Efficacy of Hydrochloride Phenazopyridine on Postoperative Pain of Cystoscopy / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the clinical effect of hydrochloride phenazopyridine on relieving the pain after cystoscopy. Methods 60 male patients undergoing cystoscopy were divided into observation group and control group according to the block randomization meth-od with 30 patients in each group. 1 h after cystoscopy, the observation group was given orally hydrochloride phenazopyridine 0.2 g, 3 times a day for 0.6 g totally. The control group was not treated with oral medication for pain. The pain degree was evaluated with Numerical Rat-ing Scale (NRS), and the side effects were recorded. Results There was no significant difference in NRS score immediately after cystoscopy between 2 groups (P=0.725). The NRS score was lower in the observation group than in the control group 24 h after cystoscopy (P=0.002). Conclusion Hydrochloride phenazopyridine can effectively relieve the postoperative pain of cystoscopy.

Estudio de utilización de fenazopiridina en la atención médica ambulatoria en la seguridad social / Phenazopyridine: A drug utilization research in the Costa Rican Social Security

Justificación: fenazopiridina es un medicamento analgésico urinario oral; cuenta con una amplia experiencia histórica de uso y, bajo el paradigma de medicina basada en evidencia, tiene poco fundamento de alta calidad para sustentar su valor terapéutico. Objetivo: analizar el perfil de la utilización de la fenazopiridina en la práctica clínica habitual dentro de la Seguridad Social, a nivel de consulta ambulatoria, en los tres niveles de atención y por un periodo de 30 días. Procedimientos: en enero de 2011, en una unidad de cada nivel de atención: Área de Salud de Santa Bárbara, Clínica Dr. Carlos Durán y Hospital Dr. Calderón Guardia, se analizó el reporte de despacho por farmacia de la fenazopiridina, con el fin de preparar un perfil cuantitativo. En el análisis cualitativo de la prescripción, se revisó una muestra al azar de 30 expedientes de pacientes atendidos durante ese periodo en cada unidad, con un formulario prediseñado para el efecto. Resultados: durante 1 mes, tres unidades despacharon 381 prescripciones a los pacientes, mayormente mujeres. La prescripción varió entre 3 y 90 tabletas; la mayoría (60,43%) con solo 10 tabletas para tratamiento. Se documentó la anotación del medicamento y la dosis en un 54,55% de los expedientes. La dosis diaria prescrita (DDP) fue 100 mg TID, equivalente a 300 mg/d, en la mitad de los pacientes, y en las unidades del primer y segundo nivel de atención; seguida de 100 mg BID (33,33%). Un 54,55% de los pacientes tenían diagnóstico de infección del tracto urinario (89% mujeres); de estos, un 89,89% recibió también antibióticos. La duración varió entre 1 y 30 días, y se prolongó más en unidades del segundo y tercer nivel. Conclusión: la utilización es parcial y razonablemente adecuada, apoya el supuesto de efectividad seguridad, sobre todo en el contexto de la atención médica en el primero y segundo niveles de atención. La diversidad en los hábitos de prescripción requiere mejorar su empleo y desarrollar ...

Background: Phenazopiridine is an oral urinary tract analgesic; an extensive historical experience of use and, under the paradigm of evidence-based medicine, its therapeutic value is not supported by high quality explanations. Aim: To analyze the use of phenazopiridine in everyday clinical practice, at an ambulatory level, in the three different levels of attention in the Costa Rican social security during a period of 30 days. Methods: In January 2011, electronic pharmacy records from a first, second and third level health center; Health Area of Santa Barbara, Dr. Carlos Durán Clinic and Dr. Calderón Guardia Hospital, respectively, were obtained to establish the quantitative characteristics of the prescription of phenazopiridine. For the qualitative analysis of the prescription, a random sample of 30 medical records of patients treated during that period in each unit was considered using an instrument previously designed for said task. Results: During one month, three study units prescribed phenazopiridine to 381 patients, mostly females. Prescription varied from 3 to 90 tablets; most patients (60.43%) received only 10 tablets for their treatment regime. In 54.55% of the medical records, the diagnosis and prescription was documented. The daily-prescribed dose (DPD) was 100mg thrice a day, equivalent to 300mg per day in half of the patients; and in the first and second level of attention followed by 100mg twice a day (33.3%). A total of 55.4% of the patients had been diagnosed with urinary tract infection (89% female); of these an 89.9% received also antibiotic treatment. The duration of treatment varied between 1 to 30 days, with more prolonged use in the second and third level of attention. Conclusion: The use of phenazopiridine is partial and reasonably adequate, thus supporting the efficacy-safety criteria in the context of first and second level attention centers. The diversity in the prescription patterns requires improvement in ...

Urinary Tract Infections in Women.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections seen in primary care, second only to infections of the respiratory tract. Women are particularly at risk of developing UTIs because of their short urethra, and certain behavioral factors which include delay in micturition, sexual activity and the use of diaphragms and spermicides. Uncomplicated UTIs are usually treated empirically with antibiotics. However, not everyone diagnosed with a UTI and treated with an antibiotic will necessarily have a bacterial infection. At least one-half of women who suspect that they have UTI actually do. Studies have shown that one in 7 patients given an antibiotic for UTI symptoms will return within 28 days for a further prescription of antibiotic. Also, many UTIs are self-limiting, improving without treatment even when culture is positive. Symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated UTI may be an option which merits further research. Phenazopyridine is a time-tested urinary tract antiseptic and analgesic that provide symptomatic relief of the pain, burning, frequency and urgency associated with UTI.

Role of Phenazopyridine in Urinary Tract Infections.

Irritative voiding symptoms, urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, painful voiding, bladder discomfort or stranguria, are to the urinary tract much as a cough is to the pulmonary system, i.e., they are a nonspecific manifestation of multiple potential underlying causes. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually associated with irritative voiding symptoms, such as painful urination (dysuria), urinary urgency and frequency. Anticholinergic drugs like flavoxate, oxybutynin provide beneficial symptomatic relief. However, they have associated adverse anticholinergic effects, such as dry mouth, which hinders patient compliance. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride acts as a topical analgesic on the mucosal lining of the urinary tract and thus relieves the irritative symptoms associated with UTI. It is compatible with antibiotics and relieves pain during the interval before the antibiotic begins to control the infection. It is well-tolerated as it lacks the anticholinergic side effects of other anticholinergics.

Bioequivalence of Domestic and Imported Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride Tablets in Healthy Volunteers / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study pharmacokinetics of domestic and imported Phenazopyridine hydrochloride tables and bioavailability of domestic tablets, and to evaluate the bioequivalence of two kinds of tablets. METHODS: A randomized crossover design was performed in 18 healthy male volunteers. They received a single oral dose of domestic or imported tablets 200 mg. Plasma concentration of phenazopyridine hydrochloride was measured by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3p97 software and relative bioavailability was evaluated. RESULTS: The plasma concentration-time curves of domestic and imported tablets conformed to one-compartment model. Main pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic tablets vs. imported tablets were as follows: t1/2Ke(3.52?2.03) h vs. (3.18?1.85)h; tmax(0.76?0.33) h vs. (0.79?0.43)h; Cmax(76.41?70.15) ng?mL-1 vs. (75.49?70.37) ng?mL-1; AUC0～8(159.10?116.32) ng?h?mL-1 vs. (164.65?129.89) ng?h?mL-1; AUC0～∞(237.12?115.06) ng?h?mL-1 vs. (262.69?155.05) ng?h?mL-1. The relative bioavailability of domestic tablets was (96.63?14.05)% compared with imported tablet. There was no significant difference between the pharmacokinetic parameters of two formulations by variance analysis, t-test and 1-2? confidence interval method. CONCLUSION: The domestic and imported tablets are bioequivalent.

A Randomized, Prospective, Placebo/Controlled Study for the Effect of Phenazopyridine HCl on Pain Perception following Cystoscopy / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect, the side effects and the safety of using phenazopyridine HCl after cystoscopy, which is a drug that exerts a topical analgesic effect on the mucosa of the urinary tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 63 patients who underwent cystoscopy at Pusan National University of Hospital from May 2004 to March 2005 were assigned to one of two groups (the experimental group had 35 patients and the control group had 30 patients). The experimental group was administrated antibiotics and phenazopyridine 200mg tid for 4 days and the control group was administrated antibiotics and digestives tid for 4 days. The analgesic effects were assessed with using the Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NPIS) and the 4-point Categorical scale (CAT). RESULTS: The mean age of the phenazopyridine and control groups were 62.5+/-8.5 and 60.4+/-10.4 years, respectively, and follow-up period was 7 days. The amount of pain gradually decreased from the day 1 to day 7. The score of the NPIS in the experimental group was less than that of the control group, especially on day 1 and 2 after cystoscopy (p<0.05). The score of the CAT in the experimental group was less than that in the control group, especially on day 1 after cystoscopy (p<0.05). At for the degree of pain for consecutive cystoscopy in the same patients, 22 patients (84.7%) answered it was less painful, 3 (11.5%) answered it was the same as before and 1 (3.8%) answered it was more painful in the experimental group; 2 patient (8.7%) said it was less painful, 19 (82.6%) said it was the same as before and 2 (8.7%) said it was more painful in the control group. Side effects were not observed in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that phenazopyridine HCl is effective for early acute pain relief following cystoscopy without side effects, and it is safe when used in combination with antibiotics.

Application of stochastic resonance to quantitative analysis of weak chromatographic signal of phenazopyridine in human plasma / 药学学报

Aim To apply stochastic resonance algorithm (SRA) to quantitative analysis of weak chromatographic signal, which was embedded in the noise. Methods Based on the theory of stochastic resonance (SR), a simple and effective SRA has been established to improve analytical detection limits of chromatographic analysis, which apply to enhance the signal to noise ratio by the optimization of the parameters and Runge-Kutta method, was established. The method was used to quantitative analysis of phenazopyridine in human plasma by HPLC/UV. Meanwhile this method is compared with HPLC/MS.Results By experimental chromatographic data sets, an excellent quantitative relationship between concentrations of phenazopyridine and their responses had been obtained. The concentration of phenazopyridine in plasma determined by HPLC/UV with SRA and HPLC/MS showed that there was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05) between the two methods. Conclusion The new method was feasible.