Perilla frutescens: A traditional medicine and food homologous plant / 中草药·英文版

Perilla frutescens, an annual herb of the Labiatae family, has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years. P. frutescens is the one of the first medicinal and edible plant published by the Ministry of Health. Its leaves, stems and seeds can be used as medicine and edible food. Because of the abundant nutrients and bioactive components in this plant, P. frutescens has been studied extensively in medicine, food, health care and chemical fields with great prospects for development. This paper reviews the cultivation history, chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of P. frutescens, which provides a reference for the development and utilization of P. frutescens resources.

Study on prescription process of nanoemulsion of Perilla frutescens essential oil and preliminary quality evaluation / 中草药

Objective: Using Perilla frutescens as a model drug, the nanoemulsion of Perilla frutescens essential oil (PFEO) were prepared, and the formulation process research and preliminary quality evaluation were carried out. Methods: The cosurfactants were determined according to the amount of PFEO dissolved in various excipients. The HLB value method was used to preliminarily screen surfactants suitable for oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions, and the surfactants with dosage safety were further screened to determine the composition of nanoemulsion formulations. By drawing a pseudo-ternary phase diagram, the nanoemulsion region size, drug loading, water content, and conductivity, viscosity, particle size, distribution, and stability was comprehensively compared to optimize the prescription. This study investigated the appearance, physicochemical properties (viscosity, pH value, conductivity, electrical conductivity, particle size, Zeta potential), stability, in vitro permeability properties and nasal mucosa irritation of the nanoemulsion of PFEO. Results: The final optimized nanoemulsion formulation was 14.3% PFEO-9.5% Transcutol P-19.1% Labrasol-57.1% water. The nanoemulsion of PFEO prepared according to the optimized prescription was uniform, transparent, clear, with good fluidity. The viscosity was (3.68 ± 0.17) mPa∙s, pH value was (6.18 ± 0.03), the electrical conductivity was (109.61 ± 0.89) μS/cm, the Zeta potential was (-7.08 ± 1.82) mV, and the particle size was (49.98 ± 1.55) nm. The results of transmission electron microscope experiment showed that, the droplets of PFEO nanoemulsion were spherical with the particle size within 100 nm. The stability test results showed that the nanoemulsion of PFEO had centrifugal stability, dilution stability, long-term stability and temperature stability. After storage at room temperature and unsealed for one month and six months, the percentage change of the average perillaldehyde content of PFEO nanoemulsion and PFEO was 1.8% and 17.48%, respectively. The nasal mucosal irritation test results showed that the PFEO nanoemulsion administration group had no significant difference from the blank saline group. Conclusion: The appearance and related physical and chemical properties of PFEO nanoemulsion prepared by optimized prescription process meet the quality requirements of nanoemulsion, with drug stability, drug permeability and safety.

Comparative transcriptome and co-expression analysis reveal key genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens / 中草药·英文版

Objective: In this study, we aimed to identify the genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens. P. frutescens (Family: Lamiaceae) is widely grown in Asian countries. Perilla leaf is the medicinal part stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. There are mainly two types of perilla leaves: one with serrated leaf margin which is the phenotype described in the pharmacopoeia and the other with smooth leaf margin. Methods: Transcriptome sequencing, co-expression analysis, and qRT-PCR analysis of six perilla tissues sampled from two different phenotypes (serrated and smooth leaves) were performed. Results: Forty-three differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which may potentially regulate leaf shape, were identified through de novo transcriptome sequencing between the two groups. Genes involved in leaf shape regulation were identified. Simultaneously, we validated five DEGs by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data. In addition, 1186 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 45 TF families were identified. Moreover, the co-expression network of DEGs was constructed. Conclusion: The study identified the key genes that control leaf shape by comparing the transcriptomes. Our findings also provide basic data for further exploring P. frutescens, which can help study the mechanism of leaf shape development and molecular breeding.

Research process on pharmacological effect and substance basis of Perilla frutescens / 中草药

Perilla frutescens is one of traditional Chinese diaphoretics, and is produced in many areas of China. The chemical composition is rich in P. frutescens, including volatile oil, aliphatic acids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, coloring matter and so on. Because of the function of relieving superficial pathogenic factors to dissipate cold and promoting qi flowing to regulate the stomach, P. frutescens can be used to treat the diseases of wind-cold, stagnation of gastrosplenic qi, vomiting and poisoning by eating fish and crab. The study showed that P. frutescens exhibited the effects which related with the traditional uses of relieving cough, bacteriostasis, relieving fever, analgesia, etc., and besides, it showed a few new founded effects, such as sedative effects, antioxidative effects, effects of reducing blood pressure, and regulating glucose/lipid metabolism. This paper summarized the research progess on the chemical composition and main pharmacological activities of P. frutescens, and discussed its therapeutic material basis based on the summarise, which could provide a reference for the development of P. frutescens.

Chemical constituents from leaves of Perilla frutescens / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the aqueous extract of leaves of Perilla frutescens. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by chromatography on macroporous resin, silica gel, ODS, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods, including MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral techniques. Results: Seventeen compounds were isolated from the aqueous extract of leaves of P. frutescens, and were identified as (+)- isololiolide (1), dehydrovomifoliol (2), (-)-loliolide (3), scutellarin (4), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), p-hydroxyacetophenone (6), 3-formylindole (7), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (8), apigenin (9), luteolin (10), esculetin (11), caffeic acid (12), rosmarinic acid (13), methyl rosmarinate (14), sericoside (15), caffeic acid vinyl ester (16), and negletein (17). Conclusion: Compounds 1-2, 6-8, and 15 are firstly isolated from the plants of Perilla Linn.

A mathematic model for the fertilization technique of Perilla frutescens (L) Britt in Chongqing / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore a normalized fertilization technique for the Perilla frutescens (L) Britt in Chongqing. METHODS: The quantities of N, P and K were studied to get the best ratio of fertilization by quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combing design with three factors. RESULTS: The ranking of the effects of N, P, and K on the yield of Perilla was K > P > N. High quantity of K could improve the effect of N on the yield of Perilla, while in the condition of low quantity of K, high quantity of N tended to restrain the yield of Perilla. The best fertilization ratio was CO(NH2)2 13.74-18.58 kg · (667 m2)-1, P2O5 6.40-7.96 kg · (667 m2)-1, and K2O 2.81-3.80 kg · (667 m2)-1. CONCLUSION: Rational ratio of fertilizers would increase the production of Perilla. This study provides the theoretical basis for standard cultivation of Perilla.

Effect of exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid on seed germination and antioxidase activities of Perilla frutescens seedlings under NaCl stress / 中草药

Objective: In order to get the method of improving the salt resistance of seeds and seedlings for Perilla frutescens under NaCl stress, seed germination and physiological characteristics of P. frutescens seedlings were studied. Methods: Several physiological indexes of P. frutescens seeds treated by 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) were measured. And other indexes of the seedlings like relative water content (RWC), the biomass, the content of soluble sugar, and malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were also measured. Results: The germination indexes of P. frutescens seeds under NaCl stress have a obvious inhibition. But after the treatment at different concentrations of 5-ALA every germination index were all increased. And the seeds treated by 5-ALA with the concentration of 50 mg/L have the most significantly increase in every index. The germination vigor was 71.3%, the germination rate was 90.5%, the germination index and vigor index were 15.9 and 0.129 6, respectively. Every treatment of them coule improve the biomass and soluble sugar of the seedlings; The RWC of P. frutescens leaves decreased under NaCl stress, but after treated by 5-ALA, the rate of decrease has been relieved and the content of MDA in leaves was decreased. The activities of three enzymes including SOD, POD, and CAT were all increased. And the treatment of 5-ALA with the concentration of 50 mg/L got the maximin with 0.79, 7.69, and 5.84 U/mg, respectively. Conclusion: 5-ALA with the appropriate concentration of 50 mg/L could significantly alleviate the damages to the seeds and seedlings of P. frutescens under NaCl stress and promote the salt resistance of the seeds and seedlings.