RESUMO
Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding should include all abnormalities of menstruation like hypermenorrhea as well as hypomenorrhea. Abnormal bleeding is synonymous only with excessive menstruation. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common conditions for which women consult their gynaecologists. Material and methods: This was a retrospective study done in Dhiraj Hospital over a period of six month on patients presenting with AUB. Patients were selected based on clinical details. The study material included a total no. of 60 patients which were inclusive of endometrial samples. Patients with isolated endometrial causes of abnormal uterine bleeding were included for this study and those with pregnancy, profusely bleeding per vaginum, anemic patients were excluded. All specimens were transported in 10% formalin to the pathology laboratory. The gross morphology was recorded. Microscopic examination was done by two pathologist so as to reduce inter observer findings. The data collected for this study was statistically analyzed using chi-square test.
RESUMO
Background: Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fractures with advancing age in postmenopausal women. BMD measurements with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are costly and not widely available The Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) index is a simple tool based on age and body weight to predict low BMD and identify women at risk of osteoporosis. The objective was to study the association of OSTA index with BMD (T-score) and to validate OSTA index in comparison with calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) for the prediction of low BMD in peri-menopausal Indian women. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out in department of physiology of a tertiary care teaching hospital (Navi Mumbai). Seventy two peri-menopausal women between 40 to 55 years with no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis were included. Participants’ socio-demographic detail, anthropometric measurements, OSTA index and QUS-based BMD was recorded. Pearson’s correlation test was used. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value was calculated. Results: OSTA index did not correlate with BMD in the entire samples. On subgroup analysis, OSTA index significantly correlated in a positive direction with BMD (T-score) in women in the age group of 50-55 years. OSTA index had a sensitivity of 70 %, and specificity of 84.62 % at T-score cutoff value of < -1. Conclusions: OSTA index is a simple risk assessment tool that can be used to identify women with low BMD in the age group of 50-55 years.