particulares das capitais de dez estados brasileiros. Os resultados destacam que o aumento do número de eventos de violência psicológica perpetrada pelos adolescentes em seus relacionamentos íntimos está relacionado à mais elevada agressão verbal da mãe e do pai; e à mais frequente vivência de violência psicológica entre pais, irmãos, amigos e àquela presente nos namoros anteriores. Reforçam a noção de circularidade da violência psicológica nos diversos contextos de socialização do adolescente e destacam a continuidade do comportamento agressivo em outras relações de namoro, entre irmãos, na família e amigos.

The scope of this paper is to evaluate the perpetration of psychological violence in current male and female dating relationships and their link to psychological violence experienced in other contexts of their lives, namely family, relationships with friends and dating partners. 3,205 students in the 2nd year of high school (15 to 19 years old) in public and private schools in ten Brazilian cities filled out a closed and self-administered questionnaire. The results highlight the fact that the increase in the number of psychologically violent events perpetrated by adolescents in their intimate relationships is related to greater verbal aggression of the mother and father, and the more frequent experiences of psychological violence between parents, siblings, friends and that existing in earlier dating relationships. This reinforces the notion of circularity of psychological violence in various contexts of socialization of adolescents and highlights the continuity of aggressive behavior in other dating relationships, and those between siblings, family and friends.

Differential Effects of Parents and Peers on Externalizing Behavior and Drug Use / Efectos Diferenciales de Padres y Pares sobre la Externalización de Conductas y Consumo de Drogas

This study explored how peer deviant behavior and peer drug use differentially mediated the paths from unsupportive parenting to youth externalizing behavior and both the probability and extent of current drug use in a sample of Venezuelan youth. Models were further extended to test for group differences by gender and age. Results suggested that peer influences are domain specific among Venezuelan youth. That is, deviant peer behavior mediated the path from unsupportive parenting to youth externalizing behaviors, and peer drug use mediated the path to the drug use outcome. Mediation effects were partial, suggesting that parenting influenced the outcomes beyond its impact on affiliations with negative peers. Notable exceptions to the models were found when moderated by either gender or age. Implications for the development of screening tools and for formulating intervention programs targeting this age group are discussed.

Este estudio explora cómo la conducta anómica de los pares y el uso de drogas de los pares moderan diferencialmente las trayectorias de parentalidad desapegada hacia conductas externalizadas y cómo ambas moderan la probabilidad y alcance del consumo de sustancias en una muestra de jóvenes venezolanos. Los resultados sugieren que la influencia de los pares es sobre algunos dominios específicos entre los jóvenes. Esto es, conductas desviadas de los pares moderan el camino entre padres desapegados hacia las conductas de los jóvenes, y el consumo de drogas de los pares delinean la trayectoria hacia el consumo de sustancias. Los efectos mediadores fueron parciales, lo que sugiere que los padres influyen las consecuencias más allá del impacto sobre las afiliaciones con pares negativos. Se hallaron excepciones a los modelos cuando se controló por sexo y edad. Se discuten las implicaciones de desarrollar herramientas y programas de intervención para este grupo de edad.

Juvenile Criminal Behavior and Peers' Influences: A Comparative Study in the Brazilian Context / Conducta delictiva en la adolescencia e influencia de sus pares: un estudio comparativo en el contexto brasileño

This study investigates aspects of living with peers in adolescent offenders in the Brazilian context based on the social and personal control behavior theory developed by Marc Le Blanc and his colleagues. Both comparative and quantitative approaches were used to study two groups: Delinquents/adjudicated and control. A questionnaire developed by Le Blanc and adapted to the reality of the study was applied to 75 participants. A significant level of 0.05 was adopted and the data analysis showed that delinquents developed poor relationships suggesting an experience of greater socio-emotional isolation. This refers to the problematic experience in one of the major developmental tasks of this period. Further studies should be developed to analyze the interactions between the coexisting aspects in the family, at school and with peers.

El presente estudio indaga la relación entre adolescentes infractores y sus pares dentro del contexto brasileño, basándose en la teoría de la regulación social y personal de la conducta, desarrollada por Marc Le Blanc y sus colegas. Se aplicó un cuestionario desarrollado por Le Blanc, y adaptado a la realidad del estudio, a 75 participantes. Se consideró un nivel de significación de 0.05 y el análisis señala que los delincuentes desarrollan relaciones interpersonales pobres, experimentando un elevado aislamiento socioemocional, que se constituye en una de las experiencias más problemáticas dentro de las tareas de desarrollo en esta etapa. Así mismo, estudios futuros deberían analizar la interacción entre aspectos contextuales en la familia, escuela y con los pares.

La problemática del jurado de conciencia en el contexto de la justicia criminal en el Estado Soberano de Bolívar: 1860-1880 / O problema do júri da consciência no âmbito da justiça criminal no Estado Soberano de Bolívar: 1860-1880 / The jury of peers issue in the context of criminal justice administration in the Sovereign State of Bolivar: 1860-1880

En este artículo se analiza la problemática presentada por el jurado de conciencia en el contexto de la administración de justicia criminal en el Estado Soberano de Bolívar (1860-1880), la cual se visualizaba a través de los informes de los procuradores generales que eran presentados ante la Asamblea Legislativa y ante el Ciudadano Presidente del Estado. También se analiza el origen del jurado de conciencia en Colombia y la administración de justicia enmateria penal en el Estado de Bolívar, y se resalta, dentro de este contexto, el papel que desempeñó la justicia por jurados dentro de la política criminal del Estado Soberano de Bolívar en el período radical

This article analyzes the problem posed by the jury of peers (“jurado de conciencia”) in the context of the administration of criminal justice in the Sovereign State of Bolivar (1860-1880) as envisioned through the reports of the general proctors, who were introduced before the Legislative Assembly and the Citizen President of the State; likewise, it examines its origin in Colombia while highlighting the role of jury justice in criminal matters and, within this context, its performance within the framework of the Sovereign State of Bolivar’s criminal policy during the radical period

Este artigo discute os problemas apresentados pelo júri da consciência no contexto da administração da justiça penal no Estado Soberano de Bolívar (1860-1880), que foi exibida através dos relatórios dos procuradores-gerais que foram apresentados à Assembléia Legislativa e perante o Cidadão Presidente do Estado. Também aborda a origem do júri da consciência na Colômbia e a administração da justiça penal em matéria penal no Estado de Bolivar e destaca-se, neste contexto, o papel desempenhado pela justiça pelos jurados no âmbito da política criminal do Estado Soberano de Bolívar no período radical

Adolescência e jovem adultícia: crescimento pessoal, separação-individuação e o jogo das relações / Adolescence and emerging adulthood: personal growth, separation-individuation and the relational game

O presente artigo procura problematizar a importância das dinâmicas relacionais no crescimento pessoal. Tendo como ponto de partida a teoria da apego, o desenvolvimento pessoal é pautado por processos de separação-individuação; são estes os processos que permitem a construção de um sentido de autonomia. Recentemente o conceito de "adultos emergentes" tem vindo a ganhar destaque, gerindo a discussão em torno dos factores internos e externos que eventualmente potenciam a entrada na adultícia. Pais, irmãos e pares assumem relevância neste processo, o que implica posteriormente um alargamento da rede social ao contexto de trabalho e às relações amorosas. As implicações desta transição serão discutidas à luz do processo de separação-individuação e dos factores moderadores do crescimento pessoal.

The purpose of the present article is to discuss the importance of the relationship dynamics in personal development. Taking the attachment theory as a starting point, the personal development path is guided by separation-individuation processes; these processes allow building a sense of autonomy. Recently the concept of "emerging adults" has gained importance, managing the debate around the internal and external factors that may enhance the entry into adulthood. Parental figures, siblings and peers assume a relevant role in the process, supporting the adolescent's inclusion in broader social contexts like work and romantic relationships. The implications of this transition will be discussed according to the separation-individuation process and moderating factors of personal growth.

Caracterización familiar de jóvenes consumidores experimentales de sustancias psicoactivas atendidos en el Departamento de Toxicología de Colsubsidio / Family Characterization of Young Experimental Consumers of Psychoactive Substances Seen in the Toxicology Department at Colsubsidio / Caracterização familiar de jovens consumidores experimentais de sustâncias psicoativas atendidos no Departamento de Toxicología de Colsubsidio

Esta investigación caracterizó familias de jóvenes consumidores experimentales de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA). Materiales y métodos: para ello se realizó un estudio cualitativo, con enfoque hermenéutico, en una población de jóvenes entre 12 y 17 años que han experimentado con SPA. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas basadas en un protocolo flexible de catorce categorías y se aplicaron a los pacientes y a sus familias. Resultados: se evidenció baja cohesión familiar, pobre identificación con el núcleo e inconsistencia en los patrones educativos inculcados por los padres, así como un acompañamiento deficiente por parte de los mismos; de igual manera, se percibe una influencia significativa del grupo de pares en el proceso de inicio en el consumo de sustancias ilegales, representando una forma de posicionamiento y de prestigio que otorgan una sensación de bienestar psicológico, emocional y social, más que una gratificación física. Conclusiones: se aprecia una influencia significativa del modelamiento de los padres en el uso de SPA legales como el alcohol y el tabaco. Asimismo, se identifica la necesidad prioritaria de integrar habilidades de comunicación y resolución de conflictos a las dinámicas de la familia, mediante programas de prevención y seguimiento que permitan a los padres de jóvenes consumidores experimentales adquirir herramientas educativas que direccionen de manera adecuada nuevas pautas de crianza con base en las falencias identificadas en este estudio.

This investigation characterized families of adolescents experimenting with psychoactive substances (PAS) consumption. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a qualitative study with a hermeneutical emphasis was conducted among a population of adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 who have experimented with PAS. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and their families employing a flexible protocol of 14 categories. Results: The findings showed low levels of family cohesion and sense of family identity, inconsistency between educational patterns followed by the parents, as well as deficient parental support. Similarly, the findings indicate significant peer influence during the first stages of consumption of illegal substances. In this regard, the findings suggest that more than providing physical satisfaction, consumption represents a form of acquiring prestige and social position while granting a sensation of psychological, emotional and social well-being. Conclusions: Parental influence was also found considerable in regarding the consumption of legal PAS, like alcohol and tobacco. The study identified as a high-priority need to promote and incorporate communication and conflict resolution skills within the family dynamics by means of prevention and monitoring programs. Those skills and programs would be aimed at providing parents of adolescents experimenting with PAS consumption with new educational tools to orientate new raising guidelines so as to respond appropriately to the problems identified in this study.

Introdução: esta pesquisa caracterizou famílias de jovens consumidores experimentais de sustâncias psicoativas (SPA). Materiais e métodos: para isso realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, com enfoque hermenêutico, em uma população de jovens entre 12 e 17 anos que têm experimentado com SPA. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas baseadas em um protocolo flexível de catorze categorias e se aplicaram aos pacientes e a suas famílias. Resultados: se evidenciou baixa coesão familiar, pobre identificação com o núcleo e inconsistência nos patrões educativos inculcados pelos pais, assim como um acompanhamento deficiente por parte deles; igualmente, se percebe uma influência significativa do grupo de pares no processo de inicio no consumo de sustâncias ilegais, representando uma forma de posicionamento e de prestigio que otourgam uma sensação de bem-estar psicológico, emocional e social, mais que uma gratificação física. Conclusões: aprecia-se uma influência significativa da formação dos pais no uso de SPA legais como o álcool e o fumo. Assim mesmo, se identifica a necessidade prioritária de integrar habilidades de comunicação e resolução de conflitos às dinâmicas da família, mediante programas de prevenção e seguimento que permitam aos pais de jovens consumidores experimentais adquirir ferramentas educativas que direcionem de forma adequada novas pautas de criação com base nas falências identificadas neste estudo.