Teaching and practice in Homeopathy via pharmacobotany and pathophysiology

Semiology, Clinical Pathophysiology, Phytotherapy and Homeopathy were taught through active methodology by the Moodle platform (HL) also using apps for monitoring injuries through SAPB site, building rationality for the external topic use of homeopathic and herbal medicines.At the 7th Infirmary of General Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia in Rio de Janeiro, the clinical medical team of the Benoit Mure Nucleus of Assistance Teaching and Research,made a medicinal plant gardenwith the agricultural/environmental educator, and communityethnicalleaders. Undergraduate students from UNIFASE/FMP Academic League of Physiology and Pathophysiology plantedCalendula Officinalis seedlings, destined to research in pharmacobotany and to be in touch with pharmacotechnical prepares. Aims: To follow-up the study since from seedling of Calendula Officinalistill to prepare of HUD. Methodology: To prepare medicinal garden: plant seedlings of Calendula offin accordance with good agricultural techniques. At first: Three seeds in ten pots, made in triplicate (N = 90), to obtain explants of quality analyzed whose evaluation was about plant development (explants percentual: weight, size, viability, morphology). To visit pharmacy-school to learn how to preparematrix extracts and High Ultra-Diluted Solutions (HUD) of Calendula off 6DH. Results and Discussion: The stages of teaching semiology and practice in pharmacobotany, besides cultive plant have been completed.Viability was impaired because of lack of irrigation during 4 months (50%). Weight, sizewere minor than usual but with no statistical significance (p>0.05). Morphology was maintained. Unfortunately, the visit to pharmacy-school couldn't be performed at this period. Conclusion: Through hybrid learning and face-to-face activities completely realized, students had qualitative perception of the relevance about morphology and quality of plant development, chemistry plant production, aiming for resolutive actions based upon pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Because of pandemic, it was described just a preliminary experience. After returning to normal activities the experiment will be repeated.

Morpho-anatomy of the inflorescence of Musa × paradisiaca

ABSTRACT Bananas and plantains are herbaceous monocotyledonous plants belonging to the genus Musa, Musaceae, which has a widespread distribution around the world. Various parts of banana plant are commonly used in traditional medicines. Several species of Musa are reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic and antidiabetic properties. This work is aimed at studying the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the inflorescences of Musa × paradisiaca L., that could contribute to the characterization of these species cultivated in Brazil. Plant materials were collected and prepared in accordance with standard optical microscopy techniques. Morphological characterizations were conducted using morphological descriptors for inflorescences, including some descriptors from International Plant Genetic Resources Institute for Musa spp. Microscope slides were prepared using glycol-methacrylate and were stained in toluidine blue. Main features observed for M. × paradisiaca inflorescence were amphistomatic bracts with tetracytic stomata, fiber caps next to the phloem, adaxial and abaxial uniseriate epidermis, and papillose on the abaxial face. Outer tepals have multilayer epidermis and vascular bundles aligned next to the abaxial face. Free tepal has unilayeredepidermis. Anthers are tetrasporangiate and the locules are separated by the septum. Ovary is inferior and trilocular with external unilayered and internal epidermis. The main morpho-anatomical characteristics of inflorescence of Musa × paradisiaca are highlighted in this study, contributing to provide more information about the characterization of this species cultivated in Brazil.

Leaf morphoanatomy of "mororó" (Bauhinia and Schnella, Fabaceae)

Abstract Bauhinia L. and Schnella (Raddi.) Wund. are popularly known in Brazil as "mororó". The leaves and stem bark are used in folk medicine for various purposes, especially against diabetes. Morphoanatomical studies of the leaves of Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud., B. pentandra (Bong.) Steud., B. ungulata L. and Schnella outimouta (Aublet) Wund., tribe Cercidae, subtribe Bauhiniinae (Benth.) Walp., were carried out as subsidies to the quality control of their etnodrugs and their derivatives, as well as an additional support to their taxonomy. The morphological and anatomical studies employed traditional techniques of stereo- and light microscopy. All species showed bifoliate leaves, a dorsiventral mesophyll, epidermis with a papillose abaxial surface, anomocytic stomata at the level of the epidermis, and tector trichomes. Schnella outimouta showed leaf characters distinctive from the three species of Bauhinia: indument puberulous on the abaxial surface, leaves hypostomatic, midrib with two collateral bundles, and a cylindrical petiole. The species of Bauhinia have a sericeous-pubescent indument, amphistomatic leaves with boat-shaped glands, midrib with a single bundle, and a canaliculate petiole with lateral projections. Our results provide leaf morphological and anatomical parameters, useful to distinguish the four species studied, which support the quality control of its ethnodrugs.

Comparative morphoanatomical analysis of Mikania species

ABSTRACT Mikania belongs to the Asteraceae family and includes a wide range of promising pharmacological activities. Several species of Mikania, which is popularly known in Brazil as “guaco”, occur in Southern Brazil and their external morphology is similar. The aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-anatomical characteristics of the leaf and stem of Mikania campanulata, Mikania cordifolia, Mikania glomerata, Mikania hastato-cordata, Mikania microptera and Mikania sessilifolia as a means of providing additional support for differentiating these taxa. The leaves and stems were investigated by employing scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy techniques. The morphological features of Mikania spp. leaves make it possible to differentiate between the species; nevertheless, when the plants were fragmented or pulverized the anatomical features of the leaves and stems supplied additional helpful data in this regard. The main anatomical characteristics were presence of hypodermis and lens shaped epidermal cells, set of trichomes; midrib, petiole and stem shape and vascular pattern; sclerenchymatous ring in the cortex, sclerenchymatous cells and secretory ducts in the pith.

Microscopic and UV/Vis spectrophotometric characterization of Cissampelos pareira of Brazil and Africa

ABSTRACT Cissampelos pareira L., belonging to Menispermaceae family, has worldwide distribution, occurring in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa and Asia. It is the most popular species of Cissampelos, known for its medicinal uses of leaves and roots. The study aims to find distinctive leaf anatomical characters, and also demonstrate the importance of spectral data to identify C. pareira samples, in order to contribute to its taxonomy and quality control of its drugs. Anatomical leaf analyses were performed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The spectral profile was obtained from methanolic extracts of C. pareira samples from Brazil and Africa, with application of UV–vis spectrophotometry data, which were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). Some anatomical characters such as leaf epidermal cells walls, stomata, trichomes, mesophyll, features of midrib and petiole, and the spectral profile within the wavelength ranging between 770 and 240 nm (eight bands) differs between Brazilian and African samples. The results represent an additional support to the taxonomy of C. pareira, and the quality control of their leaf drugs, mainly in relation to misidentified samples.

Contribuição ao estudo farmacognóstico da Piper ovatum Vahl / Contribution to the pharmacognostic study of Piper ovatum Vahl

RESUMO: O presente estudo descreve as características morfo-anatômicas dos órgãos vegetativos e do pó da Piper ovatum Vahl de modo que os dados obtidos possam ser utilizados como referência em análises de controle de qualidade de amostras de fármacos, a fim de verificar sua autenticidade. As raízes, caules, pecíolos e folhas foram fixadas, seccionadas à mão livre e coradas, as secções transversais e paradérmicas foram analisadas por microscopia óptica e a superfície do limbo foi observada, também, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os órgãos vegetativos da P. ovatum apresentam morfologia e anatomia similar às outras espécies de Piper. No entanto, não foram observadas inclusões celulares nas folhas de P. ovatum. Análises por MEV mostraram a presença de tricomas glandulares constituídos de pedúnculo unicelular e porção secretora globóide igualmente unicelular recoberto por cutícula, na epiderme abaxial das folhas. Também foi observada a presença de uma cutícula espessa e que origina crostas no limite entre uma célula e outra, em ambas as superfícies foliares. No mesófilo foi observada a presença de idioblastos oleíferos característica marcante de outras espécies de Piperaceae. Além disso, na microscopia do pó foram observados hipoderme e idioblastos oleíferos em fragmentos do limbo, fragmentos de fibras esclerenquimáticas do caule, além de células esclerosas isoladas ou em grupos no pecíolo. O perfil cromatográfico do extrato hidroetanólico das folhas de P. ovatum foi obtido por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Nas análises por CLAE foram identificados como substâncias majoritárias do extrato as amidas piperovatina e piperlonguminina nos tempos de retenção de 10,25 e 10,81 min., respectivamente.

ABSTRACT: The present study describes the morphological and anatomical characteristics of vegetative organs and powder of the Piper ovatum Vahl, in order to use the obtained data as reference in the quality control tests of pharmaceutical samples, investigating their authenticity. The roots, stems, petioles and leaves were fixed, freehand sectioned and stained according to usual microtechniques. The transverse and paradermal sections were analyzed by optical microscopy and the leaf surface was also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The vegetative organs of the P. ovatum show morphology and anatomy similar to other species of Piper. However, cellular inclusions were not observed in the P. ovatum leaves. The SEM analysis showed the presence of glandular trichomes consisting of a unicellular stalk and globular secretory portion covered by cuticle on the abaxial surface of the leaves. The SEM also had shown one thick cuticle forming crusts in the limit of the epidermal cells, on both leaf surfaces. In the mesophyll, we observed oil idioblasts, which are typical features of other species of Piperaceae. Moreover, in the powder of the P. ovatum we observed hypodermis and oil idioblasts in leaf fragments, fragments of sclerenchyma fibers from the stem and isolated sclereids or in petiole groups. The chromatographic profile of the hydroethanolic extract of the P. ovatum leaves was obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this analysis, we identified the amides piperovatine and piperlonguminine in the retention times of 10.25 and 10.81 min., respectively, as majority compounds present in the extract.

Anatomia foliar de Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, Myrtaceae / Leaf anatomy of Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D. Hill e L.A.S. Johnson (Myrtaceae)

Corymbia pertence à família Myrtaceae e envolve mais de 100 espécies arbóreas. Particularmente, a espécie Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S. Johnson é um dos taxa transferidos de Eucalyptus para Corymbia, com utilização para a fabricação de mobiliário requintado e para o tratamento de disfunções digestivas, segundo a medicina tradicional australiana. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características anatômicas da folha de C. calophylla, a partir de espécimes coletados na Embrapa Florestas (Colombo-PR, Brasil). As análises anatômicas foram conduzidas a partir dos métodos usuais de microscopia fotônica e microscopia eletrônica. A anatomia foliar revelou a presença de estômatos anomocíticos na face abaxial da folha, mesofilo dorsiventral e nervura mediana com cavidades secretoras inseridas no sistema vascular. Em secção transversal, o pecíolo apresentou formato plano-convexo. Na estrutura anatômica do limbo foliar, da nervura mediana e do pecíolo foram observadas cavidades secretoras contendo material de natureza lipofílica, além de idioblastos de conteúdo fenólico. Alguns idioblastos contendo drusas de oxalato de cálcio foram também observados no parênquima da nervura mediana de C. calophylla.

Corymbia, a genus of Myrtaceae, shows more than 100 tree species. In particular, Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S. Johnson is one of the taxa changed from Eucalyptus to Corymbia. C. calophylla has been used for fine furniture and for treating digestive upsets according to the Australian traditional medicine. The goal of this paper was to study the anatomical data of leaves from C. calophylla. The botanical material was collected from Embrapa Forest (Colombo-PR, Brazil). The anatomical analyses were performed by the usual light and scanning microtechniques. Anomocytic stomata were observed on the abaxial surface. The foliar blade showed dorsiventral mesophyll. Midrib having secretory cavities included on the vascular system was seen. In transection, a plane-convex petiole was found. Secretory cavities with oil content were verified in the anatomical structures of the foliar blade, midrib and petiole, as well as idioblasts with phenolic substances. Some calcium oxalate druses were observed in parenchymatous tissue of the midrib of C. calophylla.

Morfonatomia do caule de Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl. (Lythraceae) / Morpho-anatomy of the stem of Cuphea glutinosa Cham & Schltdl. (Lythraceae)

Foram determinados parâmetros morfo-anatômicos do caule de Cuphea glutinosa cham. & Schltdl, planta reconhecida tradicionalmente como medicinal, objetivando sua autenticidade como insumo farmacêutico. As características macroscópicas do caule são insuficientes para a determinação da autenticidade dos insumos farmacêuticos desta planta, havendo necessidade de verificar a presença de sementes não aladas e de vesículas infraestaminais nas flores. Microscopicamente a presença de formações epicuticulares, cristais de oxalato de cálcio na forma de drusas, tricomas tectores e glandulares, estômatos xerofíticos, células mucilaginosas e floema interxilemático, são características significativas no controle botânico de qualidade desta espécie para a indústria farmacêutica, quando analisadas em conjunto.

Morpho-anatomical parameters of Cuphea glutinosa cham. & Schltdl, stem were determined aiming its authenticity as a pharmaceutical drug. This plant is traditionally known as medicinal. The macroscopic characteristics of the stem are insuficient to determine the autenticity of this plant pharmaceutics input, it requires checking out the presence of not winged seeds and vesicles placed under the stamens of the flowers. Microscopically, the presence of epicuticular formations, crystals of calcium oxalato in druses form, glandular and non-glandular thricomes, xerophytic stomatas, mucilages cells and interxilematic phloem are meaningful characteristics in the botanical quality control of this plant for the pharmaceutical industry, when analyzed together.

Anatomia foliar de Eugenia florida DC. (Myrtaceae) / Foliar anatomy of Eugenia florida DC. (Myrtaceae)

Foi feito o estudo anatômico da folha de Eugenia florida DC., espécie arbórea da família Myrtaceae, coletada no Campus da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. A espécie apresenta importantes propriedades farmacológicas, incluindo-se atividade antiviral. O presente estudo teve como objetivo fornecer dados, revelados através da microscopia óptica e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, que possam contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie e, conseqüentemente, para a segurança em sua identificação. Anatomicamente, a folha é hipostomática, com organização dorsiventral do mesofilo. Apresenta tricomas simples apenas sobre a nervura mediana da face adaxial. As células epidérmicas apresentam contorno sinuoso em vista frontal e cutícula estriada. O parênquima paliçádico destaca-se pela grande quantidade de cristais prismáticos de oxalato de cálcio. Em posição subepidérmica ocorrem cavidades secretoras de óleos essenciais, pouco numerosas, nas duas faces da lâmina foliar. As células epidérmicas situadas sobre as estruturas secretoras constituem característica de valor diagnóstico e são reconhecíveis pela célula de topo, que é reniforme, circundada pelas adjacentes, que apresentam disposição radiada. A comparação entre folhas de sol e de sombra revela que, nas primeiras, as estruturas secretoras são completamente diferenciadas, ao contrário das folhas de sombra, além de apresentarem maior concentração de compostos ergásticos.

A study of the foliar anatomy of Eugenia florida DC., a tree of Myrtaceae family collected at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, was accomplished. This species presents important pharmacological properties, including antiviral activity. The aim of this research was to furnish data, revealed by optical microscopy and scanning electronically microscopy, in order to contribute to the knowledge of the species and to its safe identification. Anatomically, the leaf is hipostomatic, with dorsiventral mesophyll. Simple unicellular hairs are present only on the adaxial side of the leaf in the midvein region. Anticlinal walls of epidermal cells are undulate and the cuticle is striate. Palisade parenchyma presents a large amount of prismatic oxalate crystals. In subepidermical position there are secretory cavities bearing ethereal oils. These structures occur in a low frequency and are scattered along the both sides of the foliar blade. The epidermal cells that overlap the secretory cavities form an important characteristic anatomical feature. They are recognizable by the top cell, which presents a kidney shape surrounded by cells in a radiate way. The comparison between sun and shade leaves shows a complete development of the secretory cavities and a higher concentration of ergastic compounds in the first ones.

Estudo farmacobotânico comparativo de folhas de Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. e Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae) / Comparative and pharmacobotanical study of the leaves of Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. and Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae)

Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo farmacobotânico comparativo entre as folhas de Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. e Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae), espécies cujas folhas são usadas na medicina popular. As identificações botânicas e as morfodiagnoses macroscópicas foram realizadas após estudos morfológicos. Para as morfodiagnoses microscópicas realizaram-se secções paradérmicas e transversais de folhas (lâmina e pecíolo), que foram posteriormente clarificadas em hipoclorito (1 por cento) e coradas com safranina hidroalcoólica e safrablue. As duas espécies compartilham o mesmo tipo de estômato, paracítico, entretanto, T. chamaedrifolia possui folhas com a epiderme hipoestomática, com células de paredes ondeadas; o mesofilo dorsiventral; e a vascularização do pecíolo com três feixes nas porções distal e mediana, e apenas um feixe na proximal. Em T. subulata a epiderme é anfi-hipoestomática, com paredes sinuosas; mesofilo isobilateral; e a vascularização do pecíolo possui um feixe na porção distal e três feixes nas porções mediana e proximal. A morfologia das estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas associada à anatomia foliar são caracteres distintivos para estas espécies.

This work is a comparative pharmacobotanical study between the leaves of Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. and Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae), which are used in folk medicine. The botanical identifications and macroscopical morphodiagnosis were done after morphological studies. The microscopical morphodiagnosis was carried out by paradermic and transversal cuts of the leaves (blade and petiole), clarified and coloured with safranin and astrablue. The leaves of T. chamaedrifolia have hypostomatics epidermis, with wavy cells walls; the mesophyll is dorsiventral; and the vascular system of the peciole has three vascular bundles in the distal and medium portions, and only one, in the proximal portion. T. subulata has amphihypostomatic epidermis, with sinuous cells walls; the mesophyll is isobilateral; and the vascular system of the petiole has only one vascular bundle in the distal portion and three in the medium and proximal portions. The vegetative and reproductive morphologies associated to the leaf anatomy constitute a set of distinctive characters for these species.

Caracterização farmacobotânica das espécies de Sambucus (Caprifoliaceae) utilizadas como medicinais no Brasil: Parte II. Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. / Pharmacobotany of Sambucus species (Caprifoliaceae), used in traditional medicine in Brazil: Part II. Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (sabugueiro-do-rio-grande, Caprifoliaceae) é uma planta medicinal descrita apenas na primeira edição da Farmacopéia Brasileira. A espécie é nativa no Brasil, e suas flores são utilizadas na medicina popular, na forma de infusão ou decocção, como diuréticas, antipiréticas, antiinflamatórias, laxativo leve e no tratamento de doenças do aparelho respiratório. Visando elaborar uma monografia farmacopéica atualizada e comparativa com a de Sambucus nigra L., de origem européia, foram estabelecidos os caracteres botânicos macro e microscópicos, através da metodologia clássica utilizada em morfoanatomia vegetal. São características macroscópicas: flores morfologicamente monoclinas; corola de sete a dez milímetros de diâmetro; pétalas com cinco, raro quatro nervuras paralelas; estames curtos e longos; gineceu em regra com cinco lóculos. São características microscópicas: cutícula espessa e estriada; ausência de idioblastos de areia cristalina de oxalato de cálcio; estômatos anomocíticos; brácteas anfiestomáticas; sépalas hipoestomáticas; pétalas anfi-hipoestomáticas; células epidérmicas da face abaxial de sépalas e pétalas retilíneas a sinuosas; células epidérmicas do filete alongadas e de paredes retilíneas; tricomas tectores e glandulares de diferentes tipos; brácteas, sépalas e pétalas com mesofilo homogêneo; sistema vascular representado por feixes colaterais ou agrupamentos de elementos xilemáticos; presença de gotas lipídicas em todas as peças.

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (sabugueiro-do-rio-grande, Caprifoliaceae) is a medicinal plant described only in the first edition of Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. This species is native to Brazil, and its flowers are used in the folk medicine, with diuretic purpose, antipiretic, anti-inflammatory, mild laxative and to treat respiratory diseases, on infusions or decoctions forms. Aiming at elaborating an updated pharmacopoeical monograph and comparing it with the monograph of Sambucus nigra L., from Europe, it was established the macro and microscopic botanical characters, through the classic methodology used in plant morpho-anatomy. The macroscopic characters are: morphologic monoclin flowers; corolla with seven to ten millimeters of diameter; petals with five, rarely four parallel veins; shorter and longer stamens; ovary oftenly with five locules. The main microscopic characters are: thickned and striated cuticule; absense of idioblasts with calcium oxalate sandy cristals; anomocytic stomatas; amphystomatic bracts; hypostomatic sepals; amphi-hypostomatic petals; wavy and straight epidermal cells in the lower surface of sepals and petals; filaments epidermal cells with narrow and straight walls; glandular and non-glandular trichomes of different types; homogeneous mesophyll in bracts, sepals and petals; vascular system represented by both collateral bundles and xylematic elements; volatile and non volatile oil globules in all structures.

Anatomia foliar de Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. (Myrtaceae) proveniente de áreas de restinga e de floresta / Foliar anatomy of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. (Myrtaceae) from restinga and forest areas

O presente trabalho apresenta a anatomia foliar de Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., cujo óleo essencial possui propriedades anti-reumática, diurética, anti-inflamatória, além de ser ativo contra o Tripanosoma cruzi. O estudo foi feito, comparando-se folhas coletadas em áreas de restinga e de floresta, registrando-se as diferenças estruturais resultantes da influência dos fatores ambientais. Anatomicamente, a folha de E. brasiliensis é hipostomática, glabra, dorsiventral, com tendência à isobilateralidade. A epiderme apresenta notável espessamento da cutícula e seus estratos. Em posição subepidérmica, ocorrem numerosas cavidades secretoras de óleos essenciais, nas duas faces da lâmina foliar. No parênquima lacunoso situam-se drusas de oxalato de cálcio. As folhas provenientes da restinga apresentam, em relação àquelas coletadas na floresta, maior quantidade de estruturas secretoras de óleos essenciais, maior concentração de substâncias ergásticas, maior espessamento da cutícula e da lâmina foliar, maior quantidade de estômatos, mesofilo mais compacto, fibras esclerenquimáticas e elementos xilemáticos com maior grau de lignificação e maior densidade da rede vascular. Os dados obtidos são indicativos que a escolha do local de coleta de E. brasiliensis é relevante, tendo em vista que, na área da restinga, observa-se maior produção de óleos essenciais e demais substâncias associadas aos seus efeitos terapêuticos.

The present paper presents the foliar anatomy of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. The essential oils produced by this species present anti-reumathic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties and show activity against Tripanosoma cruzi. This study was carried out by comparison between leaves developed in restinga and forest areas, in order to register the main differences in the structure of this organ related to environmental conditions. Anatomically, the leaf of E. brasiliensis is hipostomatic, glabrous, with dorsiventral mesophyll, whit tendency towards the isobilateral type. Thickness of the cuticle and cutinized wall is noteworthy. In sub-epidermical position, there are many secretory cavities that produce essential oils, in both sides of the foliar blade. In the spongy parenchyma there are calcium oxalate druses crystals. E. brasiliensis leaves developed in restinga area present, in relation to that proceeding from forest, a larger amount of secretory structures, a higher ergastic substances concentration, thicker cuticle and foliar blade, more abundant stomata, a more compact mesophyll, sclerenchyma fibers and xilem elements with a deeper lignification and a greater development of the vascular system. The data obtained in this research suggest that the choice of the area where E. brasiliensis should be collected is important, because in restinga area it presents a greater production of essential oils and other substances associated with therapeutic effects.

Morfoanatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de Piper hispidum Sw. (Piperaceae) / Morphology and anatomy of the vegetative organs of Piper hispidum Sw. (Piperaceae)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo morfoanatômico dos órgãos vegetativos de Piper hispidum, visando a estabelecer características marcantes para a sua identificação e auxiliar estudos taxonômicos e farmacobotânicos. O material vegetal fresco e fixado foi estudado segundo as técnicas usuais de corte e coloração, incluindo análise em MEV. Piper hispidum é um arbusto com caule cilíndrico, nodoso, verde claro, com folhas alternas, ovadas, de cor verde-escura na face adaxial e verde claro na abaxial. Dentre as características anatômicas importantes para sua identificação destacam-se: parênquima cortical da raiz apresentando grupos de esclereídes. Córtex caulinar com faixas descontínuas de colênquima do tipo angular e tecido vascular organizado em dois círculos descontínuos de feixes colaterais. A folha é dorsiventral, hipoestomática, com estômatos tetracíticos. Hipoderme adaxial descontínua e abaxial frouxa com número variável de camadas; tricomas tectores e glandulares ocorrem nas duas faces. Epiderme uniestratificada e idioblastos oleíferos ocorrem em todos os órgãos.

The morphology and anatomy of the vegetative organs of Piper hispidum are described, detaching remarkable strutural aspects and contributing to taxonomical and pharmacobotanical studies. The material was studied according to the usual techniques, including SEM (Scaning Eletron Microscopy). Piper hispidum is a shrub with cylindrical and green stem, which has alternate leaves. The main anatomical characteristics that can be used in its identification are: root with sclereids on cortical parenchyma, stem cortex with discontinuous strands of angular collenchyma, and vascular tissue constituted by two discontinous circles of collateral vascular bundles. The leaf is dorsiventral and hypostomatic with tetracytic stomata. The hypodermis is discontinuous in adaxial face, loose in abaxial one and presents a variable number of layers. Uniseriate epidermis and oil idioblasts occur in all organs.

Estudo farmacobotânico das folhas de Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum. (Rubiaceae) / Pharmacobotanical study of the leaves of Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum. (Rubiaceae)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo um estudo farmacobotânico das folhas de Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K. Schum., espécie usada na medicina popular do Nordeste do Brasil no tratamento das dores reumáticas. Realizaram-se estudos morfológicos para a identificação da espécie e para a morfodiagnose macroscópica. Cortes paradérmicos e transversais do pecíolo e da lâmina foliar, à mão livre, foram corados com safranina ou com uma mistura de safranina e azul de astra para a morfodiagnose microscópica. A lâmina foliar é subcoriácea, oblongo-lanceolada a elíptica, densamente tomentosa na face abaxial. T. formosa possui folhas hipoestomáticas, com estômatos do tipo paracítico; epiderme unisseriada com células de paredes poligonais; mesofilo dorsiventral com idioblastos cristalíferos, esparsos, isolados ou aos pares, no estrato superior do parênquima paliçádico; tricomas simples são evidentes na epiderme, em ambas faces. A vascularização é formada por dois feixes assessórios na posição adaxial e um feixe central em arco com as terminações invaginadas, na porção proximal do pecíolo, ou em forma de "V-fechado" na porção distal e na nervura principal. A morfologia das estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas associada à anatomia do mesofilo e do sistema vascular, em conjunto, são caracteres distintivos para esta espécie.

This work constitutes a pharmacobotanical study of Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K. Schum., a species used in folk medicine for rheumatic pains in Northeastern Brazil. The botanical identification and macroscopical morphodiagnosis were carried out by morphological studies. The microscopical morphodiagnosis were realized byparadermic and transversal cuts of the leaves (blades and petiole) and stained with safranin or mixture of safranin and astrablue. The blade leaf is subcoriaceous and oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, densely tomentose in the abaxial surface. T. formosa has hypostomatic leaves with stomata of the paracitic type; unisseriate epidermis with polygonal cells; the mesophyll is dorsiventral and the parenchyma palisade has sparse idioblasts crystallifer, isolated or paired; trichomes simple were evident in the epidermis of both faces. The vascular system was formed by two accessories bundles in the adaxial surface and by one central vascular bundle in arc with invaginate extremities on the proximal portion of petiole, and in shape of "V-closed" on distal portion of the petiole and main vein. The vegetative and reproductive morphologies associate to the anatomy of mesophyll and vascular system constitute a set of characters distinctive for this species.

Morfo-anatomia foliar de Ocotea gardneri (Meisn.) Mez (Lauraceae-Lauroideae) / Morpho-anatomy of the leaves of Ocotea gardneri (Meisn.) Mez (Lauraceae-Lauroideae)

Ocotea gardneri (Meisn.) Mez é uma espécie arbórea, encontrada no nordeste brasileiro, principalmente nos estados da Paraíba e Pernambuco, conhecida por "louro-branco" e "louro-babão". Neste trabalho realizou-se morfodiagnoses (macroscópica e microscópica) de folhas de O. gardneri, com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios à sua caracterização e identificação. Para a morfologia externa, analisaram-se amostras frescas e conservadas em álcool (70º), com auxílio de estereomicroscópio, e observações de campo. Realizaram-se secções transversais em lâminas foliares e pecíolos, e seções paradérmicas nas duas faces de lâminas foliares. Ocotea gardneri possui folhas elípticas a oval-elípticas, margem inteira, levemente ondeada, ápice agudo e base arredondada. A lâmina foliar é hipoestomática com estômatos do tipo paracítico; a epiderme é uniestratificada, com células de paredes retas e espessadas; o mesofilo é isobilateral, aqui referido pela primeira vez para uma espécie de Lauraceae, com células e ductos secretores evidentes e feixes vasculares colaterais envolvidos pela bainha esclerenquimática. Este conjunto de caracteres aliado à morfologia foliar, permitiram o estabelecimento de parâmetros que possibilitarão a caracterização de folhas de Ocotea gardneri em testes de autenticidade, bem como auxiliarão em estudos da taxonomia da espécie estudada.

Ocotea gardneri (Meisn.) Mez is a tree growing in the Northeast of Brazil and mainly found in the States of Paraiba and Pernambuco. It is known in the region as "louro-branco" and "louro-babão". This work was carried out with morphodiagnosis of leaves of O. gardneri for their characterization and identification. The study of external morphology was carried out with fresh and conserved (alcohol, 70º) samples with stereomicroscope complemented by field observations. Anatomical studies were done by transversal sections of leaves (blade and petiole), and paradermic sections in two surfaces of blades. The sections were clarified and stained with astrablue and basic fuchsine. The leaves of O. gardneri are elliptic to oval-elliptic, margin entire, slightly wavy, acute at the apex and rounded at the base. The blade leaf is hypostomatic with stomata of the paracytic type; the epidermis is unisseriate with cells of straight and thickened walls; the mesophyll is isobifacial, which is being related here for the first time for Lauraceae, with secretories cells and ducts and collateral vascular bundles involved by sclerenchymatic shealth. These features allowed the establishment of parameters for characterization of the leaves of Ocotea gardneri, as well as to the taxonomic studies on this species.

Estudo farmacobotânico comparativo entre Nicandra physalodes e Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) / Comparative pharmacobotanical study on Nicandra physalodes and Physalis angulata (Solanaceae)

Neste trabalho realizou-se uma caracterização morfoanatômica comparativa, entre as folhas de Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. e Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae), espécies de uso na medicina popular, cujas folhas e raízes são indicadas como diurético e antitérmico. As identificações botânicas e as morfodiagnoses macroscópicas foram realizadas após estudos morfológicos. Para as morfodiagnoses microscópicas realizaram-se cortes paradérmicos e transversais das folhas (lâmina e pecíolo), clarificados e posteriormente corados com safranina e safrablue. Além dos caracteres morfológicos da flor e do fruto, as duas espécies diferem pelos seguintes caracteres: vascularização da nervura principal em forma de arco em N. physalodes, e semicircular em P. angulata; drusas no mesofilo de P. angulata; tricomas glandular-estipitados com a glândula apical bisseriada em N. physalodes. As duas espécies distinguem-se principalmente pela morfologia da flor e fruto e pela anatomia do mesofilo e vascularização da nervura principal.

In this work a morphoanatomical comparative characterization was carried out between the leaves of Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. and Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) species used in folk medicine, whose leaves are indicated as diuretic and febrifuge. The botanical identification and macroscopical morphodiagnosis were made after morphological studies. The microscopical morphodiagnosis were carried out by paradermic and transversal cuts of the leaves (blade and petiole), clarified and coloured with safranin and astrablue. Moreover the morphological characters of the flower and fruit, of the two species can be distinguished by the following characters: N. physalodes has the bundle vascular of the middle vein in arc format; P. angulata has the vascular bundle of the middle vein in a semi-circle format; druses in the mesophyll of P. angulata; andthe presence of trichomes glandular-estipitate with bisseriate head in N. physalodes. The morphology of flower and fruit and the anatomy of mesophyll, the vascular bundles of middle vein are the principal distinctive characters between them.