Classification of furcation involvement of endodontically treated mandibular first permanent molars based on cone beam CT / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To classify the furcation involvement (FI) of endodontically treated mandibular first permanent molars based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), provide reference for individualized treatment of FI. @*Methods@#CBCT images of the FI of 164 endodontically treated mandibular first permanent molars from 163 patients in Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University were collected retrospectively. On the CBCT images, the shape and extent of periapical and periodontitis bone resorption, the thickness of residual dentin in the pulp floor and root canal wall, and the periodontal bone resorption of the complete dentition were evaluated. The FI was classified into periodontal, periapical, perforated and mixed types.@* Results@#Among the 164 FIs of endodontically treated mandibular first permanent molars, the periapical type was the most common (41.5%), followed by the mixed type (26.2%), perforated type (18.3%), and periodontal type (14.0%). Among the 68 periapical-type FIs of endodontically treated mandibular first permanent molars, 48.5% were proper root canal filling, 44.1% were insufficient filling and 7.4% were overfilling. Among the 43 mixed-type FIs, the periodontal mixed periapical type was the most common (72.1%).@*Conclusion @#Detailed evaluation and classification of furcation involvement could be performed using CBCT images; therefore, the study has guiding significance for clinical treatment.

¿Cómo Intervenir el Proceso de Caries en Niños? Adaptación del Consenso de ORCA/EFCD/DGZ

RESUMEN: La caries dental afecta alrededor del 70% de los niños y en Latinoamérica este problema es aún más complejo, dadas las barreras socioeconómicas y culturales que dificultan el acceso a la salud bucal, con grandes inequidades. Durante el año 2019, un panel de expertos de la Organización Europea para la Investigación en Caries (ORCA), la Federación Europea de Odontología Conservadora (EFCD) y la Federación Alemana de Odontología Conservadora (DGZ) elaboraron revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y consensuaron recomendaciones basadas en evidencia destinadas a dentistas, mediante un taller en Berlín, Alemania, seguido de un trabajo de consenso mediante metodología e-Delphi. El propósito de este artículo es presentar las principales conclusiones del consenso adaptadas idiomáticamente al español y al contexto de Latinoamérica para permitir una mejor difusión del conocimiento generado y su aplicación en la práctica clínica. El artículo proporciona evidencia y recomendaciones clínicas para las intervenciones preventivas, no invasivas, microinvasivas, mínimamente invasivas e invasivas mejor sustentadas por la ciencia para el manejo de la enfermedad de caries y de las lesiones de caries en niños, con énfasis en la caries de la infancia temprana (CIT), dientes primarios y superficies oclusales de dientes permanentes.

ABSTRACT: Dental caries remains the most prevalent chronic disease in the world, affecting around 70% of children and posing a challenge for public health. Given the socioeconomic, cultural barriers and great inequalities that hinder access to oral health, in Latin America this problem is even more complex. During 2019, a panel of experts from the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA), the European Federation for Conservative Dentistry (EFCD) and the German Federation for Conservative Dentistry (DGZ) prepared systematic reviews of the literature to reach consensus and generate evidence-based recommendations for dentists on how to manage caries in children. In a workshop in Berlin, Germany, followed by an e-Delphi methodology the experts published the consensus. The purpose of this article is to present the main conclusions of the consensus adapted idiomatically to Spanish and to the Latin American context to allow a better dissemination of the knowledge generated and facilitate its application in clinical practice. The article provides evidence and clinical recommendations for the best science-supported preventive, non-invasive, micro-invasive, minimally invasive, and invasive interventions for the management of caries disease and caries lesions in children, with an emphasis on early childhood caries (ECC), primary teeth and occlusal surfaces of permanent teeth.

Microbial load after selective and complete caries removal in permanent molars: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the remaining microbial load after treatments based on complete and selective caries removal and sealing. Patients with active carious lesions in a permanent molar were randomly allocated into 2 groups: a test group (selective caries removal-SCR; n=18) and a control group (complete caries removal - CCR; n=18). Dentin samples were collected following the excavation and three months after sealing. Streptococcus species, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus species, and total viable microorganisms were cultured to count the viable cells and frequency of species isolation. CCR resulted in significant lower total viable microorganisms counts (p≤0.001), Streptococcus species (p≤0.001) and Lactobacillus species (p≤0.001) initially. However, after sealing, a decrease in total viable microorganisms, Streptococcus species, and Lactobacillus species in the SCR resulted in no difference between the groups after 3 months. In conclusion, selective caries removal is as effective as complete caries removal in reducing dentin bacterial load 3 months after sealing.

Resumo O objetivo deste ensaio clínico randomizado foi comparar os microrganismos remanescentes após tratamentos baseados em remoção total de tecido cariado e selamento e a remoção seletiva de tecido cariado e selamento. Pacientes com lesões de cárie ativas em molares permanentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo teste (remoção seletiva de tecido cariado-SCR; n=18), e grupo de controle (remoção total de tecido cariado-CCR; n=18). Amostras de dentina foram obtidas após a remoção da tecido cariado e após 3 meses de selamento das cavidades. Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. e microrganismos viáveis totais foram cultivados para contagem de células e frequência de isolamento de espécies. CCR resultou em menores contagens totais de microorganismos viáveis (p≤0,001), Streptococcus spp. (p≤0,001) e Lactobacillus spp. (p≤0,001) inicialmente. Entretanto, após o selamento, uma redução significativa nas contagens totais de microrganismos viáveis, Streptococcus spp. e Lactobacillus spp. resultou em nenhuma diferença entre os grupos após 3 meses. Conclui-se que a remoção seletiva de cárie é tão seletiva quanto a remoção completa de cárie na redução da infecção dentinária após três meses com selamento da lesão.

No erupción de segundos molares mandibulares permanentes en radiografía panorámica / Unerupted mandibular permanent second molars in radiographic analysis

RESUMEN: La no erupción de segundos molares es relativamente baja, pero ha ido en aumento en los últimos años. Se relaciona con un tratamiento multidisciplinario largo, costoso y complejo, por lo cual es de suma importancia enfocarse en el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento temprano. El objetivo de este estudio es poder hacer una comparación de medidas radiográficas entre un grupo de pacientes con segundo molar mandibular permanente no erupcionado o sin posibilidades de erupcionar y un grupo control. Método: Se realizó una revisión manual consecutiva de las 16.835 fichas sobre las cuales se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Los datos se obtuvieron de radiografías panorámicas de las cuales se obtuvieron medidas lineales y angulares que fueron comparados entre dos grupos de estudio. Se desarrolló un modelo predictivo mediante análisis discriminante. Resultados: El 1,5% de los pacientes tuvieron segundos molares no erupcionados. Los promedios de las variables relevantes fueron: Ángulo del segundo molar 33,7°; distancia desde distal del primer molar al borde anterior de la rama mandibular 15mm; invasión distal del primer molar por el segundo molar 2,1mm; inclinación mesial de segundo molar con respecto al plano oclusal 128° y al plano mandibular 63°. El puntaje crítico discriminante fue de 36,7. Conclusión: La presencia de segundos molares incluidos es baja. Se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre casos y controles en todas las variables. El modelo predictivo puede identificar molares sin probabilidad de erupción natural. Es necesario contar con nuevos estudios con muestras poblacionales para establecer cuáles serían los valores de normalidad para poder diagnosticar en forma precoz esta condición.

ABSTRACT: No eruption of seconds is relatively low, has been increasing in recent years. It relates to long, costly and complex multidisciplinary treatment, so it is important to focus on early diagnosis and early treatment. The aim of this study is to make a comparison of radiographic measurements among a group of patients with mandibular second permanent molar eruption and no possibility of a control group. Method: A consecutive manual review of 16,835 sheets on which inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The data were obtained from panoramic radiographs of which linear and angular measurements were compared between two study groups were obtained. A predictive model was developed using discriminant analysis. Results: 1.5% of patients had unerupted second molars. The averages of the relevant variables were: Angle of the second molar 33.7 °; distance from distal of the first molar to the anterior border of the ramus 15 mm; invasion distal of the first molar the second molar 2.1mm; second molar mesial inclination relative to the occlusal plane 128 ° and 63 ° mandibular plane. The critical discriminant score was 36.7. Conclusion: Statistically significant differences between cases and controls was found in all variables. The predictive model can identify likely molars with or without natural eruption. It is necessary to have further studies with population samples to establish what would be the normal values to diagnose this condition at an early stage.

Estado de salud de primeros molares permanentes en adolescentes. Secundaria Básica Luis Pérez Lozano. Cienfuegos / First permanent molars´ health status in adolescents. Secondary School Luis Pérez Lozano. Cienfuegos

Introducción: el conocimiento del estado de salud bucal de la población escolar resulta una premisa indispensable para el desarrollo de una correcta planificación, organización y control de la atención estomatológica. Objetivo: determinar el estado de salud de los primeros molares permanentes en estudiantes de la Secundaria Básica “Luis Pérez Lozano”, del Área 7, Cienfuegos, de enero a diciembre de 2015. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional-descriptivo en un universo constituido por 197 niños de 7mo grado. El muestreo fue bietápico, combinando aleatorio, estratificado, proporcional y simple. Los datos se obtuvieron a través del examen bucal. Se tuvieron en cuenta las variables edad, sexo, estado de salud, y ubicación de los molares afectados. Resultados: el mayor porcentaje de primeros molares permanentes cariados correspondió al primer molar mandibular derecho e izquierdo para 11,9 % en el sexo masculino y el sexo femenino con primer molar permanente izquierdo para 11,6 %. Las obturaciones de los primeros molares mandibulares izquierdo predominó con un 16,6 % en el masculino y el mandibular derecho con un 13,9 % en las féminas. El mayor número de molares permanentes perdidos resultó en los inferiores, mandibular izquierdo en las niñas para 9,3 % y el molar mandibular derecho en los varones (7,1 %). Ambos sexos igualmente afectados con diferencia porcentual del 1%. El índice de Cluné obtuvo que los molares sanos para el sexo masculino representan 52,3 % y 53,4 % del femenino. Conclusiones: El estado de salud de los primeros molares permanentes en general se clasifica de regular pues existe un número considerable de afectados (AU).

Introduction: the knowledge of the school population´s oral health is a necessary premise for carrying out a correct planning, organization and control of the dental care. Objective: to determine the health status of the first permanent molars in students of the secondary school “Luis Pérez Lozano” of the health area 7, Cienfuegos, from January to December 2015. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive study applied in a universe of 197 seventh-grade children. The sampling was two-staging, combining the randomized, stratified, proportional and simple sampling. The sample was obtained through the oral examination. The variables taken into account were age, sex, health status, and location of the affected molars. Results: the higher percentage of carious permanent first molars corresponded to the right and left mandibular first molar for 11,9 % in male sex and to the first left permanent molar in female sex with 11,6 %. The fillings of the first left mandibular molars predominated with 16,6 % in the male sex, and the right mandibular one in women with 13,9 %. The highest number of lost permanent molars was found among the lower ones, the left mandibular in girls (9,3 %) and the right mandibular in boys (7,1 %). Both sexes were equally affected, with a 1 % percent difference. The Clune’s index showed that healthy molars are 52,3 % for the male sex and 53,4 % for the female sex. Conclusions: in general, the first permanent molars´ health status is classified as regular because there is a substantial number of carious ones (AU).

Cronología y secuencia de erupción de los primeros molares permanentes / Chronology and sequence of the first permanent molars eruption

Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo desde septiembre de 2013 hasta marzo de 2015, para describir la cronología y secuencia de erupción de los primeros molares permanentes en 219 niñas y niños de preescolar, con edades de 4-5 años, que cursaban estudios en las instituciones educacionales pertenecientes al área de salud de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente Mártires del Moncada de Santiago de Cuba. Para ese fin se practicó un examen clínico no invasivo en los centros estudiantiles, donde se registró la emergencia de los dientes a examinar y se siguió en el tiempo hasta su llegada al plano de oclusión. Se calcularon porcentajes, medias (a través de la prueba estadística t de Student, con 95 por ciento de confianza) y desviaciones estándares. Entre los principales hallazgos figuraron que la edad media de erupción para los primeros molares fue de 5,25 y 5,31 años, para niñas y niños, respectivamente; y la secuencia de erupción: de 46, 36, 16 y 26, pero los molares inferiores brotaron antes que los superiores, validado por un valor significativo. Se concluyó que los alumnos estudiados mostraron adelanto en relación con las tablas de Mayoral y Moyers, sobre todo las niñas y que la secuencia resultó ser la misma en ambos sexos

An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out from September, 2013 to March, 2015, to describe the chronology and sequence of the first permanent molars eruption in 219 preschool girls and boys, aged 4-5 years that studied in the educational institutions belonging to the health area of Mártires del Moncada Teaching Provincial Stomatological Clinic in Santiago de Cuba. A clinical non invasive exam was practiced in the schools, where the eruption of teeth in these children was registered and it was followed in time until their arrival to the occlusion plane. Percentages, means (through the statistical Student´s t test, with 95 percent of confidence) and standard deviations were calculated. Among the main findings were that the mean age of eruption for first molars was 5.25 and 5.31 years, for girls and boys, respectively; and the eruption sequence was 46, 36, 16 and 26, but lower molars erupted before the upper ones, validated by a significant value. It was concluded that the students showed advance in connection with Mayoral and Moyers charts, mainly the girls and that the sequence was the same in both sexes

The effects of CAD/CAM glass-ceramic onlays on the restoration of adolescent's permanent molars after root canal therapy / 实用口腔医学杂志

46 permanent molar teeth in 38 adolescents were restored with CAD/CAM glass-ceramic onlays after root canal therapy.2 years after treatment the molars were examined by the modified USPHS-Criteria.Good functions of retention,marginal adaptation and adjacency were observed.CAD/CAM glass-ceramic onlays is an ideal choice for the restoration of adolescent's permanent molars.

Analysis of influencing factors of dental caries in first permanent molars among children aged 10-12 years old in Guangzhou / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @# To know the influencing factors of dental caries in first permanent molars among children aged 10-12 years old in Guangzhou, and to give references for dental caries prevention.@*Methods @#The samples were selected by stratified random sampling method. Oral health examination and questionnaires were applied to all the 18 656 children who were 5 or 6-grade in 149 primary schools. @*Results @#The prevalence of dental caries in first permanent molars was 18.19%. Girls accouted for 19.96%, which was significantly higher than that of boys (16.71%) (χ2 = 32.817, P< 0.001). Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors of dental caries in first permanent molars. After controlling school cluster and other factors, household register, gender, pit and fissure sealant, consumption of sweets and chocolates, consumption of sweet milk were influencing factors of permanent teeth caries. And household register, gender, pit and fissure sealant, consumption of sweets and chocolates were associated with mean DMFT.@*Conclusion @#school oral health education should focus on the consumption of sugars and cares should be put into the differences between urban and rural area. In addition, strengthening publicity of the sealant retention project,raising public awareness, and improving sealant retention quality are necessary to ensure the anti-caries effect.

Effect analysis of topical fluoride varnish on caries prevention of first permanent molars in school-age children / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To investigate the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing first permanent molars caries inschool-age children and provide necessary information for oral health instruction. @*Methods@#378 children aged 6-7 years old in the first grade of primary school in dahua country, hechi city, Guangxi province (1 053 first permanent molars) were randomly recruited into 2 groups. The test group (542 first permanent molars in 191 children) was treated with fluoride varnish one time in a half year and given oral hygiene instruction 3 times; The control group (511 first permanent molars in 187 children) was only given oral hygiene instruction 3 times. All first permanent molars were checked after 18 months later for caries. @*Results@#After intervention, the caries prevalence rate in the test group raised from 21.99% to 27.75% compared with the control group from 24.60% to 37.43%. The caries incidence rate in test and control group was 5.76% and 12.83% respectively. There was a significant difference between 2 groups regardless of caries prevalence, caries incidence, the DMFT reduction, the DMFs reduction, the occlusal caries prevalence, the pit and fissure caries prevalence, the proximal caries prevalence. @*Conclusion @#Semi-annual application of fluoride varnish is effective in the prevention of dental caries in first permanent molars , which was worth of being popularized in clinic.

Incidence of C-Shaped Root Canal Systems in Mandibular Second Permanent Molar and the Effect of One-Visit Root Canal Treatment / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the incidence of C-shaped root canal systems in mandibular second perma?nent molar of patients in the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, and compare the success rate between one-and two-visit root canal treatment. Methods Two hundred and sixty mandibular second molars were recruited from the pa?tients in the department of endodontics of our hospital, and teeth with C-shaped root canal were categorized by using radio?graphic classification criteria and the modified Melton’s method. Teeth with C-shaped root canal systems were then random?ly divided into two groups to receive one-or two-visit root canal treatment, and success rates of 6-month post-operation were compared between two groups. Results Eighty out of 260 mandibular second molars exhibited C-shaped canals (30.77%). Radiographic examination showed that 25 teeth belonged to typeⅠ(31.25%), 32 teeth typeⅡ(40.00%) and 23 teeth typeⅢ(28.75%) in two groups. As for modified Melton’s method, the incidence rates were 21.25%, 48.75%, 16.25%and 13.75% for C1,C2,C3a and C3b, respectively, while C4 was not found. The success rates were 78.94% (30/38) and 81.08%(30/37) for A group and B group, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between two groups ( 78.94 vs 81.08, P>0.05). Conclusion Results indicate a frequent incidence of C-shaped root canal system of mandibular per?manent second molars in our hospital. One-visit root canal treatment is an effective way for treating C-shaped canals in man?dibular permanent second molar.