Pharmacotherapeutic potential of Vitis vinifera(grape) in age-related neurological diseases / Potencial farmacoterapéutico de Vitis vinifera(uva) en enfermedades neurológicas asociadas a la edad

Age-related neurological disorders (ANDs), including neurodegenerative diseases, are complex illnesses with an increasing risk with advancing years. The central nervous system's neuropathological conditions, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding, are what define ANDs. Due to the rise in age-dependent prevalence, efforts have been made to combat ANDs. Vitis viniferahas a long history of usageto treat a variety of illness symptoms. Because multiple ligand sites may be targeted, Vitis viniferacomponents can be employed to treat ANDs. This is demonstrated by the link between the structure and action of these compounds. This review demonstrates that Vitis viniferaand its constituents, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, stilbenoidsandaromatic acids, are effective at reducing the neurological symptoms and pathological conditions of ANDs. This is done by acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The active Vitis vinifera ingredients have therapeutic effects on ANDs, as this review explains.

Las enfermedades neurológicas asociadas a la edad (AND, por su sigla en inglés) incluyendo las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, son enfermedades complejas con un riesgo creciente con la edad. Las condiciones neuropatológicas del sistema nervioso central, que incluyen el estrés oxidativo, la neuro inflamación, y el plegado erróneo de proteínas, son lo que define las AND. Debido al aumento en la prevalencia dependiente de la edad, se han hecho esfuerzos para combatir las AND. Vitis vinifera tiene una larga historia de uso para el tratamiento de síntomas. Puesto que puede hacer objetivo a muchos sitios ligando, los componentes de Vitis viniferase pueden utilizar para tratar AND. Esto se demuestra por el vínculo entre la estructura y la acción de estos compuestos. Esta revisión demuestra que la Vitis viniferay sus constituyentes, incluídos los flavonoides, componentes fenólicos, estilbenoides, y ácidos aromáticos, son efectivos para reducir los síntomas neurológicos y las condiciones patológicas de AND. Esto se produce por su acción como antioxidante y antiinflamatorio. Los ingredientes activos de Vitis vinifera tienen efectos terapéuticos en AND, y esta revisión lo explica.

Perfil Farmacoterapêutico em pacientes internados em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva Adulto de um Hospital Universitário / Pharmacotherapeutic Profile in Inpatients at an Adult Intensive Care Center of a University Hospital

RESUMO Este trabalho é um estudo observacional descritivo retrospectivo, com análise de dados quantitativos de abril a julho de 2019 no Hospital Universitário de Canoas. Foram avaliados 419 prescrições e dados de pacientes quanto a sexo, idade, patologias prévias, vias de administração e medicamentos mais prescritos no CTI. Para análise, foi elaborado um Instrumento de Coleta de Dados, no qual foram transferidos para uma planilha do software Microsoft Excel para análise de frequência. Os resultados encontrados foram que a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (59%), com idade entre 40 e 69 anos (47%). As patologias mais frequentes foram Hipertensão Arterial (31%), Diabetes Mellitus (18%) e outras como infecções bacterianas, fraturas ou cirurgia cardíaca (46%). A via de administração mais utilizada foi a parenteral (63%). Os medicamentos mais prescritos foram analgésicos / antipiréticos (n = 175), analgésicos narcóticos (n = 126) e antieméticos (n = 126). A caracterização do perfil farmacoterapêutico permitiu definir estratégias de avaliação da prescrição e propor o serviço de farmácia clínica para contribuir com o conhecimento de outros profissionais relacionados aos medicamentos.

ABSTRACT This work is a retrospective descriptive observational study, with an analysis of quantitative data from April to July 2019 at the University Hospital of Canoas. 419 prescriptions and patient data were evaluated regarding sex, age, previous pathologies, routes of administration, and most prescribed drugs in the ICU. For analysis, a Data Collection Instrument was elaborated, in which they were transferred to a Microsoft Excel software spreadsheet for frequency analysis. The results found were that most of the patients were male (59%), aged 40 to 69 years (47%). The most frequent pathologies were Arterial Hypertension (31%), Diabetes Mellitus (18%), and others such as bacterial infections, fractures, or cardiac surgery (46%). The most widely used route of administration was the parenteral route (63%). The most prescribed drugs were analgesics/antipyretics (n = 175), narcotic analgesics (n = 126) and antiemetics (n = 126). Characterizing the pharmacotherapeutic profile allowed to determine prescription evaluation strategies and propose the clinical pharmacy service to contribute to the knowledge of other professionals related to medicines.

Polifarmacia y complejidad farmacoterapéutica en pacientes de hogares de ancianos en Cienfuegos / Polypharmacy and pharmacotherapeutic complexity in patients from nursing homes in Cienfuegos

Introducción: Revisar la prescripción representa una oportunidad para corregir errores y optimizar la farmacoterapia en grupos vulnerables. Objetivos: Analizar la complejidad farmacoterapéutica que se presenta en el paciente polimedicado del medio residencial. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal; de esquema terapéutico con elementos de indicación-prescripción. Universo: 117 historias clínicas de pacientes polimedicados con 60 años y más que residen en los hogares de ancianos. Período: junio-julio del 2020. Escenario: todos los hogares de ancianos en Cienfuegos, Cuba. Variable dependiente: complejidad farmacoterapéutica definida por la presencia de tres o más de los indicadores de calidad de vida medidos por la evaluación geriátrica exhaustiva, Escala de Puntuación Acumulativa de Enfermedad en Geriatría y criterios STOPP/START. Variables independientes: edad, sexo, enfermedad relacionada al mayor consumo de medicamentos, validismo, comorbilidad, tipo de prescripción, medicamentos inadecuados. Fuente: historia clínica individual. Resultados: La complejidad farmacoterapéutica en los polimedicados se detectó en el 76,9 por ciento de los prescritos inadecuadamente, con multimorbilidad (OR=17,3; IC95 por ciento:16-18,6), dependientes funcionales (OR=9,9; IC95 por ciento:6,8-13) y ancianos ≥75 años (OR=5,1; IC95 por ciento:4-6,2). Las benzodiacepinas fue el grupo más prescrito inadecuadamente. Los antiagregantes plaquetarios y las estatinas son los medicamentos indicados no prescritos. Conclusiones: Los ancianos polimedicados del medio residencial tienen prescripciones de grupos/fármacos de uso frecuente que se relacionan con errores de prescripción, que expone polifarmacia inadecuada y complejidad farmacoterapéutica con posible amenaza a la calidad de vida del geronte institucionalizado(AU)

Introduction: Reviewing the prescription represents an opportunity to correct errors and to optimize pharmacotherapy in vulnerable groups. Objectives: To analyze the pharmacotherapeutic complexity that occurs in the polymedicated patients living in the residential environment. Material and Methods: Descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study of therapeutic scheme with indication-prescription elements. Universe: 117 medical records of polymedicated patients aged 60 years and over who reside in nursing homes. Period: June-July 2020. Scenario: all nursing homes in Cienfuegos, Cuba. Dependent variable: pharmacotherapeutic complexity defined by the presence of three or more indicators of the quality of life measured by the exhaustive geriatric assessment, the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) and the STOPP/START criteria. Independent variables: age, sex, disease related to increased drug use, validity, comorbidity, type of prescription, inappropriate medications. Source: individual medical history. Results: Pharmacotherapeutic complexity in polymedicated elderly was identified in 76.9 percent of those inappropriately prescribed, multimorbid (OR = 17.3; 95 percent CI: 16-18.6), functionally dependent (OR = 9.9; 95 percent: 6.8 -13) and elderly people ≥75 years (OR = 5.1; 95 percent CI: 4-6.2). Benzodiazepines were the most inappropriately prescribed group. Antiplatelet agents and statins are the indicated non-prescription drugs. Conclusions: Polymedicated elderly patients living in the residential environment follow prescriptions of frequently used groups/drugs which are related to prescription errors with exposure to inadequate polypharmacy and pharmacotherapeutic complexity with a possible threat to the quality of life of the institutionalized elderly people(AU)

Outcomes of Pharmacotherapeutic Intervention Provided by Hospital Pharmacists for Geriatric Health Service Facility Users / 医薬品情報学

Objective: The number of pharmacists regularly working at geriatric health service facilities is limited, but many users of such facilities have multiple chronic conditions and receive continuous pharmacotherapy, simultaneously using numerous different types of oral drugs. We examined the outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic intervention provided by hospital pharmacists for geriatric health service facility users.Methods: We examinedthe outcomes of active pharmacotherapeutic intervention providedby hospital pharmacists for 154 facility users.Results: After the intervention, there were significant decreases in the mean number of types and price of drugs used, as they decreased from 7.38 to 6.17 and 368.3 to 309.2 yen/day, respectively. The number of prescription drugs changed was 300, and 206 of these changes were proposedby the pharmacists. The efficacy-basedcategories that these drugs belongedto widely ranged. The most frequent reasons for change were the “disappearance of symptoms”, “based on indications”, and “suspected adverse events”. Adverse events variedfrom mildto those that may leadto severe conditions.Conclusion: Pharmacotherapeutic interventions by pharmacists may optimize pharmacotherapy, reduce polypharmacy, and reduce the financial burden on geriatric health service facilities.

Geriatric patients: compliance issues and ways of its optimization

The aim of the study is to increase the effectiveness of diseases treatment in elderly patients. The work is based on the study of the nature and the role of compliance disorders, optimizing the effectiveness with the use of therapeutic complex of pharmacotherapy associated with psychotherapeutic component. As a result of the analysis of morbidity in elderly age and the nature of compliance in elderly patients, an optimal therapeutic complex was proposed, which consists of rational pharmacological load and psychotherapeutic intervention, aimed at informing a patient about the disease, methods of its treatment, as well as at creating an effective therapeutic alliance which provides proper medical care and prevents self-treatment in such patients.

Estudio de prescripción-indicación en pacientes con antimicrobianos de amplio espectro en medicina interna de un hospital del Ecuador / Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up in Patients with Broad-spectrum Antimicrobial in Internal Medicine of a Hospital in Ecuador / Estudo de prescrição-indicação em pacientes com antimicrobianos de amplo espectro em medicina interna de um hospital do Equador

Resumen Introducción: desde hace varios años existe preocupación por el incremento específico en el consumo de antimicrobianos por los problemas que estos generan. Por tal motivo se decidió diseñar un programa de atención farmacéutica en pacientes hospitalizados en servicios abiertos para evitar el desarrollo de problemas relacionados con medicamentos asociados con antimicrobianos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de utilización de medicamentos, del tipo prescripción-indicación en una muestra de estudio de 25 pacientes que recibieron antimicrobianos de amplio espectro en el área de medicina interna del hospital José María Velasco Ibarra desde abril hasta julio del 2016. Resultados: el 76 % de los pacientes fueron mujeres. La patología más frecuente que requirió la utilización de antimicrobianos fue la infección de vías urinarias complicada (48 %): el 24 % de los pacientes recibió más de un antibiótico de amplio espectro y el más utilizado fue el imipenem/cilastatina (34.4 %), seguido de la piperacilina/tazobactam y el cefepime, ambas con un 28.1 % y la vancomicina (9.4 %). El 48 % de las prescripciones fueron inadecuadas, se detectó la presencia de PRM en el 84 % de los pacientes. Conclusión: el diseño de un programa de atención farmacéutica en pacientes hospitalizados garantiza la identificación, prevención y/o solución de los problemas relacionados con medicamentos, su uso adecuado y la calidad de la atención.

Abstract Introduction: For several years there has been concern about the specific increase in the consumption of antimicrobials due to the problems they generate. For this reason it was decided design a pharmaceutical care program for hospitalized patients in open services to avoid the development of problems related to antimicrobial-associated drugs. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the use of medications, of the prescription-indication type in a study sample of 25 patients who received broad-spectrum antimicrobials in the internal medicine area of the José María Velasco Ibarra Hospital from April to July. 2016. Results: 76 % of the patients were women; The most frequent pathology that required the use of antimicrobials was complicated urinary tract infection (48 %>); 24 % of patients received more than one broad spectrum antibiotic and the most widely used was imipenem/cilastatin (34.4 %), followed by piperacillin / tazobactam and cefepime, both with 28.1 % and vancomycin (9.4 %); 48 % of the prescriptions were inadequate, the presence of PRM was detected in 84 % of the patients. Conclusion: The design of a pharmaceutical care program in hospitalized patients guarantees the identification, prevention and / or solution of the problems related to medicines, their proper use and the quality of care.

Resumo Introdução: desde há vários anos existe preocupação pelo incremento específico no consumo de antimicrobianos pelos problemas que estes geram. Por tal motivo decidiu-se desenhar um programa de atenção farmacêutica em pacientes hospitalizados em serviços abertos para evitar o desenvolvimento de problemas relacionados com medicamentos associados a antimicrobianos. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de utilização de medicamentos, do tipo prescrição-indicação em uma amostra de estudo de 25 pacientes que receberam antimicrobianos de amplo espectro na área de medicina interna do Hospital José María Velasco Ibarra desde abril até julho de 2016. Resultados: o 76 % dos pacientes foram mulheres; a patologia mais frequente que requereu a utilização de antimicrobianos foi a infeção de vias urinárias complicada (48 %); o 24 % dos pacientes recebeu mais de um antibiótico de amplo espectro e o mais utilizado foi o imipeném/cilastatina (34.4 %), seguido da piperacilina/tazobactam e o cefepima, ambas as duas com um 28.1 % e a vancomicina (9.4 %>); o 48 % das prescrições foram inadequadas, detectou-se a presença de PRM no 84 % dos pacientes. Conclusão: o desenho de um programa de atenção farmacêutica em pacientes hospitalizados garante a identificação, prevenção e/ou solução dos problemas relacionados com medicamentos, o uso adequado dos mesmos, e a qualidade da atenção.

A cross sectional study to assess pharmacotherapeutic adherence among diabetes mellitus patients in tertiary care hospital

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that associated with abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism which results in chronic complications. Attainment of optimal blood sugar level is generally based on appropriate usage and proper adherence to prescribed medications. The study was, therefore, aimed to assess adherence to oral antidiabetic drugs among diabetic patients attending outpatient clinic of L. L. R. Hospital, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, U.P.Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 2017 to June 2018. The data was collected by interviewing T2DM patients receiving antidiabetic medications using Morisky’s four item adherence assessment questionnaire. The collected data was processed and analyzed with SPSS version 20.Results: From the 126 patients of diabetes, when asked about adherence to their medications as per the Morisky's four item method, 114 (90.47%) of them did not forget to take the drugs, 108 (85.71%) of patients reported that they had been being careful in taking their medications, 90 (71.42%) patients did not stop medications when they felt better and the other 108 (85.71%) patients reported that they did not stop medications when they felt worse while taking medications. This study shows that 54 (42.86%) respondents were adherent to their medications.Conclusions: This study revealed a moderate level of adherence among the participants and statistically significantly depended upon their socioeconomic status. Efforts are needed to increase the medication adherence of these patients’, so they can realize the full advantage of prescribed therapies.

Machanism and intervention of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated fibrosis / 中华肝脏病杂志

Main indication of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression is hepatic fibrosis. The extent of fibrosis correlates negatively with long-term comorbidity and survival of NASH patients. Clinical screening for hepatic fibrosis extent higher than F2 is a main criterion for high risk NASH patients. Currently on-going phase III clinical trials for potential pharmacotherapeutics recruit NASH patients with F2-3, and whether tested pharmacotherapeutics block hepatic fibrosis is one of main end-points for assessment of clinical efficacy. Therefore, understanding molecular mechanisms and identifying potential targets are critical for intervention of NASH progression.

Impacto del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico para identificar los errores de medicación y disminuir eventos adversos en pacientes de terapia intensiva del Hospital H+ Querétaro / Impact of pharmacotherapeutic follow-up to identify the medication errors and decrease adverse events in patients of intensive care at H+ Querétaro Hospital / Impacto do seguimento farmacoterapêutico para identificar erros de medicação e diminuir eventos adversos em pacientes na Terapia Intensiva do Hospital H+ Querétaro

Resumen: Introducción: El error de medicación es toda desviación en el proceso del uso de medicamentos que son administrados al paciente. Los errores de medicación son una causa frecuente de eventos adversos en el paciente. Objetivo: Identificar la relación del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en la detección de errores de medicación con el incremento del número de intervenciones para la prevención de eventos adversos en pacientes de la unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI). Material y método: Se determinó la tasa de errores de medicación con el fin de obtener el valor basal (periodo 1), posteriormente se evaluó un segundo periodo (periodo 2), en el cual el seguimiento farmacoterapéutico se incrementó con la búsqueda intencionada de los errores de medicación. La identificación, clasificación y registro se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con la taxonomía de NCC MERP con ayuda del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en cada uno de los pacientes. Resultados: En el periodo 1 se identificó un total de 107 errores de medicación, mismos que representaron una tasa de errores de 514.42 por 1,000 días/paciente, con una tasa de intervenciones de 52.88 por 1,000 días/paciente. En el periodo 2 se observó una tasa de 950.76 por 1,000 días/paciente, con una tasa de intervenciones de 132.58 por 1,000 días/paciente. En ninguno de los dos periodos se identificaron errores que produjeran daño en los pacientes. Conclusiones: La búsqueda intencionada de errores de medicación e intervenciones farmacéuticas favorecen la seguridad del uso de medicamentos, lo que ayuda a prevenir los eventos adversos asociados en pacientes de la unidad de terapia intensiva.

Abstract: Introduction: Medication error is all deviation in the process of using medications that are administered to the patient; the medication errors are a frequent cause of adverse events in the patient. Objective: To identify the relationship of pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in the detection of medication errors with the increase in the number of interventions for the prevention of adverse events in patients of the Intensive Care Unit. Material and method: The medication error rate was determined in order to obtain the baseline value (period 1), then a second period (period 2) was evaluated in which the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up was increased with the intentional search for medication errors. The identification, classification and registration were carried out according to the NCC MERP taxonomy with the help of the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up to each of the patients. Results: In period 1, a total of 107 medication errors were identified, representing an error rate of 514.42 per 1,000 days/patient, with a rate of interventions of 52.88 per 1,000 days/patient. For period 2 a rate of 950.76 per 1,000 days/patient was found, with a rate of interventions of 132.58 per 1,000 days/patient. In either period, an error was identified that caused damage in the patients. Conclusions: The intentional search for medication errors and pharmaceutical interventions favor the safety in the use of the drugs helping to prevent the adverse events associated with its use in patients of the intensive care unit.

Resumo: Introdução: O erro de medicação é qualquer desvio no processo de utilização de medicamentos que são administrados aos pacientes, os erros de medicação são uma causa comum de eventos adversos no paciente. Objetivo: Identificar a relação do seguimento farmacoterapêutico na detecção de erros de medicação com o aumento do número de intervenções para a prevenção de eventos adversos em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Material e método: Determinou-se a taxa de erros de medicação a fim de obter a linha de base (período 1), avaliou-se posteriormente um segundo período (período 2) em que o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico aumentou com a busca deliberada de erros de medicação. A identificação, classificação e registo foram realizados de acordo com a taxonomia do NCC MERP com ajuda do seguimento farmacoterapêutico para cada um dos pacientes. Resultados: No período 1, identificamos um total de 107 erros de medicação, o que representou uma taxa de 514.42 erros por 1,000 dias/paciente, com uma taxa intervenção de 52.88 por 1,000 dias/paciente. Para o período 2 foi encontrada 950.76 para 1,000 dias/paciente, com uma taxa de intervenção de 132.58 por 1,000 dias/pacientes. Não identificamos em nenhum dos dois períodos um erro que produzisse danos aos pacientes. Conclusões: A busca intencional por erros de medicação e intervenções farmacêuticas favorecem a segurança no uso de medicamentos, ajudando a prevenir os eventos adversos associados ao seu uso em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva.

Evaluation by Students’ Self-assessment of a Curriculum for Fifth-year Pharmacy Students to Integrate Basic Science and Clinical Knowledge / 社会薬学

The core curriculum of the pharmacy education model was revised in 2013 based on the “Basic competencies required of a pharmacist” that should be developed by graduation. Specific behavioral objectives to acquire include competency in “The ability to implement pharmacotherapeutic management”, which involves gaining the ability to understand patient information, prescription design and proposal, as well as pharmacotherapeutic assessment. In order to improve this ability, it is necessary for students to acquire basic knowledge about pathology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy and to integrate and apply this knowledge to patients in practice. We introduced an integrated program called “Integrated Clinical Pharmacy” for fifth-year students at Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University. In this program, students take an objective test on the basic knowledge of pathology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy and learn how to design pharmaceutical care plans using individual patient cases. A self-evaluation questionnaire survey about the ability to develop care plan was conducted on students who completed the program. Based on the objective test and self-evaluation questionnaire results, we studied whether basic knowledge was fully established and whether the ability to utilize this knowledge was acquired through this program. We found that although the ability to select an individual component of care plan did improve, this ability wasn’t correlated with the degree of basic knowledge, and performance in summarizing care plan did not improve. These results suggested that it is necessary to understand the connection between components of the care plan and strategies to focus on improving the ability to integrate basic knowledge.

Evaluation by Students’ Self-assessment of a Curriculum for Fifth-year Pharmacy Students to Integrate Basic Science and Clinical Knowledge / 社会薬学

The core curriculum of the pharmacy education model was revised in 2013 based on the “Basic competencies required of a pharmacist” that should be developed by graduation. Specific behavioral objectives to acquire include competency in “The ability to implement pharmacotherapeutic management”, which involves gaining the ability to understand patient information, prescription design and proposal, as well as pharmacotherapeutic assessment. In order to improve this ability, it is necessary for students to acquire basic knowledge about pathology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy and to integrate and apply this knowledge to patients in practice. We introduced an integrated program called “Integrated Clinical Pharmacy” for fifth-year students at Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University. In this program, students take an objective test on the basic knowledge of pathology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy and learn how to design pharmaceutical care plans using individual patient cases. A self-evaluation questionnaire survey about the ability to develop care plan was conducted on students who completed the program. Based on the objective test and self-evaluation questionnaire results, we studied whether basic knowledge was fully established and whether the ability to utilize this knowledge was acquired through this program. We found that although the ability to select an individual component of care plan did improve, this ability wasn’t correlated with the degree of basic knowledge, and performance in summarizing care plan did not improve. These results suggested that it is necessary to understand the connection between components of the care plan and strategies to focus on improving the ability to integrate basic knowledge.

Evaluation of the impact of pharmaceutical care for tuberculosis patients in a Secondary Referral Outpatient Clinic, Minas Gerais, Brazil

ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical care is a professional practice seeking the responsible provision of drug therapy by identifying, resolving, and preventing Drug-Related Problems (DRP). The study aims to describe and evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care given to patients being treated for tuberculosis (TB). Study concurrent, longitudinal, prospective conducted during pharmaceutical care in the TB outpatient clinic, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais during the period August 2009 to July 2012. The Pharmacotherapy Workup proposed by Cipolle et al. (2004) was used. Statistical analyses were performed by X2 or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. A total of 62 patients were followed up, and 128 drug-related problems (DRP) were identified: 69.5% related to safety, 13.3% to effectiveness, 12.5% ​​to indication, and 4.7% to treatment adherence, and 62.1% of the DRP were resolved. A total of 115 pharmaceutical interventions were performed. The impact of pharmaceutical care was satisfactory for 73.9% of patients with a resolution rate of 77%. There was a greater impact on pharmaceutical care (index ≥ 0.50) for those patients who were not smokers (p <0.05). The impact of pharmaceutical care was important, so the pharmacist should work alongside the multidisciplinary team to monitor treatment and perform interventions.

Seguimento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes em tratamento com talidomida em um centro especializado em hanseníase / Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of patients treated with thalidomide at a specialized leprosy center

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a farmacoterapia de pacientes com reação hansênica tipo 2 em tratamento com talidomida em um centro filantrópico de atendimento especializado. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado no Centro Maria Imaculada de reabilitação de pacientes com hanseníase na cidade de Teresina, Piauí. Foram incluídos na pesquisa pacientes de ambos os sexos atendidos entre setembro e novembro de 2016. O Seguimento Farmacoterapêutico foi fundamentado no Método Dáder, na base eletrônica Drugdex System ­ Thomson Micromedex® ­ Interactions para análise de interações medicamentosas; na classificação de reações adversas a medicamentos de Rawlins e Thompson; e no teste de Morisky-Green para avaliar o nível de adesão terapêutica. RESULTADOS: Foram acompanhados 11 pacientes, dos quais oito eram homens. Foram identificadas três interações medicamentosas, sendo duas classificadas em risco moderado e uma em menor risco. Foram identificados 23 resultados negativos associados ao medicamento, destacando-se insegurança não quantitativa e problemas de saúde não tratados. Além disso, 22 problemas relacionados com medicamentos foram identificados, sendo o mais frequente a ocorrência de reações adversas a medicamentos. Todas as reações adversas associadas a medicamentos foram classificadas como tipo A ou previsíveis. Quanto à adesão, seis entre os nove pacientes que responderam ao teste de Morisky-Green obtiveram alto grau de adesão. A educação em saúde correspondeu à intervenção farmacêutica preponderante, sendo aplicada a todos os pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: Foram evidenciadas interações medicamentosas relevantes, resultados negativos associados ao medicamento e problemas associados a medicamentos. O grau de adesão ao tratamento com talidomida foi considerado alto. Foram necessárias intervenções farmacêuticas, sobretudo voltadas para ações de educação em saúde, o que ratifica a necessidade de acompanhamento constante desse grupo de pacientes.

AIMS: Evaluate the pharmacotherapy of patients with type 2 leprosy reaction in treatment with thalidomide in a philanthropic center of specialized care at Teresina. METHODS: The study was conducted at the Centro Maria Imaculada, for rehabilitation of patients with leprosy, in the city of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Patients of both sexes attended between september and november 2016 were included in the study. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up was based on the Dáder Method, in the electronic base Drugdex System ­ Thomson Micromedex® ­ Interactions for analysis of drug interactions; in the classification of adverse drug reactions of Rawlins and Thompson; and the Morisky-Green test to evaluate the level of therapeutic adherence. RESULTS: Eleven patients were followed, of whom eight were male. Three drug interactions were identified, two of which were classified as moderate risk and one in lower risk. There were 23 negative results associated with medicines, mainly quantitative insecurity and untreated health problems. In addition, 22 drug-related problems were identified, with adverse drug reactions being the most frequent occurrence. All adverse drug reactions were classified as type A or predictable. Regarding adhesion, six patients among nine who responded to the Morisky-Green test obtained a high degree of adhesion. Health education corresponded to the preponderant pharmaceutical intervention, being applied to all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Relevant drug interactions, negative results associated with medicines, and drug-related problems were identified. Degree of adherence to thalidomide treatment was considered high. Pharmaceutical interventions were necessary, mainly focused on health education actions, which ratifies the need for constant monitoring of this group of patients.

Listado de medicamentos trazadores/señaladores como herramienta en programas de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico o de farmacoseguridad / List of drug tracers/ markers as a tool in pharmacotherapeutic follow-up or drug-safety programs

Resumen Introducción: los resultados negativos asociados a la medicación (RNM), incluyendo las reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) o problemas de seguridad, son un problema clínico relevante, debido a su alta incidencia y a efectos nocivos en la salud. Un medicamento podría ser considerado como trazador/señalador, debido a: 1) una mayor probabilidad de causar RAM o problemas de seguridad; o 2) su utilización para tratar y por tanto identificar pacientes con RAM. Los listados de medicamentos trazadores podrían ser útiles en los programas de farmacoseguridad o seguimiento farmacoterapéutico (SFT). Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue estructurar un listado de medicamentos trazadores/ señaladores de los pacientes con mayor riesgo de presentar RNM, el cual podría ser útil para seleccionar pacientes para programas de SFT o farmacoseguridad. Obtención de datos: inicialmente, se realizó una revisión estructurada en PubMed/Medline para identificar medicamentos asociados a la presentación de RAM clasificadas como graves o moderadas y con una prevalencia igual o superior a 10%. Posteriormente, el listado de medicamentos identificados, fue comparado y complementado con medicamentos de alta alerta del Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) y con medicamentos utilizados para el tratamiento de RAM o antídotos. Resultados: se generó un listado general de 139 medicamentos trazadores/señaladores. Conclusiones: este listado podría ser una herramienta para detectar y seleccionar los pacientes que más se podrían beneficiar de los programas de SFT o farmacoseguridad. Se requiere de la realización de estudios diseñados para evaluar la utilidad práctica de dicho listado.

Abstract Introduction: negative outcomes associated with medication (NOM), including adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or safety problems, are a relevant clinical problem due to their high incidence and harmful effects on health. A drug could be considered a tracer / marker because of: 1) an increased likelihood of causing ADR or safety problems; or 2) its use to treat and therefore identify patients with ADR. Tracer drug listings could be useful in pharmacological safety or pharmacotherapeutic monitoring programs. Objective: the objective of this study was to structure a list of drug tracer / markers of the patients with the highest risk of presenting NOM, which could be useful to select patients for FFT or pharmacological safety programs. Data collection: initially, a structured review was performed in PubMed / Medline to identify drugs associated with the presentation of ADRs classified as severe or moderate and with a prevalence of 10% or greater. Subsequently, the list of identified medications was compared and complemented with high alert medications of the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and medications used to treat ADRs or antidotes. Results: a general listing of 139 drug tracers / markers was generated. Conclusions: this listing could be a tool to detect and select the patients who could most benefit from the FTS or pharmacological safety programs. Studies designed to evaluate the practical usefulness of this listing are required.

Implementación y evaluación de un servicio de atención farmacéutica en la unidad de cuidados paliativos y alivio del dolor en el Hospital Clínico Félix Bulnes Cerda / Implementation and evaluation of a pharmaceutical care in palliative care and pain relief unit at Hospital Félix Bulnes Cerda

INTRODUCCIÓN: la atención farmacéutica se define como la provisión responsable e individualizada del tratamiento farmacológico, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente, lo que se puede lograr mediante la correcta utilización de los medicamentos, realizando un seguimiento farmacoterapéutico para prevenir o resolver problemas relacionados con medicamentos (PRM). se ha comprobado que la inclusión del químico farmacéutico dentro de los programas de cuidados paliativos y alivio del dolor han mejorado los resultados obtenidos con la farmacoterapia y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Implementar y evaluar un servicio de atención farmacéutica para pacientes de la uidad de cuidados paliativos y alivio del dolor en el Hospital Clínico Félix Bulnes Cerda. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó en 3 etapas: la primera de forma retrospectiva, se revisaron recetas de mayo a julio de 2015, provenientes de la unidad para obtener un estado situacional. en una segunda etapa se implementó el servicio de atención farmacéutica, basado en el método DADER. en una tercera etapa, se tipificaron las intervenciones totales realizadas y se evaluó tanto la adherencia al tratamiento como la satisfacción del servicio ofrecido a los pacientes y/o cuidadores. RESULTADOS: etapa I de 500 recetas se seleccionaron 244, detectando 165 (67,5%) con posibles PRMs, los cuales se resolvieron en un 35% con 58 intervenciones al equipo médico.etapa II se enrolaron 39 pacientes a quienes se les realizaron entrevistas sucesivas, se detectaron 53 PRMs, los que se resolvieron con 39 intervenciones.finalmente, se evaluó el servicio ofrecido: se tipificaron 111 intervenciones (84 a médico y 27 a paciente), se evaluó adherencia terapéutica mediante test SMAQ, mejorando en un 61,5% entre la evaluación inicial y una posterior (a los 3 meses) y la satisfacción usuaria del servicio con una encuesta obteniendo un 100% de satisfacción.CONCLUSIÓN: la complejidad del dolor y los tratamientos actuales para aliviarlo representan un gran desafío en los actuales equipos de cuidados paliativos. la integración y participación activa del Farmacéutico clínico en el proceso clínico-asistencial permitió garantizar la calidad y seguridad tanto del proceso de dispensación, interviniendo en la selección de la fármaco terapia de acuerdo a parámetros farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos que apunten a la optimización e individualización de la terapia; como además interviniendo al paciente o cuidador, entregando herramientas que logren un uso racional de los medicamento. como resultado de esto, se mejoró la adherencia al tratamiento, se entregó información sobre su correcta administración y también se realizó seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, que permitió prevenir problemas relacionados con los medicamentos (PRM). estos resultados mostraron un alto grado de aceptación, tanto por parte del equipo médico como del paciente, avalando la importancia del farmacéutico.

INTRODUCTION: the pharmaceutical care is defined as responsible pharmacological treatment in order to improve the life quality of a patient. may be achieved using the right drug, and monitoring the side effect to prevent problem with the medical prescription. It has been proved that pharmacist inclusion in the therapy improve the health and welfare of these patients.OBJECTIVES: carry out and evaluate a pharmaceutical care in patient that need to be relieved at Félix Bulnes Hospital.method and equipment: it was realize in three steps, in the first one the prescriptions were audited in a retrospective way from march to july in the year 2015 in this unit to evaluate this period.In the second step: a pharmacological attention service using DADER method in the third step: OBJECTIVES AND METHOD were evaluated and tipified .the treatment progress and the patient satisfaction were also evaluated. RESULTS: from 500 prescription in the step one 244 were selected finding on 165 (67.5%) possibles PRMs .from that number (500) only 35% were solved with the help of medical auditory.In the second step, 39 patient were selected and interviewed finding 53 PRMs, these were solved with 39 interventions. finally, the service were evaluated: 111 intervention were tipified (84 to medical attention and 27 to the patient), therapeutical adherence were evaluated using SMAQ test improving 61,5 comparing the inicial evaluation with a posterior one (three month later). the satisfaction in the attention service using a survey were 100%. CONCLUSION: the pain and nowadays treatments complexity to relieve it are such a big challenge for current palliative care teams. the active integration and participation of clinical pharmacist in the clinical assistance process guarantees quality and security, not only on the dispensation process by intervening the pharmacotherapy selection according to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters that work on optimization and individualization therapy, but also by intervening the patient and assistant, by giving them necessary tools to get a rational drug use. as a result, the adherence to treatment was improved, information about the correct drug use was given and there was also a pharmacotherapy tracing that allowed to avoid any problems related to the drugs themselves. these results showed a higher acceptance degree either for patiens and professionals.

Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico de pacientes chilenos con infección por VIH/SIDA hospitalizados en un centro de alta complejidad durante un período de un año / Pharmacotherapy follow-up of Chilean inpatients with HIV/AIDS in a high complexity hospital during one year

Background: Pharmaceutical follow-up consists on the detection, prevention, and resolution of drug-related problems (DRP) in a continuous, systematized, and documented way. DRP is a health problem connected to pharmacotherapy, which can interfere with the expected health outcomes in the patient. Aim: To make a pharmacotherapeutic surveillance in HIV/AIDS inpatients attended at "Hospital San Juan de Dios" throughout a year prospective study (January to December 2012). Results: 88.6% (93/105) of patients were in stage AIDS with a median of CD4+ lymphocytes of 29 cells/mm³ and a viral load of 107,000 RNA copies/mL. The 16.2% were admitted to a intensive care unit ICU. 296 DRP (DRP 2.8 per patient) were detected, 72% of DRP (n; 213) were associated with treatment safety, 94 were adverse reactions, 19 required dose adjustments, and 6 interactions had a negative clinical impact; 23.3% (n: 69) experimented the necessity to add or remove a drug and 4.7% (n: 14) presented problems associated with effectiveness. A statistically significant relation was observed when associating the number of DRP with admittance to the ICU and the use of more than six drugs. Conclusion: The results allow the conclusion that inpatients present drug-related problems mainly related to toxicity, becoming risk factors for the development of them admittance to ICU, and concomitant use of more than 6 drugs.

Introducción: El seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, consiste en la detección, prevención y resolución de los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos (PRM), en forma continua, sistematizada y documentada. Un PRM es un problema de salud vinculado con la farmacoterapia, que interfiere o puede interferir con los resultados de salud esperados en el paciente. Objetivo y Métodos: Realizar un seguimiento farmacoterapéutico a pacientes hospitalizados con infección por VIH/SIDA del Hospital San Juan de Dios, a través de un estudio prospectivo de un año (enero a diciembre 2012). Resultados: El 88,6% (93/105) de los pacientes se encontraba en etapa SIDA, con una mediana de linfocitos TCD4+ de 29 céls/mm³ y una carga viral de 107.000 copias ARN/mL. El 16,2% de los pacientes ingresó a una unidad de paciente crítico. Se detectaron 296 PRM (2,8 PRM por paciente); el 72% de los PRM (n: 213) estuvieron asociados a seguridad del tratamiento, objetivándose 94 reacciones adversas, 19 eventos con necesidad de ajustes de dosis y seis interacciones con repercusión clínica negativa; 23,3% (n: 69) a la necesidad de incorporar o eliminar algún fármaco y 4,7 % (n: 14) a problemas asociados a efectividad. Se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa al asociar el N° de PRM con la unidad de pacientes críticos y uso de más de seis fármacos. Conclusión: Los resultados permiten concluir que los pacientes hospitalizados presentan problemas relacionados al uso de medicamentos, principalmente asociado a toxicidad, encontrándose como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de éstos la permanencia en una unidad de paciente crítico y el uso concomitante de más de seis fármacos.

Economic Burden of Drug Therapy in Hypertension Management in a Private Teaching Hospital in Nigeria.

Background: Information on economic burden of hypertension is needed for relevant decisions and policies due to escalating cost of disease management. Aims: The study assessed economic burden of pharmacotherapy in hypertension management on the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) of Nigeria and the economies of antihypertensives selection. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Out-patient-department of a private teaching hospital located in Lagos, Nigeria over four-month duration in 2011. Methodology: Two hundred and fifty case notes of hypertensive patients were randomly selected. These were assessed for costs of pharmacotherapeutic management of hypertension. Patients’ details such as demographic data, drug regimens and funding status were extracted from the case notes. Drugs’ prices were obtained from the hospital billing guide. Data presentation was by using descriptive statistics. Results: Two hundred and eight (83.2%) of the selected case notes met the study criteria. Diuretics were the most economical at an average monthly cost per prescription of NGN858.6 ($5.51) followed by the beta-blockers at NGN1,101.1 ($7.07) while fixed dose combinations were the costliest at NGN10,425.0 ($66.93). Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) having 104 (50.0%) of the cohort as enrollees incurred most of the cost at NGN446, 325.0 ($2,865.47) followed by NHIS 75 (36.0%) at NGN321, 354.0 ($2,063.14). An average monthly cost of antihypertensives per patient was highest for private patients NGN4, 314.47 ($27.69) and least for NHIS NGN4, 284.72 ($27.50). The national cost implication using the least average monthly antihypertensive cost per patient of NGN4,284 .72 ($27.50) for NHIS implies an average of NGN51,416.64 ($330.10) per annum for each patient and a whooping sum in excess of NGN1.054 trillion (over $6.76billion) for over 20 million affected hypertensive patients in Nigeria. Conclusion: Cost burden of hypertension management is high, incurred mostly by HMOs and NHIS. Diuretics were the most economical of all prescribed regimens.

Pharmaceutical care in transplant patients in a university hospital: pharmaceutical interventions

A descriptive and prospective study was conducted on the pharmaceutical care in the post-transplant outpatient clinic of Hospital Universitario Walter Cantidio of Universidade Federal do Ceará (HUWC/UFC), in Fortaleza- Ceará in the period of April to October of 2011. The aim of the present study was to describe the pharmaceutical interventions performed in a Pharmaceutical Care service structured in the liver and kidney transplant outpatient clinic of an academic hospital. The Pharmaceutical interventions (PI) were classified according to Sabater et al.(2005), with significance based on Riba et al.(2000) and the Negative Outcomes associated with Medication (NOM) established at the Third Consensus of Granada. Statistical analyses were performed using the Epi Info v.3.5.1 program and hypothesis tests were done with the SigmaPlot v.10.0 program. A chi-squared (X²) test was utilized for statistical analysis of the sample. A total of 97 patients were followed, where 54 problems related to medications were identified and 139 PI performed. The main PI were in education of the patient about treatment (n=111; 80%) (p<0.05), while the significance of all interventions were appropriate, where 83.4% (n=116) of PI performed in the study period were shown to be "significant" (p<0.05). Through pharmaceutical care, the pharmacist is capable of monitoring the pharmacotherapeutic treatment and intervening when necessary, while being part of the multiprofessional team caring for the transplant patient.

Trata-se de um estudo de descritivo e prospectivo, realizado durante o atendimento farmacêutico nos ambulatórios de pós-transplante do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio da Universidade Federal do Ceará (HUWC/UFC), em Fortaleza-Ceará no período de abril a outubro de 2011. O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar as intervenções farmacêuticas realizadas em um serviço de Atenção Farmacêutica (ATENFAR) estruturado nos ambulatórios do transplante hepático e renal de um Hospital Universitário. As intervenções farmacêuticas (IF) foram classificadas de acordo com Sabater et al.(2005), a significância baseadas em Riba et al.(2000) e os Resultados Negativos associados a Medicamentos (RNM) fundamentados no Terceiro Consenso de Granada. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa Epi Info v.3.5.1 e os testes de hipótese foram feitos no programa SigmaPlot v.10.0. O teste estatístico utilizado para análise da amostra foi o qui-quadrado (X²). Foram acompanhados 97 pacientes, identificados 54 problemas relacionados aos medicamentos e realizadas 139 intervenções farmacêuticas. As principais IF realizadas foram na educação do paciente sobre o tratamento (n=111; 80%) (p<0,05), já enquanto a significância todas as intervenções foram apropriadas, sendo que 83,4% (n=116) das IF realizadas no período do estudo mostram ser "significantes" (p<0,05). O farmacêutico, através do exercício da ATENFAR, é capaz de monitorar o tratamento farmacoterapêutico e intervir, quando necessário, integrando-se a equipe multiprofissional no cuidado ao paciente transplantado.

Uso de marcadores bioquímicos no diabetes tipo II como parâmetro de monitorização no acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes / Monitoring biochemical markers during pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of type 2 diabetic patients

Loss of the modulatory role of the endothelium may be an important factor in the development of diabetic vascular diseases such as cardiac, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease, as evidenced by changes in the serum lipid profile: increased triglycerides (TG), total lipoprotein cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). This article describes a longitudinal intervention study conducted at the Center for Research in Diabetes and Endocrinometabolic Diseases of the Federal University of Ceará (UFC, CE, Brazil), in which 58 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2) were monitored by recording biochemical parameters during two sessions of laboratory tests, and through monthly interview-based pharmacotherapeutic follow-up. The study lasted one year and was approved by the human research ethics committee of UFC. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of the program SPSS 11.0. Hypertension was present in 54.4% of patients with DM2, 64% were sedentary and overweight, 44.7% reported having relatives with cardiovascular disease and 59.5% had a family history of diabetes. The serum levels of fasting glucose, TG, TC and LDL-C and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced after the active follow-up and monitoring of patients. This result reinforces the importance of the role of the pharmacist in the control of biochemical parameters, improvement of patients? quality of life and prevention of complications.

A perda do papel modulador do endotélio pode ser um fator importante no desenvolvimento de doenças vasculares diabéticas como enfermidade cardiovascular, insuficiência cerebrovascular e vascular periférica que são evidenciadas por alterações no perfil lipídico: aumento do nível sérico de triglicérides (TG), colesterol total (lipoproteínas CT) e de baixa densidade (LDL-c), e redução no nível sérico de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c). O estudo delineado foi do tipo longitudinal de intervenção realizado no Centro de Pesquisa em Diabetes e Doenças Endócrinometabólicas da Universidade Federal do Ceará ? UFC no qual foram monitorados 58 pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo II (DM2) através da análise de parâmetros bioquímicos, realizados durante duas sessões de exames laboratóriais, e do acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico mensal. O estudo teve duração de 1 ano com a aprovação pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa em seres humanos da UFC. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa estatístico SPSS versão 11.0. A hipertensão arterial esteve presente em 54,4% dos pacientes portadores de DM2, 64% eram sedentários e com sobrepeso; 44,7% disseram que tem / tinha parentes com a doença cardiovascular, e 59,5% tinham história diabéticos familiar. Os parâmetros de glicemia de jejum, TG, CT e LDL-c, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica foram reduzidos após o monitoramento e acompanhamento dos pacientes. Este resultado reforça a importância da atuação do profissional farmacêutico na redução e controle dos índices bioquímicos, melhoria da qualidade de vida desses e prevenção de complicações.

Propuesta de adaptación de la hoja de historia farmacoterapéutica del método Dáder para aprendices / Proposal of adaptation of the sheet of pharmaceutical history of Dáder method for learners

Introducción: en 2008, Freitas & Marques propusieron una hoja de historia farmacoterapéutica: el Dáder modificado. Objetivo: evaluar la aplicabilidad del Dáder modificado comparándolo con el Dáder. Métodos: las hojas de historia farmacoterapéutica fueron aplicadas a usuarios crónicos de medicamentos por estudiantes de Farmacia. Al final de la aplicación, los entrevistadores atribuyeron notas de 0 a 5 para varios aspectos de su aplicabilidad. También se evaluaron si los datos recogidos estaban completos. Resultados: las dos hojas de historia farmacoterapéutica se mostraron equivalentes, pues no hubo diferencia significativa para las tres preguntas acerca de la aplicabilidad. Conclusiones: En el contexto de la Atención Farmacéutica, la existencia de una nueva hoja de historia farmacoterapéutica ofrece la posibilidad de elegir la que mejor se adapte a las necesidades del farmacéutico.

Introduction: Freitas & Marques proposed a sheet of pharmacotherapeutical history (SPH) in 2008: the Dáder adaptation (DA). Objective: this study was aimed at evaluating the applicability of DA compared with Dáder. Methods: the sheets of pharmacotherapeutical history (SPH) were applied to chronic users of drugs by pharmacy students. At the end, interviewers attributed scores ranged from 0 to 5 points to various aspects of their applicability. The completeness or not of the collected data was also evaluated. Results: the two SPH were equivalent, because there was no statistically significant difference for the three questions about the applicability. Conclusions: In the context of pharmaceutical care, this new sheet of pharmacotherapeutical history offers possibilities to choose the one that best fits the needs of the pharmacist.