RESUMO
The pharmacognostic analysis of Artemisia frigida Willd. (from Buryatia, Zabaikailsky krai and Qinghai-Tibet plateau) was studied in this research. Macro- and microscopic characteristics of three samples were mostly the same. Purity tests and identification of main biologically active substances in A. frigida Willd were carried out using standard identity tests. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method, qualitative and quantitative composition was studied by GC-MS. The main components of the essential oils in three samples are camphor, 1,8 – cineol, endo-borneol and borneol, terpinen-4ol and others. Keywords: Artemisia frigida Willd., pharmacognostic analysis, essential oils, chemical composition, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes. Artemisia frigida Willd. is a valuable medicinal plant which is widely spread on the territory of Republic of Buryatia. It is also used in a Tibetan medicine for the treatment of injuries, tuberculosis, deficiency disease and neurological disturbance [1]. Pharmacological activity is associated with the presence of different biologically active substances, especially, essential oils, which demonstrate anti-bacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic activities [2]. The aim of this work is to make a Pharmacognostic analysis of herba Artemisiae frigidae which was collected on the territory of Russia and China. To achieve this goal we should make the following tasks: 1) to do macro- and microscopic analysis; 2) to make purity tests of plant materials; 3) to identify the presence of main biologically active substances; 4) to make a qualitative composition and chemical assay of essential oils by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the research we used herba Artemisiae frigidae which was collected in 2014, in such regions like Ivolginsky region (Russia), Zabaikailsky krai (Russia) and Qinghai-Tibet plateau (China) in a flowering stage. Purity tests and the presence of main biologically active substances were identified by using standard identity tests [3,4].The essential oil from the whole aerial part of Artemisia frigida was obtained by hydrodistillation method and was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC– MS) to determine its chemical composition and assay [5,6]. Macroscopic analysis revealed that plant material is presented by numerous caules with a high around 8-40 sm, woody roots. Lower part of leaves are gray colored and on the top they are light green. Flower anthodes are large, spherical, droop and combined in a raceme and has characteristic aromatic odour. Microscopic analysis revealed that the main diagnostic features in 3 samples are the same: flexuous cells of the top epidermis, abaxial and adaxial stoma (anomocytic stomata), sword-like fuzzes and internal secretion glands on two sides of leaves [7]. Also, we made purity tests and identified such characteristics as moisture, total ash, 10% chlorohydric acid-insoluble ash, and we found out that 70% ethanol as a solvent is more suitable for the extraction. In this material we found out the presence of polysaccharides, essential oils, fatty acids, tannins and flavonoids using standard identity tests [8]. According to the quantitative analysis of essential oils in three samples of herba Artemisiae frigidae, made by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it contains 1,00% of light green essential oil in the raw material from Zabaikailsky krai (Russia). The major components of this essential oil were presented by sesquiterpenes (50.33%), such as germacrene D, caryophyllene, α-zingiberene and bicyclogermacrene; among monoterpenes - camphor, 1,8-cineol, endo-borneol, terpinen-4ol, α-terpineol. Chemical assay of the essential oil of A.frigida collected in Buryatia (Russia) is around 0,97%. There were detected about 63 components in this essential oil and, mostly, they are monoterpenes (87.67%), such as camphor, 1,8 – cineol, endo-borneol, myrtenol, α-terpineol acetate. What concerns the raw material from Qinghai-Tibet plateau (China), it contains 0,67% of essential oils. The major components were presented by monoterpenes like in Buryatian sample (93.85%): camphor, 1,8 – cineol, borneol, terpinen-4-ol and bornyl acetate. Thus, the most chemical assay of the essential oil of A.frigida was from the raw material collected in Zabaikailsky krai (Russia) – 1,00%. But the macro components of the essential oils in three samples are presented by monoterpenes, like camphor, 1,8 – cineol, endo-borneol and borneol, terpinen-4-ol and others. Thus, pharmacognostic analysis of three samples of herba Artemisiae frigidae revealed that macro- and microscopic characteristics are mostly the same. And purity tests and identification of main biologically active substances in A. frigida Willd has been carried out using standard identity tests. The quantitative composition of essential oils is different depending on growing conditions, but the chemical composition of the main components is constant and presented, mostly, by monoterpenes. So this research shows that Artemisia frigida Willd. can be used as a valuable raw material for the medicine. References: 1. Batorova S.M., Ubasheev I.O. Medical herbs of Zabaikalye, using in Tibetan medicine for wound healing // Resources of Zabaikalyan plant formation and its using. - Ulan-Ude, 1991. P. 169-182. 2. Mikhailova T.N. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of some species of Artemisia in Siberian flora // some aspects of pharmacognosy and cultivated plants of Siberia. – Tomsk, 1969. P.32-39. 3. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2). Common methods of analysis. Medical plant material / USSR Ministry of Health. - 11th ed., Ext. - Moscow: Medicine, 1990. - 400 p. 4. Grinkevich N.I., Safronich L.N. Chemical analysis of medical plants. -Moscow: Higher school, 1983.-176p. 5. Chemical composition of essential oils of Artemisia frigid Willd. from Buryatian flora / S.V. Zhigzhitzhapova and others // Vestnik of Buryat State University. – 2013. - №3. P.71-74. 6. Chemical composition of essential oils of Artemisia frigid Willd., collected in Zabaikalye / N.V. Bodoev and others // Chemistry of plant materials. – 2000. – №3. P.41-44. 7. Macroscopic, microscopic and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants: teaching aids / S.V. Zhigzhitzhapova, T.E. Randalova, L.D. Radnaeva - Ulan -Ude: Publishing Buryat Scientific Center. - 2014. 93 p. 8. Plant resources of USSR. Flowering plants, its chemical composition, using. Genus Asteraceae. St.Petersburg: Nauka, 1993. 352 P.
RESUMO
Introduction: Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) is an annual plant. There are about 300 species of genus Polygonum. Polygonum aviculare is a weed plant which is widely spread in Russia and the Ukraine. All the aerial parts of plant can be used as a medicinal plant raw material. It is extensively used in traditional and official medicine for treatment of urinary diseases [1].The aim of this work is to make Pharmacognostic analysis of Herba Polygoni avicularis and to identify the main biologically active substances. To achieve this goal we should make the following tasks: 1) to do macro- and microscopic analysis; 2) to make phytochemical analysis; 3) to identify a quantitative determination of the sum of flavonoids according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2).As a plant raw material in this research we used HerbaPolygoni avicularis of “LEK+” firm manufacturing.During the work we found out the concordance of “general appearance” according to the macroscopic analysis, as there were pieces of caulis, leaves, blooms of different shapes with greenish-grey colour and faint odour. Also, during the microscopic analysis we identified the main anatomical diagnostic features which are straight cells on epidermis with thickened walls and brown contents, numerous crystals of calcium oxalate in mesophyll, the presence of mechanical fibers with curving outlines and thickened layers [2]. Moreover, we made purity tests and identifiedquantitative determination of flavonoids. The results: sum of flavonoids calculated as avicularin – 5,2% (should be not less than 0,5 %) by spectrophotometry (λ=410 nm); loss on drying (where we dried our raw material (t=1070C) in a drying closet, weighed up and calculated) - 12% (not more than 13%); total ash (we burned out organics in an ash muffle) – 5,8% (not more than 13%), foreign organic matter – 0,3 % (not more than 2%) and mineral impurity – 0,5% (not more than 2%) [2]. We identified the presence of flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides and saponins using standard identity tests [3].In general, during the Pharmacognostic analysis of Herba Polygoni avicularis we set up the correspondence of main characteristics to the general pharmacopeial monograph. We identified the presence of flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides and saponins.References:1. http://medicalherbs.sci-lib.com/herbs042.html2. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2). Common methods of analysis. Medical plant material / USSR Ministry of Health. - 11th ed., Ext.– M.: Medicine, 1990. - 400 p.3. Grinkevich N.I., Safronich L.N. Chemical analysis of medical plants. – M.: Higher school
RESUMO
Introduction: Rheum palmatum L. var. tanguticum Maxim. (Polygonaceae) is one of the well-known Pharmacopeial plants, which is widely used for treatment and prevention of diseases of the digestive system. It has a wide range of pharmacological activity: antiseptic, increasing appetite, hypotensive, astringent and laxative effects. The aim of this work is to make a Pharmacognostic analysis of radices Rhei tangutici. To achieve this goal we should make the following tasks:1) to do macro- and microscopic analysis; 2) to make purity tests of plant material; 3)to identify the presence of main biologically active substances; 4) to make a chemical assay of anthracene derivatives in radices Rhei tangutici.A homeland of Rheum tanguticum is Central China and northeastern Tibet. Radices rhei contain 2 - 6% of antraglikosides, a number of which increases with age. Also they contain tannins, resins, pectin substances and a lot of starch. Antraglikosides have a laxative effect which is caused mainly by emodin, rhein and chrysophanic acid (they irritate interoceptors of colon which causes the strengthening of vermicular movement) [1].For the research we used radices Rhei tangutici which were collected in Mongolia in 2012. A plant material is pieces of roots and rhizomes with cylindrical, slightly curved forms and a laterally-savoyed surface; the color is dark brown (on a cleavage - yellow-brown), with characteristic aromatic odour. Microscopic analysis revealed that the main diagnostic features are medullarry rays, 2–4 cells in width; phloem consists of thin-walled cells with round containers with slime, parenchyma possess cluster crystals of calciumoxalate and starch grains. Also we made purity tests and identified moisture - 7% (should be not more than 12%), total ash – 7,8% (not more than 8%), 10% chlorohydric acid-insoluble ash – 0,9% (not more than 1%), roots which discolored to black - 2% (not more than 5%), foreign organic matter 0.1% (not more than 0.5%) and 0.1% of mineral impurity (not more than 0.5%) [2]. In this material we found out the presence of anthracene derivatives (emodin and chrysophanic acid), polysaccharides, tannins and flavonoids using standard identity tests [3]. According to the quantitative analysis of anthracene derivatives in radices Rhei tangutici, performed by spectrophotometry, it contains2.8 - 3.03% calculated as istizin (should be not less than 2%) [2].Thus, the main Pharmacognostic analysis’ characteristics of radices Rhei tangutici, which grows in Mongolia, conform to the pharmacopeial article ¹ 68 (State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR, ed.11, part 2).References:1. Korenskaya I.M., Ivanovskaya N.P. Medicinal plants and medical plant material containing anthracenes, phenols, lignans, tannins. - Voronezh: Publishing center of Voronezh State University, 2007. - 87 p.2. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2). Common methods of analysis. Medical plant material / USSR Ministry of Health. - 11th ed., Ext.- Moscow: Medicine, 1990. - 400 p.3. Grinkevich N.I., Safronich L.N. Chemical analysis of medical plants. -Moscow: Higher school, 1983.- 176p.
RESUMO
Introduction: Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) is an annual plant. There are about 300 species of genus Polygonum. Polygonum aviculare is a weed plant which is widely spread in Russia and the Ukraine. All the aerial parts of plant can be used as a medicinal plant raw material. It is extensively used in traditional and official medicine for treatment of urinary diseases [1].The aim of this work is to make Pharmacognostic analysis of Herba Polygoni avicularis and to identify the main biologically active substances. To achieve this goal we should make the following tasks: 1) to do macro- and microscopic analysis; 2) to make phytochemical analysis; 3) to identify a quantitative determination of the sum of flavonoids according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2).As a plant raw material in this research we used HerbaPolygoni avicularis of “LEK+” firm manufacturing.During the work we found out the concordance of “general appearance” according to the macroscopic analysis, as there were pieces of caulis, leaves, blooms of different shapes with greenish-grey colour and faint odour. Also, during the microscopic analysis we identified the main anatomical diagnostic features which are straight cells on epidermis with thickened walls and brown contents, numerous crystals of calcium oxalate in mesophyll, the presence of mechanical fibers with curving outlines and thickened layers [2]. Moreover, we made purity tests and identifiedquantitative determination of flavonoids. The results: sum of flavonoids calculated as avicularin – 5,2% (should be not less than 0,5 %) by spectrophotometry (λ=410 nm); loss on drying (where we dried our raw material (t=1070C) in a drying closet, weighed up and calculated) - 12% (not more than 13%); total ash (we burned out organics in an ash muffle) – 5,8% (not more than 13%), foreign organic matter – 0,3 % (not more than 2%) and mineral impurity – 0,5% (not more than 2%) [2]. We identified the presence of flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides and saponins using standard identity tests [3].In general, during the Pharmacognostic analysis of Herba Polygoni avicularis we set up the correspondence of main characteristics to the general pharmacopeial monograph. We identified the presence of flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides and saponins.References:1. http://medicalherbs.sci-lib.com/herbs042.html2. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2). Common methods of analysis. Medical plant material / USSR Ministry of Health. - 11th ed., Ext.– M.: Medicine, 1990. - 400 p.3. Grinkevich N.I., Safronich L.N. Chemical analysis of medical plants. – M.: Higher school
RESUMO
Introduction: Rheum palmatum L. var. tanguticum Maxim. (Polygonaceae) is one of the well-known Pharmacopeial plants, which is widely used for treatment and prevention of diseases of the digestive system. It has a wide range of pharmacological activity: antiseptic, increasing appetite, hypotensive, astringent and laxative effects. The aim of this work is to make a Pharmacognostic analysis of radices Rhei tangutici. To achieve this goal we should make the following tasks:1) to do macro- and microscopic analysis; 2) to make purity tests of plant material; 3)to identify the presence of main biologically active substances; 4) to make a chemical assay of anthracene derivatives in radices Rhei tangutici.A homeland of Rheum tanguticum is Central China and northeastern Tibet. Radices rhei contain 2 - 6% of antraglikosides, a number of which increases with age. Also they contain tannins, resins, pectin substances and a lot of starch. Antraglikosides have a laxative effect which is caused mainly by emodin, rhein and chrysophanic acid (they irritate interoceptors of colon which causes the strengthening of vermicular movement) [1].For the research we used radices Rhei tangutici which were collected in Mongolia in 2012. A plant material is pieces of roots and rhizomes with cylindrical, slightly curved forms and a laterally-savoyed surface; the color is dark brown (on a cleavage - yellow-brown), with characteristic aromatic odour. Microscopic analysis revealed that the main diagnostic features are medullarry rays, 2–4 cells in width; phloem consists of thin-walled cells with round containers with slime, parenchyma possess cluster crystals of calciumoxalate and starch grains. Also we made purity tests and identified moisture - 7% (should be not more than 12%), total ash – 7,8% (not more than 8%), 10% chlorohydric acid-insoluble ash – 0,9% (not more than 1%), roots which discolored to black - 2% (not more than 5%), foreign organic matter 0.1% (not more than 0.5%) and 0.1% of mineral impurity (not more than 0.5%) [2]. In this material we found out the presence of anthracene derivatives (emodin and chrysophanic acid), polysaccharides, tannins and flavonoids using standard identity tests [3]. According to the quantitative analysis of anthracene derivatives in radices Rhei tangutici, performed by spectrophotometry, it contains2.8 - 3.03% calculated as istizin (should be not less than 2%) [2].Thus, the main Pharmacognostic analysis’ characteristics of radices Rhei tangutici, which grows in Mongolia, conform to the pharmacopeial article ¹ 68 (State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR, ed.11, part 2).References:1. Korenskaya I.M., Ivanovskaya N.P. Medicinal plants and medical plant material containing anthracenes, phenols, lignans, tannins. - Voronezh: Publishing center of Voronezh State University, 2007. - 87 p.2. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2). Common methods of analysis. Medical plant material / USSR Ministry of Health. - 11th ed., Ext.- Moscow: Medicine, 1990. - 400 p.3. Grinkevich N.I., Safronich L.N. Chemical analysis of medical plants. -Moscow: Higher school, 1983.- 176p.
RESUMO
As raízes de Heteropteris aphrodisiaca, denominadas de " nó-de-cachorro" , pela semelhança morfológica com o pênis canino, são usadas popularmente com ação afrodisíaca, estimulante e no tratamento de disenterias, tendo este estudo o objetivo de caracterizá-las morfoanatômica e fisico-quimicamente. Para as análises foram elaboradas lâminas histológicas e analisados extratos aquosos, hidro-etanólicos e cetônicos obtidos a partir de amostras coletadas no estado do Mato Grosso, nas diferentes estações do ano. Tais raízes são tuberosas, cilíndricas e recobertas por súber estriado de coloração marrom-escura. O córtex, composto por tecido parenquimático, não apresenta elementos esclerificados, mas mostra-se com abundância de drusas e cristais prismáticos de oxalato de cálcio, bem como de idioblastos contendo polifenóis. No xilema secundário são abundantes as fibras gelatinosas, típicas de raízes de espécies do cerrado brasileiro. As análises físico-químicas revelaram maiores perdas por dessecação nas amostras coletadas no verão e na primavera. A água foi considerada o melhor líquido extrator, o teor de cinzas totais das amostras variou de 3,4 por cento no verão a 5,3 por cento no outono, enquanto que os teores de polifenóis totais foram maiores na primavera (10,2 por cento) que nas demais estações, sugere-se esta estação como a mais apropriada para a coleta da droga vegetal. Análises cromatográficas em camada delgada e líquida de alta eficiência foram realizadas empregando-se marcadores flavonoídicos neoastilbina, astilbina e isoastilbina, com valores de Rf de 0,60, 0,68 e 0,74, e tempos de retenção de: 16,44, 16,91 e 18,08 min, respectivamente.
The roots of Heteropteris aphrodisiaca, called " nó-de-cachorro" (dog-knot) for their morphological similarity to the canine penis, are used in popular medicine as an aphrodisiac or stimulant, and to treat dysentery. The objective of the present study was to characterize these roots morphoanatomically and physico-chemically. For the analyses, histological slides were prepared, and aqueous, hydro-ethanol, and ketone extracts were analyzed, from root samples collected in the state of Mato Grosso, in different seasons of the year. The roots are tuberous, cylindrical, and covered with a striated suber. The cortex, composed of parenchymatous tissue, has no sclerified elements, but shows abundant druses and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, as well as idioblasts containing polyphenols. In the secondary xylem, gelatinous fibers are abundant, typical for the roots of species of the Brazilian cerrado (savanna). The physical and chemical analyses revealed greater losses through desiccation in the samples collected in spring and summer. Water was the best extraction liquid. Total ash content of the samples ranged from 3.4 percent in summer to 5.3 percent in autumn. Total phenol content was higher in spring (10.2 percent), suggesting this season as the most appropriate to harvest the plant drug. Chromatographic analyses through TLC and HPLC were employed using the flavonoids neoastilbin, astilbin, and isoastilbin as markers. The Rf values were 0.60, 0.68 and 0.74, and the retention time were 16.44, 16.91 and 18.08 min, respectively.