Denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms and its mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus removal / 生物工程学报

Water eutrophication poses great threats to protection of water environment. Microbial remediation of water eutrophication has shown high efficiency, low consumption and no secondary pollution, thus becoming an important approach for ecological remediation. In recent years, researches on denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms and their application in wastewater treatment processes have received increasing attention. Different from the traditional nitrogen and phosphorus removal process conducted by denitrifying bacteria and phosphate accumulating organisms, the denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms can simultaneously remove nitrogen and phosphorus under alternated anaerobic and anoxic/aerobic conditions. It is worth noting that microorganisms capable of simultaneously removing nitrogen and phosphorus absolutely under aerobic conditions have been reported in recent years, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This review summarizes the species and characteristics of denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms and the microorganisms capable of performing simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and phosphorous removal. Moreover, this review analyzes the relationship between nitrogen removal and phosphorus removal and the underlying mechanisms, discusses the challenges of denitrifying phosphorus removal, and prospects future research directions, with the aim to facilitate process improvement of denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms.

Eletrocoagulação como pós-tratamento do efluente de um wetland construído de escoamento vertical / Electrocoagulation as post-treatment of the effluent from a vertical flow constructed wetland

RESUMO A eletrocoagulação (EC) foi aplicada como tratamento terciário para o efluente de wetland construído de escoamento vertical (WCV). O sistema de EC compreendeu um reator cilíndrico de vidro (1 L) e eletrodos de alumínio conectados a uma fonte de alimentação de corrente contínua. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Na primeira, as condições operacionais do reator foram delimitadas por meio de um experimento bifatorial 32 (3×3) de natureza quantitativa × quantitativa, analisando intensidade de corrente e tempo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, a regressão linear resultou na combinação de 1,3 A e 18 min, com custo operacional elétrico de 2,71 R$.m−3. Em seguida, realizou-se a etapa de monitoramento durante quatro meses, aplicando a EC sob essas condições fixas estabelecidas. As eficiências médias de remoção alcançadas foram de 99,7% para P-PO43-, 20,6% para N-NO3−, 2,37 log de coliformes totais, 2,35 log de Escherichia coli, 84,9% para demanda química de oxigênio, 95% para turbidez, 95,1% para cor aparente, aumento de 19% no pH, de 18,6% na temperatura e diminuição de 15,8% na condutividade elétrica. O tratamento demonstrou elevadas e homogêneas eficiências de remoção dos poluentes, principalmente para P-PO43-, indicando que a EC produz efluente com menor potencial poluidor e é indicada para tratamento de efluente doméstico em nível terciário.

ABSTRACT Electrocoagulation (EC) was applied as a tertiary treatment for the effluent of a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW). The EC system was composed of a cylindrical glass reactor (1 L) and aluminum electrodes connected to a DC power supply. The study was developed in two stages. In the first, the reactor operating conditions were set by a 32 (3×3) two-factor experiment, quantitative × quantitative, analyzing current intensity and time (current × time). Based on the results, the linear regression resulted in the combination of 1.3 A and 18 min, with an electric operation cost of 2.71 $.m−3. Next, the monitoring stage was conducted for four months, applying the EC under the established conditions. The mean removal efficiencies were 99.6% for P-PO43-, 20.6% for N-NO3−, 2.37 log of total coliforms, 2.35 log of Escherichia coli, 84.8% for chemical oxygen demand, 94.9% for turbidity, 95% for apparent color, an increase of 18.9% in pH and of 18.6% in temperature, and a decrease of 15.8% in electrical conductivity. The treatment showed high and homogeneous pollutant removal efficiencies, mainly for P-PO43-, indicating that the EC produces an effluent with lower polluting potential and it is recommended in the tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater.

Effects of different external carbon sources and electron acceptors on interactions between denitrification and phosphorus removal in biological nutrient removal processes / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The effects of two different external carbon sources (acetate and ethanol) and electron acceptors (dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and nitrite) were investigated under aerobic and anoxic conditions with non-acclimated process biomass from a full-scale biological nutrient removal-activated sludge system. When acetate was added as an external carbon source, phosphate release was observed even in the presence of electron acceptors. The release rates were 1.7, 7.8, and 3.5 mg P/(g MLVSS·h) (MLVSS: mixed liquor volatile suspended solids), respectively, for dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and nitrite. In the case of ethanol, no phosphate release was observed in the presence of electron acceptors. Results of the experiments with nitrite showed that approximately 25 mg NO2-N/L of nitrite inhibited anoxic phosphorus uptake regardless of the concentration of the tested external carbon sources. Furthermore, higher denitrification rates were obtained with acetate (1.4 and 0.8 mg N/(g MLVSS·h)) compared to ethanol (1.1 and 0.7 mg N/ (g MLVSS·h)) for both anoxic electron acceptors (nitrate and nitrite).

Tratamento de esgoto sanitário em reator híbrido em bateladas sequenciais: eficiência e estabilidade na remoção de matéria orgânica e nutrientes (N, P) / Sewage treatment in a sequencing batch hybrid reactor: efficiency and stability in organic matter and nutrient (N, P) removal

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de estudo sobre o comportamento de um reator híbrido, operado em bateladas sequenciais, na remoção conjunta de matéria carbonácea, nitrogênio e fósforo de esgoto sanitário. Operado em ciclos de 8 horas de duração, o reator possuía em seu interior um suporte fixo com rede de nylon. Foram testadas cargas compreendidas entre 0,39 e 1,35 kgDQO.m-3.dia-1, 42 e 60 gN-NH4-.m-3.dia e 51 e 70 gP-PO4-.m-3.dia. O reator funcionou como um sistema estável e apresentou boas condições de depuração. A remoção da matéria carbonácea mostrou-se elevada, com eficiências médias de 92 por cento de DBO5 e 80 por cento de DQO. A remoção de nutrientes variou entre 59 e 71 por cento para nitrogênio total e entre 45 e 67 por cento para fósforo total. Tanto no lodo em suspensão, quanto no biofilme, foi observada a ocorrência de bactérias oxidadoras de amônio e micro-organismos responsáveis pela desnitrificação e remoção biológica de fósforo.

This paper presents the results about the behavior of a sequencing batch hybrid reactor on combined removal of carbonaceous matter, nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage. Operated in 8-hour cycles, the reactor had a nylon net fixed inside. Loads between 0.39 and 1.35 kg COD.m-3.day-1, 42 and 60 gN-NH4-m-3.day-1 and 51 and 70 gP-PO4-m-3.day-1 were tested. The reactor operated as a stable system and showed good depuration conditions. The carbonaceous matter removal was high, with 92 and 80 percent efficiencies average to BOD5 and COD, respectively. The nutrients removal varied between 59 and 71 percent for total nitrogen and between 45 and 67 percent for total phosphorus. In both, sludge in suspension and the biofilm, occurrence of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and microorganisms responsible for denitrification and biological phosphorus removal was observed.

Remoção biológica de fósforo em reatores em bateladas sequenciais com diferentes tempos de retenção de sólidos / Biological phosphorus removal in sequencing batch reactors with different solid retention times

Nos últimos anos, tem surgido a necessidade de se projetarem sistemas de tratamento de águas residuárias que, além de remover carga orgânica, sejam capazes de remover nutrientes, particularmente nitrogênio e fósforo. Este trabalho avaliou a remoção biológica de fósforo em sistemas de lodo ativado, tratando esgoto doméstico por meio de reatores em bateladas sequenciais (RBS), monitorado com diferentes tempos de retenção celular (TRC): 20, 5 e 3 dias. Esses experimentos foram avaliados em escala de bancada com o uso da respirometria, utilizando-se acetato como fonte de carbono orgânico. Os resultados mostraram satisfatória remoção de fósforo total nos três experimentos, com valores médios entre 79 a 82 por cento, sendo que o sistema RBS que operou com TRC de cinco dias obteve resultados melhores.

In recent years, there has been an increasing need to design wastewater treatment systems that are capable of removing both organic material and nutrients, notably nitrogen and phosphorus. This study evaluated biological phosphorus removal by activated sludge systems fed with domestic sewage and operating as sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with different solids retention times (SRT) namely 20, 5 and 3 days. This was supported by respirometry experiments at bench scale using acetate as the source of organic carbon. The results showed satisfactory total phosphorus removal efficiencies mean values between 79-82 percent for the three regimes with the best removal efficiency occurring in the SBR operating with a five-day SRT.

Produção de lodo e comportamento químico de sais de ferro empregados no pós-tratamento de esgoto sanitário por precipitação química / Sludge production and chemical behavior of iron salts employed in the post-treatment of sanitary wastewater by chemical precipitation

A combinação de processos físico-químicos e biológicos no tratamento de esgotos sanitários tem se apresentado como uma alternativa na remoção de fósforo. No entanto, uma das limitações é a sua maior produção de lodo. Desse modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produção de lodo resultante da aplicação de sais de ferro para diferentes tipos de efluentes, bem como estudar o impacto de sua aplicação nas características físico-químicas dos efluentes estudados. Concluiu-se que os valores médios de produção de lodo resultante da formação do hidróxido férrico situaram-se em torno de 1,80; 1,95 e 1,34 mg lodo/mg Fe+3 para esgoto bruto, efluente aeróbio e anaeróbio tratado, respectivamente, indicando que as características da fase líquida não influenciaram os mecanismos de precipitação dos íons férricos.

The combination of physical-chemical and biological processes in sanitary wastewater treatment has been employed as an alternative for phosphorus removal; however, one of its limitations is its large sludge production. This work aimed at evaluating the sludge production which resulted from iron salt application to different types of effluents, as well as studying the impacts of iron salt application on the physical-chemical characteristics of the studied effluents. It was concluded that the average sludge production values which resulted from ferric hydroxide formation were around 1.80, 1.95 and 1.34 mg sludge per mg of Fe+3 ion, with regard to raw wastewater, aerobic treated effluent and anaerobic treated effluent, respectively, thus indicating that the liquid phase characteristics did not influence the ferric ion precipitation mechanisms.

Otimização de processos físico-químicos na remoção de fósforo de esgotos sanitários por processos de precipitação química com cloreto férrico / Physical-chemical process optimization for phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater by chemical precipitation with ferric chloride

Tendo em vista a potencialidade do emprego de processos de coagulação química no tratamento de esgotos, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a remoção de fósforo em efluentes de sistemas anaeróbios e aeróbios de tratamento de esgotos. Observou-se que foi possível atingir valores de remoção de fósforo da ordem de 90%, sendo que as dosagens de coagulante se situaram em torno de 60 a 100 mg FeCl3/L. Concomitantemente com a remoção de fósforo, foi também observada uma remoção de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) para os efluentes investigados, sendo que as dosagens de coagulanteque permitiram a otimização da remoção de fósforo também possibilitaram a otimização da remoção de COD. Justifi ca-se a remoção de fósforo na forma orgânica e de polifosfatos pelo fato destes estarem associados ao COD removido.

Since chemical coagulation processes are very promising for wastewater treatment, this work looked into phosphorus removal from aerobic and anaerobic systems treating domestic wastewater. It was possible to reach phosphorus removal effi ciencies in theorder of 90 % for coagulant dosages in the range 60 to 100 mg of ferric chloride per liter. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in parallel with phosphorus removal was observed for the previously mentioned treatment system effl uents. The coagulant dosages for optimized phosphorus removal also led to optimum DOC removal. The removal of organic phosphorus fractions as polyphosphates was justifi ed due its association with the DOC removal by chemical precipitation.

Isolation of an Aerobic Denitrifying Bacterial Strain and Its Characterization in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal / 微生物学通报

Utilizing the enrichment substrate,an aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain with the capability of phosphorus removal was screened from the activated sludge which had been domesticated by actual living sewage.By the morphological observing and identification of the physiological and biochemical indexes,the strain was identified to belong to Pseudomonas.The aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain was applied to deal with the simulated and actual living wastewater.By inspecting the changes of total nitrogen,inorganic phosphorus and CODcr in the wastewater,it was ascertained that the optimal wastewater treatment condi-tions of the bacterial strain were C/N= 3,inoculated ratio= 10%,pH 6.8,30?C,treatment time= 2 d.After the activated sludge was strengthened by the aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain,its treatment capability for ac-tual living sewage was improved,evidently.

Review on Metabolic Mechanism of Glycogen-accumulating Organisms in Biological Phosphorus Removal System / 微生物学通报

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is widely accepted as one of the most economical and sustainable processes to remove phosphorus from wastewater.Poor performance or complete failure of EBPR processes has been substantially reported because of the proliferation of glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) in the system.This paper presented the GAOs' metabolic mechanism and the impact factors, such as influent substrate, P/C ratio, pH value, temperature and SRT, on competition between GAOs and PAOs to better understand GAOs' characteristics and improve the performance and reliability of EBPR systems.