RESUMO
Chemical investigation of the culture extract of an endophytic Penicillium citrinum from Dendrobium officinale, afforded nine citrinin derivatives (1-9) and one peptide-polyketide hybrid GKK1032B (10). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined for the first time by calculation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Among them, GKK1032B (10) showed significant cytotoxicity against human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 with an IC50 value of 3.49 μmol·L-1, and a primary mechanistic study revealed that it induced the apoptosis of MG63 cellsvia caspase pathway activation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Apoptose , Neoplasias Ósseas , Caspases , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , PenicilliumRESUMO
Aim: The objective of the present work was to optimize the environmental parameters for Cellulase (1,4 β-endoglucanase, E.C.3.2.1:4) production using Penicillium citrinum MTCC 9620 in Solid State Fermentation. Study Design: One unit of Cellulase (1,4 β-endoglucanase, E.C.3.2.1:4) activity is defined as the amount of enzyme producing 1μmole of glucose equivalent/min measured using UV visible spectrophotometer at 540 nm. Place and Duration of Study: Food Technology laboratory of Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh between January and June 2011. Methodology: Penicillium citrinum MTCC 9620 was maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 4°C. For Cellulase production Czapek Yeast Extract medium was used as moistening medium. Incubation temperature, pH, incubation time and other parameters like suitable substrate, pre-treatment of the substrate on production of Cellulase in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) was optimized using agricultural residues by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 9620. Microscopic and Spectral properties of substrates were determined to detect the structural changes after pre-treatment. Results: Production of extracellular Cellulase was greatly affected by variation in substrates, pre-treatments of substrate and variation in pH and incubation temperature. Cellulase activity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher when alkali treated wheat bran was used as substrate than untreated substrate. Among three substrates and their three pretreatment conditions, It has been observed that alkali treated wheat bran was the most suitable substrate for maximum cellulase production (12.56± 0.097U/mL) at pH 5.5 and 30ºC without any extraneous nitrogen source by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 9620 after 120 h of fermentation time. SEM study revealed that during alkali treatment the solid surface become rough which results growth of fungus eventually maximum cellulase production. Conclusion: P. citrinum MTCC 9620 is one of the potential cellulase producing fungal strain. Optimum condition of cellulase (1,4 β-endoglucanase, E.C.3.2.1:4) production by P. citrinum MTCC 9620 was 30°C temperature, 5.5 pH when alkali treated wheat bran was used as substrate. Growth kinetics of P. citrinum MTCC 9620 was studied and it showed adequacy of fit to Monod Model to describe the growth pattern of P. citrinum MTCC 9620 in SSF at 30°C for 120 h incubation period.
RESUMO
The sodium metabisulphite (SMB) is used in shrimp farming to prevent melanosis and the 5.0 ppm chlorine (CL) concentration used in the shrimp processing is efficient as a bactericide, but there is no evidence of the effectiveness of these chemical compounds as fungicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of sodium metabisulphite (SMB) and chlorine (CL) on the growth of Aspergillus and Penicillium species isolated from marine shrimp in different stages of processing. The samples were collected from a frozen shrimp processing industry, located in Piauí State, Brazil. The total fungi and occurrence of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were evaluated. For in vitro sensibility test using the diffusion disk in agar method, five concentrations of SMB (0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 10%) and six of CL (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 µg mL-1) were used. The fungal counts in the different processing stages ranged from 1.74 to 3.38 CFU g-1. Twenty-nine Aspergillus strains were isolated, prevailing A. versicolor (59.3%) and twenty-two of Penicillium, prevailing P. citrinum (74%). One strain of A. flavus was AFB1 producer. All the isolated strains of P. citrinum produced citrinin. All tested species were in vitro sensitive to 3% of SMB, except the A. flavus. The 10% concentration of SMB inhibited the in vitro growth of all strains. The CL concentrations tested did not inhibit the studied species growth and SMB concentrations above 3.0% inhibited in vitro the growth of the tested strains.
O metabissulfito de sódio (SMB) é usado na carcinicultura para evitar a melanose e a concentração de 5,0ppm de cloro (CL), utilizada no beneficiamento do camarão, é eficiente como bactericida, porém não há comprovação da eficácia destes compostos químicos como fungicida. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito in vitro do metabissulfito de sódio (SMB) e cloro (CL) sobre o crescimento de espécies de Aspergillus e Penicillium isolados de camarão marinho em diferentes estágios de processamento. As amostras foram coletadas de uma indústria de processamento de camarão congelado, localizada no Estado do Piauí, Brasil. Fungos totais e ocorrência das espécies de Aspergillus e Penicillium foram avaliados. Para o teste in vitro de sensibilidade pelo método disco-difusão em ágar, foram utilizadas cinco concentrações de SMB (0%, 1%, 3%, 5% e 10%) e seis de CL (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5µg mL-1). As contagens fúngicas nos diferentes estágios de processamento variaram de 1,74 a 3,38UFC g-1. Foram isoladas 29 cepas de Aspergillus, prevalecendo o A. versicolor (59,3%) e 22 de Penicillium, prevalecendo o P. citrinum (74%). Uma cepa de A. flavus era produtora de AFB1. Todas as cepas de P. citrinum isoladas produziram citrinina. Todas as espécies testadas foram sensíveis in vitro a 3% do SMB, com exceção do A. flavus. A concentração de 10% do SMB inibiu in vitro o crescimento de todas as cepas. As concentrações de CL testadas não inibiram o crescimento das espécies isoladas e concentrações de SMB acima de 3,0% inibiram in vitro o crescimento das linhagens testadas.