Comparison of the objective ocular torsion measured with GMPE module-based OCT and fundus color photography / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the consistency and feasibility of objective ocular torsion measured with GMPE module-based optical coherence tomography(OCT)and fundus color photography(FCP).METHODS: Patients were enrolled in our strabismus clinic from December 2020 to March 2021, and the objective ocular torsion of the eyes was measured by both GMPE module-based OCT and FCP on the same day. FCP was used to measure the fovea-disc angle(FDA)manually by using the Adobe Photoshop software, while the GMPE module-based OCT software positioned automatically the macula and the center of the optic disc to measure the FDA.RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were included, the FDA measured by OCT was -6.6°±4.5° in the right eye and -8.8°±4.7° in the left eye, respectively; The FDA measured by FCP was -6.6°±4.7° in the right eye and -8.4°±4.1° in the left eye, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the results of the two methods(Pright eye=0.90, Pleft eye=0.08). In patients with exotropia, the FDA measured by OCT was -5.8°±4.9° in the right eye and -9.1°±4.5° in the left eye, respectively, the FDA measured by FCP was -5.7°±5.0° in the right eye and -8.6°±4.3° in the left eye, respectively,(Pright eye=0.75, Pleft eye=0.15). Similarly, the patients with esotropia, the FDA measured by OCT was -9.0°±7.3° in the right eye and -11.3°±3.5° in the left eye, respectively, while the FDA measured by FCP was -10.0°±7.0° in the right and -10.1°±2.8° in the left eye(Pright eye=0.21, Pleft eye=0.10), respectively. There were no significant differences between the two methods in patients with esotropia or exotropia(P>0.05). The results of both Pearson test and Bland-Altman analysis were highly correlated(rright eye=0.93, rleft eye=0.94, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: GMPE module-based OCT can be used for objective ocular torsion measurement with high reliability and reproducibility, and is a promising clinical alternative to the fundus color photographic method.

A novel standardized reproducible method to calculate the area of internal limiting membrane peeled intra-operatively in macular hole surgery by using a video overlay桝 long-term study in cases of idiopathic macular holes

Purpose: To calculate AIP and to find correlation between hole closure pattern with AIP in idiopathic full thickness macular hole (FTMH) cases. Methods: In this prospective, non-randomized, interventional single blind study, 105 eyes of symptomatic FTMH (<6 month duration) were operated. Minimal diameter of macular hole (MDMH) was calculated on OCT, divided into Group I (>400?, n = 75) and Group II (<400?, n = 30). 23G vitrectomy with ILM peeling and gas injection were done in all and recorded. Final area of ILM peeled (AIP) was calculated using Adobe Photoshop CS2 (PSD format) in disc diameters (DD) from still frame. Follow up was done at 6 monthly interval up to a maximum of 5 years after surgery. Results: Macular holes were closed in 92.38% eyes. In Group I, mean pre-operative BCVA was 1.14 � 0.39 log MAR and was improved to 0.79 � 0.26 log MAR post-operatively at 6 months. In Group II, mean pre-operative BCVA was 0.95 � 0.44 log MAR and was improved to 0.60 � 0.24 log MAR after surgery. When AIP was more than 3DD, Type I and Type II closure were 72.77% and 27.27% in Group I (P value <0.01) and 84.21% and 15.79% in Group II (P value <0.01). Conclusion: AIP can be calculated using Adobe Photoshop CS2. Type I closure was significantly high with AIP >3DD in both groups. Intra-operatively using video overlay, surgeons can increase the diameter of AIP to get better closure pattern.

Application of Photoshop in Measurement of Microsphere Diameter and Microstructure Drawing of Medicinal Materials / 中国实验方剂学杂志

<b>Objective::To explore the feasibility of Photoshop image processing software in the micro-spherical diameter measurement and identification of medicinal materials, in order to provide a new method for the measurement and mapping of traditional Chinese medicine. <b>Method::Photoshop (CS3 version and above) software was used to measure the diameter of 200 Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma albumin microspheres in the same batch, digital microscopy and Photoshop image processing software was used to draw schematic diagrams of microstructures of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma medicinal powders and its four common pseudo-products and powders, namely Bletillae Radix, Alpiniae Officinarum Rhizoma, Curcumae Longae Rhizoma and <italic>Manihot esculenta,</italic> and make the identification table for classification and identification. <b>Result::The average diameter of the microspheres was (30.62±4.21)μm, and the diameter was mainly distributed in 20-40 μm. The average diameter of the microspheres was verified by laser particle size analyzer (30.18±4.67)μm. The differences between the two methods were not statistically significant. There were many starch granules in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder, with no calcium oxalate needle, oil cell, brown pigment and stone cell. Microscopic identification could be made for Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma powder and 4 common counterfeits. <b>Conclusion::Photoshop image processing software measures the diameter of the microspheres with a high speed, high accuracy, simplicity, and low requirements for measuring instruments. It provides a new way to quickly measure the diameter of microspheres. Photoshop image processing software draws a schematic diagram of the microstructure, which is convenient and faster. The original morphology of the ground-reactive microstructure provides a new method for the microstructural drawing.

Assessment of ROOT Dentin Translucency For age Estimation: The First Comparative Study of Conventional, Stereomicroscopic & Digital Methods

Introduction: Age estimation has always been a crucial concern in permissible and scandalous investigations for establishing one’s identity. Assessment of chronological age of an individual by dental hard tissues is an important specialty in the turf of forensics especially in enigmatic conditions including mass disasters and festering postmortem residues. Teeth bestowing the properties of hardness, resilience prove to be the reliable material for age estimation in the identification of the unknown. Translucency in root dentin is considered to be one of the best criteria for estimation or assessment of dental age. Objectives: The present investigation evaluates and compares the effectiveness of conventional, stereomicroscopic and digital methods for age estimation by measuring root dentin translucency & concluding the best method among them. Methods: A total of 30 permanent teeth of the age group 21- 80 years were sectionioned longitudinally of thickness 250µm & translucency in root dentin was calculated using conventional, stereomicroscopic & digital methods and was compared. Results: There was no statistically considerable difference (p=0.584) observed in translucency length obtained by the three methods. Linear regression equations derived from the three methods revealed most accurate method as digital followed by conventional and stereomicroscopic to assess age. The digital method is statistically significant with highest accuracy allowing better visualization, easy to use and less time consuming. Conclusion: Taking into consideration the benefits, the present study recommends the use of digital method to assess translucency for age estimation.

Comparison of interpupillary distance and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisor teeth in two ethnic groups of Northeast India: An in vivo study

Anthropometric measurements of the face can be used as a guide in selecting proper sized anterior teeth. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the interpupillary distance (IPD) and the combined mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors (MDW of MCIs) to establish their morphometric criterion and their significance in two ethnic groups of Northeast India. Methodology: A total of 120 participants consisting of 60 indigenous students each from Assam and Meghalaya in the age group of 18–25 years were selected after taking their written consent. Standardized facial frontal photographs of all the participants were taken using a digital camera in such a manner that maxillary anterior teeth were visible. The photographs were uploaded onto the computer and saved in a file. Anthropometric measurements of IPD and combined MDW of MCIs in centimeters were made using both Adobe Photoshop® 7.0 software program and manually using a digital vernier caliper on the developed photographs to a same size of 15 cm × 10 cm. Data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using Student ”t”-test and Pearson correlation test. Results: The present study reveals a positive correlation with a high degree of statistical significance between IPD and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors among all the samples irrespective of gender and ethnicity where P < 0.01. Conclusion: IPD can be used as a guide in determining the suitable mesiodistal dimension of the maxillary central incisors.

Photoshop combined with Endoscopic Ultrasonography in grading invasive risk of gastric stromal tumors / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To investigate the application value of Photoshop in grading invasive risk of gastric stromal tumors (GSTs). Methods EUS image of 97 cases of GSTs confirmed by pathological and immunohistochemical examination were collected. GSTs were divided into four groups (very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk, high risk) by tumor size, mitotic count and rupture of tumor. Mean gray value (intensity of echo) and gray value standard deviation (uniformity of echo) of EUS images of the lesions were determined by Photoshop and then the differences of each group were found by statistical analysis. Results It is difficult to differentiate EUS images of GSTs from each group by visual observation. The mean gray value of EUS image of very low risk group,low risk group, intermediate risk group and high risk group of GSTs respectively were (56.54 ± 6.10), (59.20 ± 7.51), (77.77 ± 10.90) and (83.43 ± 12.47). There was no significant difference between very low risk group and low risk group (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference between intermediate risk group and high risk group (P > 0.05). In addition, the others all had significantly different from that of each group (P 0.05). In addition, the others all had significantly different from that of each group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The higher risk of GSTs, the higher of echo intensity and the worse of echo uniformity under EUS. Photoshop combined with EUS is helpful for differentiating different risk of GSTs by analyzing mean gray value and gray value standard deviation of the lesions.

Using Image-Pro Plus combined with Photoshop image analysis software for quantitative measurement of changes in hippocampus microcirculation / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To investigate a new method using Image-Pro Plus (IPP) combined with Photoshop image analysis software to quantitatively measure the changes in microcirculation in hippocampus.Methods Twenty-two Japanese white rabbits that had received bilateral carotid artery ligation for 2 weeks without neurological dysfunction were divided into a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) group and a control group, 11 rabbits in each group. The rabbit model of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm was established by the method of twice injecting blood into occipital cistern. On the 7th day after the first time of injecting blood, the rabbits were sacrificed, cerebral perfusion fixation was carried out, the hippocampus was harvested, and CD34 was determined by immunohistochemical determination. IPP 6.0 combined with Photoshop image analysis software was used to quantitatively measure the count of hippocampal microvessels density (MVD) and the field (for statistics)/microvascular capillary area ratio was calculated.Results CD34 could effectively identify microvascular endothelial cells, and using IPP 6.0 could automatically and accurately calculate MVD and field (for statistics)/micrevascular area ratio in hippocampus. Compared with the control group, in SAH group, the MVD and the area ratio in hippocampus were significantly reduced, the differences being statistically significant [MVD (count/area): 3.87±0.67 vs. 5.17±0.53, area ratio: (0.86±0.20)% vs. (1.40±0.17)%, bothP < 0.05].Conclusions CD34 can be used to identify microvessels, IPP 6.0 image analysis software co-Photoshop is a high efficient and accurate new method to measure the microvessels count and calculate the field/microvessel area ratio, not only it is easy to operate, but also the data can be automatically calculated and generated, reflecting precisely the changes in microcirculation in hippocampus after symptomatic cerebral vasospasm in rabbits.

Value of Photoshop Software in Differentiating Endoscopic Ultrasonography Image of Gastric Stromal Tumor from Gastric Leiomyoma / 胃肠病学

Background:Endoscopic ultrasonography( EUS)is the first choice for examining submucosal protuberant lesions in the gastrointestinal tract,however,it is very difficult to differentiate gastric stromal tumor from gastric leiomyoma. Photoshop software now is tried to differentiate some easily misdiagnosed diseases. Aims:To investigate the value of Photoshop software in differentiating EUS image of gastric stromal tumor from gastric leiomyoma. Methods:EUS image of 118 cases of gastric stromal tumor and 42 cases of gastric leiomyoma confirmed by pathological and immunohistochemical examination were collected,mean gray value( intensity of echo)and gray value standard deviation( uniformity of echo)of EUS image of lesion were determined by Photoshop software,and the differentiation value was analyzed. Results:The mean gray value of EUS image of gastric stromal tumor was significantly higher than that of gastric leiomyoma(71. 94 vs. 48. 99,P<0. 01). The gray value standard deviation of EUS image of gastric stromal tumor was significantly higher than that of gastric leiomyoma(16. 63 vs. 9. 80,P<0. 01). Conclusions:Under EUS,gastric stromal tumor exhibits higher intensity of echo and less uniformity of echo than gastric leiomyoma. EUS combined with Photoshop software is helpful for differentiating gastric stromal tumor from gastric leiomyoma by analyzing mean gray value and gray value standard deviation of the lesion.

Serially Sectioned Images of the Whole Body (Eighth Report: Segmentation of the Upper Limb's Structures) / 대한해부학회지

Whole body of a Korean male cadaver was serially milled to make sectioned images. Segmentation of various anatomical structures can expand the utilization of the sectioned images such as three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the structures of real human. Following previous outlining of lower limb's structures, we decided to make segmented images of upper limb's structures in detail. Ninety-one structures (a skin, 32 bones, 49 muscles, 6 arteries, and 3 nerves) in the left upper limb were segmented in 628 sectioned images. While doing this, we developed more efficient technique for segmentation. To draw the outlines of various structures more quickly, sectioned images were filtered first and then outlines were drawn by 'quick selection' tool and other tools on the Photoshop. Also, outlines were automatically generated by interpolation using Combustion software. We made coronal and sagittal segmented images, browsing software of the serially sectioned images, volume 3D images, and surface 3D images for verifying segmentation. These segmented and sectioned images of the upper limb are expected to help other researchers make 3D images and various software of upper limb and to have widespread applications in both medical learning and research.

Serially Sectioned Images of the Whole Body (Seventh Report: Segmentation of Lower Limb's Structures in Detail) / 대한해부학회지

Whole body of a Korean male cadaver was serially sectioned to make anatomical images. Structures in the anatomical images should be segmented to make three-dimensional images of the structures. Purpose of this research is to prepare the segmented images of lower limb in detail, which are distributed to help other investigators make 3D images and virtual dissection software of lower limb. One-hundred fourteen structures (a skin, 32 bones, 7 knee joint structures, 60 muscles, 7 arteries, 7 nerves) of left lower limb were decided to segment in 976 temporary segmented images (PSD file, intervals 1.0 mm, resolution 1,200 x 1,100) including anatomical images. On the Adobe Photoshop, selections which fit the structures' contours were drawn automatically, semiautomatically, or manually; subsequently, the selections were put into the layers. After filling the selections with colors, the temporary segmented images were converted to 996 segmented images (TIFF files). The segmented images were staked to make coronal and sagittal segmented images for verifying segmentation. The corresponding segmented and anatomical images can be used to make three-dimensional images of the 114 structures and virtual dissection software, which are helpful in anatomy study of lower limb. The segmentation techniques of this research can be used to segment many structures in other images quickly and correctly.

Virtual Plastic Surgery using Adobe Photoshop(R)

Digital imaging is emerging as a standard method for patient documentation in clinical setting. Managing patient expectations before aesthetic surgery can greatly improve patient satisfaction after surgery. The patient who visited for plastic surgery wants a predicted figure after the operation. A virtual plastic surgery software is necessary in order to satisfy the desire of patients. Adobe Photoshop(R) is the professional standard in desktop digital imaging, offers indispensable new features for graphic and web design, photography, and video. Using imaging technology, it takes just minutes to realistically simulate the results of double eyelid operation, liposuction, rhinoplasty or any other aesthetic procedure. The aim of this study is to analyze the significance of the digital image processing and to introduce the virtual plastic surgery using Adobe Photoshop(R).

Manufacture of the Serially Sectioned Images of the Whole Body (Third Report: Methods for Manufacture of the Segmented Images, Coronal Segmented Images, and Sagittal Segmented Images) / 대한해부학회지

While three dimensional (3D) images of the whole body can be reconstructed by using the serially sectioned images, 3D image of each anatomical structure can be reconstructed by using the segmented images. In this research, outlines of skin, bones, liver, lungs, kidneys, urinary bladder, heart, and brain in the anatomical images were decided to segment, and luminal outlines of digestive tract, respiratory tract, and arteries were decided to segment too. On the Adobe Photoshop, selections were semiautomatically drawn along outlines of the anatomical structures and semiautomatically corrected using magnetic lasso tool. Successively, selections were manually corrected either using lasso tool or through work path. The selections were filled with colors to make segmented images. By stacking rows and columns of the segmented images, coronal and sagittal segmented images were made. The coronal and sagittal segmented images were observed to find incorrect segmented images, which were revised. 8,507 segmented images with 0.2 mm intervals, 3,040x2,008 resolution, 0.2 mm pixel size, and 8 bits color depth were achieved, so that file size of 1 segmented image and 8,507 segmented images was 5.8 Mbytes and 48.3 Gbytes, respectively. These segmented images will be the basis for the development of 3D images of the anatomical structures and software of virtual dissection and virtual endoscopy, which are helpful in studying anatomy and endoscopy.