Influences of Different Sowing Dates with Application of GA3 on Germination and Seedling Growth of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) in Subtropical Condition Prayagraj

The present investigation was carried out to find influences of different sowing dates with application of GA3 on germination and seedling growth of Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) in subtropical condition Prayagraj. The experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Design with three replications during August-March (2022-23) at Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India. The 10 treatments comprised of five dates of sowing i.e., T1: 20 August 2022 with seed treatment from GA3 @100ppm, T2: 20 August without seed treatment from GA3, T3: 5 September 2022 with seed treatment from GA3 @ 100 ppm, T₄: 5 September without seed treatment from GA3, T5: 20 September 2022 with seed treatment from GA3 @100ppm, T6: 20 September 2022 without seed treatment from GA3. T7: 5 October 2022 with seed treatment from GA3 @100ppm, T8: 5 October 2022 without seed treatment from GA3, T9: 20 October 2022 with seed treatment from GA3 @100ppm, T10: 20 October 2022 without seed treatment from GA3. From all the above treatments the highest percentage of germination was recorded from T7: 93.33% followed by T8: 90% and T10: 91.66% and vegetative growth of seedling was higher in T7 followed by T8 and T9. All the treatments are sown in nursery through seed propagation after that transplanted in main field level for observe germination parameters and vegetative growth of Cape gooseberry seedling influenced by different sowing dates.

Modulative effect of Physalis alkekengi on both gut bacterial and fungal micro-ecosystem / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#Gut microbiome is an intricate micro-ecosystem mediating the human health and drug efficacy. Physalis alkekengi (PAL) is an edible and time-honored traditional Chinese medicine. Several pharmacological effects of PAL have been verified and gut bacteria are implied in its therapeutic actions. However, the detailed modulation of PAL on gut bacterial species and on gut fungi remains largely unknown. We, therefore, designed a preliminary experiment in normal mice to reveal the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and fungi, and explore the interaction between them.@*METHODS@#Herein, the aqueous extract of PAL was orally administrated to normal C57BL/6 mice for four weeks. The full-length 16S rRNA and ITS1/2 gene sequencing were explored to detect the taxa of gut bacteria and gut fungi after PAL treatment, respectively.@*RESULTS@#Oral administration of PAL notably enriched anti-inflammatory bacterial species such as Duncaniella spp. and Kineothrix alysoides, whereas decreased pro-inflammatory species such as Mucispirillum schaedleri. Simultaneously, PAL increased the abundance of gut fungi Aspergillus ochraceus, Cladosporium sp. and Alternaria sp., and decreased Penicillium janthinellum. Correlation network analysis identified two co-existing microbial groups (groups 1 and 2) that were negatively associated with each other. The group 1 comprised PAL-enriched bacteria and fungi, while group 2 was mainly normal chow-enriched bacteria and fungi. In group 1, Antrodia monomitica, Aspergillus clavatus, Mortierella kuhlmanii and Sarcinomyces sp. MA 4787 were positively correlated with Bifidobacterium globosum, Romboutsia ilealis and so on. In group 2, Chaetomium subspirilliferum, Septoria orchidearum and Cephaliophora tropica were positively related to Lactobacillus spp.@*CONCLUSION@#Altogether, this preliminary study first demonstrated the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and gut fungi, which may shed light on the elucidation of PAL's pharmacological mechanism.

Review on the ecophysiology of important Andean fruits: Solanaceae / Revisión de la ecofisiología de frutos andinos importantes: Solanaceae

ABSTRACT The high Andean areas present ecophysiological conditions suitable for the cultivation of many fruit species, especially of the Solanaceae family. The objective of this review is to present important ecophysiological information on four fruit trees grown in cold climates: Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.), lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.), and sweet cucumber o pear melon (Solanum muricatum Aiton). The cape gooseberry is a species well adapted to cold tropical climate, it is grown between 1,800 and 2,700m a.s.l., with temperatures of 13 to 16°C. It is highly adapted to high solar radiation and to the abrupt changes between the day and night temperatures. It requires a precipitation of 1,000 to 1,800mm year-1 uniformly distributed throughout the year, and is sensitive to water deficit but also to waterlogging and strong winds. The tree tomato, in Colombia, produces better from 1,800 to 2,600m a.s.l., with temperatures between 13 and 20°C, annual rainfall between 1,500 and 2,000mm, relative humidity around 80%, and solar brightness of 1,800 to 2,300 hours/year; it does not resist strong winds, water deficit or waterlogging. The lulo requires environments with high precipitation (1,000 to 2,800mm) and penumbra because it loses a lot of water through transpiration but waterlogging also affects it; it grows well in areas between 1,600 to 2,400m a.s.l. and 16 to 24°C, with photosynthesis rates up to of 34.03µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The sweet cucumber is of growing interest in many exotic fruit markets, it grows at 900-2,800m a.s.l. with temperatures <25°C and responds well to air enrichment with CO2.

RESUMEN Las zonas altoandinas presentan condiciones ecofisiológicas aptas para el cultivo de muchas especies frutales, especialmente, de la familia Solanaceae. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión de literatura fue reunir la información ecofisiológica importante sobre cuatro frutales, cultivados en clima frío: uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.), tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.), lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) y pepino dulce (Solanum muricatum Aiton). La uchuva es una especie bien adaptada a clima frio, se cultiva entre los 1.800 y 2.700m s.n.m., con temperaturas de 13 a 16°C. Es altamente adaptada a una elevada radiación solar y al cambio brusco entre la temperatura del día y de la noche. Requiere una precipitación de 1.000 a 1.800mm año-1, distribuido uniformemente durante el año; es sensible al déficit hídrico, pero también al encharcamiento y a los fuertes vientos. El tomate de árbol, en Colombia, produce mejor de 1.800 a 2.600m s.n.m., con temperaturas entre 13 y 20°C, con una precipitación anual entre 1.500 y 2.000mm y humedad relativa alrededor del 80%, con un brillo solar de 1.800 a 2.300 horas/año; no resiste vientos fuertes, déficit hídrico, ni anegamiento. El lulo requiere ambientes con alta precipitación (1.000 a 2.800mm) y penumbra, porque pierde mucha agua por transpiración, pero el anegamiento también lo afecta; crece bien en zonas entre 1.600 a 2.400m s.n.m. y 16 a 24°C, con tasas de fotosíntesis hasta de 34,03µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. El pepino dulce está generando un creciente interés en muchos mercados de los frutos exóticos, crece en 900-2.800m s.n.m., con temperaturas <25°C y responde bien al enriquecimiento con CO2.

Citogenética comparativa de Physalis peruviana en tres poblaciones cultivadas de Cajamarca, Perú / Comparative cytogenetics of Physalis peruviana from three cultivated populations from Cajamarca, Peru

Resumen En este trabajo se caracteriza y compara citogenéticamente Physalis peruviana "aguaymanto" de poblaciones cultivadas de la región Cajamarca: San Pablo, Celendín y Cajabamba. El número cromosómico más frecuente en las tres poblaciones fue 2n = 4x = 48 con frecuencias de 60, 50 y 34% en las poblaciones de San Pablo, Celendín y Cajabamba respectivamente. En menor frecuencia se encontró casos de aneuploidía somática. Los resultados permitieron distinguir cada población a partir de su fórmula cariotípica 17m+4sm+3t, 24m y 20m+2sm+2t que identifican a San Pablo, Celendín y Cajabamba respectivamente. Los cariotipos fueron caracterizados por la longitud total del complemento haploide (HCL) y los índices de simetría (S%), asimetría (A) y asimetría intra e intercromosómica (A1 y A2). El mayor valor de HCL se describió en San Pablo. Celendín presentó el mayor grado de simetría (S%=53.226 y A= 0.177), mientras que los cariotipos de San Pablo y Cajabamba fueron descritos como los más asimétricos. Se concluye que la condición más frecuente es la tetraploidía; aunque se evidencia diferente morfología cromosómica entre los cariotipos de las tres poblaciones.

Abstract In this work, we characterized cytogenetically Physalis peruviana "aguaymanto" and cultivated populations of the Cajamarca region: San Pablo, Celendín and Cajabamba are compared. The most frequent chromosomal number in the three populations was 2n = 4x = 48 with frequencies of 60, 50 and 34% in San Pablo, Celendín and Cajabamba respectively. Few cases of somatic aneuploidy were found. Our results let distinguish the populations by its karyotypic formula 17m + 4sm + 3t, 24m and 20m + 2sm + 2t (San Pablo, Celendín and Cajabamba respectively). Karyotypes were characterized by the total length of the haploid complement (HCL) and the indices of symmetry (S%), asymmetry (A) and intra and interchromosomal asymmetry (A1 and A2). The highest value of HCL was described in San Pablo. Celendín presented the highest degree of symmetry (S% = 53.226 and A = 0.177), while the karyotypes of San Pablo and Cajabamba were described as the most asymmetric. We concluded that the tetraploidy is most frequent condition; although there is evidence of different chromosomal morphology between the three populations.

Study on the active constituents and molecular mechanism of Calyx seu Fructus Physalis in treating lung cancer based on network pharmacology / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:With network pharmacology, this paper aims to explore the potential active constituents, related targets and signal pathways to elucidate the mechanism of Calyx seu Fructus Physalis in the treatment of lung cancer. Methods:By searching for Pharmacology Database of Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) to obtain the active constituents of Calyx seu Fructus Physalis, and predict the target genes of active constituents by using SWISS and SEA. By collecting the corresponding targets approved by FDA and search for different database, including Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), Database of Gene-disease Associations (DisGeNET) and Online Mendelian Inheritance in OMIM to build a database of lung cancer related target genes; To get the target genes of herb-disease proteins by the intersection of the two databases and display the results through the network software of Cytoscape 3.7.2. Then to use the Database of Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) to conduct key enrichment analysis of Kyoto Gene and Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Combining related literature to analize the active ingredients and mechanism of Calyx seu Fructus Physalis in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer. Results:It was found that 11 active constituents of Calyx seu Fructus Physalis could play the role of anti-lung cancer by regulating 19 lung cancer related targets such as EGFR, ESR1, MDM2, MMP2 and MET. There were 15 signal pathways involved Proteoglycans in cancer, MicroRNAs in cancer, Pathways in cancer, Transcriptional misregulation in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and other key signal pathways. Conclusion:The results show that the active constituents of anti-lung cancer effect of Calyx seu Fructus Physalis may be Oleic acid, Cycloartenol, Obturator, Graminesterol, β-sitosterol, etc. The mechanism of action may be related to multiple cancer-related signaling pathways such as Proteoglycans pathway, Transcriptional misregulation pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Chemical constituents of Physalis minima / 中国中药杂志

Fifteen compounds(1-15) were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the whole herb of Physalis minima by various chromatography techniques including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, middle chromatogram isolated gel(MCI), octadecyl silica(ODS), and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Their structures were elucidated by infrared spectroscopy(IR), ultraviolet spectroscopy(UV), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic re-sonance(NMR), and circular dichroism(CD) as(5S)-5,11-dihydroxy-3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one(1), withaphysalin R(2), withaphysalin Q(3), withaphysanolide A(4), phaseic acid(5), grasshopper ketone(6), 3S,5R-dihydroxy-6S,7-megastigmadien-9-one(7), vanillic acid(8), 2-trans,4-trans-abscisic acid(9), capillasterolide(10), 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone(11),(-)-loliolide(12), 4-hydroxyacetophenone(13), acetosyringone(14), and aurantiamide acetate(15). Compound 1 was a new butenolide, and compounds 5-7 and 10-12 were isolated from the Physalis for the first time. Compounds 4, 13, and 15 were isolated for the first time from P. minima. Moreover, their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro. Compound 12 was found to possess an inhibitory effect on the transcription of an NF-κB-dependent reporter gene in LPS-induced 293 T/NF-κB-luc cells at 10 μmol·L~(-1), showing an inhibitory rate of 62.31%±4.8%.

Tolerance to irrigation water salinity in physalis plants: productive aspects / Tolerância à salinidade da água de irrigação em plantas de fisális: aspectos produtivos

The cultivation of non-traditional fruits has gained ground in the horticulture sector, but which, in certain situations, are plants that require previous studies related to soil adaptability, climate, and irrigation water quality. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation water salinity on Physalis peruviana L. (fisális) plants in the different growth phases. The experimental area was installed on the premises of the Federal University of Campina Grande, adopting a casualized block design, with four saline levels of irrigation water (0.3; 1.2; 2.1 and 3.0 dS m-1) and five repetitions per treatment. The variables analyzed were: stem diameter, plant height and number of leaves every 15 days, leaf area at 55 days after transplanting, number of side branches, number of flower buds, number of flowers, average fruit weight, polar diameter, and equatorial diameter of fruits, number of fruits per plant and productivity. According to the results, the plants were tolerant to saline levels of irrigation water of up to 3.0 dS m-1, without prejudice to the phenological and productive characteristics of the crop. The unitary increase in the salinity of the irrigation water did not result in damage to the physiological characteristics of the plants until the 60 days of transplanting. (AU)

O cultivo de frutas não tradicionais tem ganhado espaço no setor de hortifrútis, mas que, em determinadas situações, são plantas que requerem estudos prévios relacionados a adaptabilidade de solo, clima e qualidade da água de irrigação. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação em plantas de Physalis peruviana L. (fisális) nas distintas fases de crescimento. A área experimental foi instalada nas dependências da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, adotando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro níveis salinos da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,2; 2,1 e 3,0 dS m-1) e cinco repetições por tratamento. As variáveis analisadas foram: diâmetro do caule, altura das plantas e número de folhas a cada 15 dias, área foliar aos 55 dias após o transplantio, número de ramos laterais, número de botões florais, número de flores, peso médio dos frutos, diâmetro polar e diâmetro equatorial dos frutos, número de frutos por planta e produtividade. Conforme os resultados, as plantas se mostraram tolerantes a níveis salinos da água de irrigação de até 3,0 dS m-1, sem prejuízos nas características fenológicas da cultura e produtivas. O aumento unitário da salinidade da água de irrigação não resultou em danos nas características fisiológicas das plantas até os 60 dias de transplantio. (AU)

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity and HPTLC finger printing analysis of Physalis peruviana fruits

In this research work to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity and HPTLC finger printing analysis of Physalis peruviana fruits. The chemical fingerprinting was carried out by high performance thin layer chromatography. It was carried out by the CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with Linomat V sample applicator, twin through plate development chamber, TLC scanner III and integration software WIN CATS-4.02. Physalis peruviana fruit extract was tested for phytochemical screening and in vitro anti-oxidant enzymes like 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), total antioxidant activity and reducing ability. Physalis peruviana fruit extract effectively scavenged free radicals at all different concentrations and showed its potent antioxidant activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various major phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, tannins and anthraquinones. The HPTLC fingerprint qualitatively revealed predominant amount of quercetin. Physalis peruviana fruit extract will be subjected to further extensive studies to isolate and identify their active constituents which are useful for understanding their mechanism of action as antioxidants.

Polyploidy induction in Physalis alkekengi / Indução de poliploidia em Physalis alkekengi

Physalis alkekengi is an ornamental plant that can also be used as a medicinal plant due to its anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antitumor and fungicidal properties. Polyploidization can be an important tool in the genetic improvement of this species. The objective this work was to obtain tetraploids in vitro and to evaluate the phytotechnical traits of P. alkekengi. For this, nodal segments of P. alkekengi var. Franchettii were inoculated into petri dishes containing 100 ml of MS medium supplemented with colchicine at concentrations 0; 0.04; 0.08; 0.12; and 0.16% and kept in the dark for 24 and 48h. After the respective treatment periods with colchicine the segments were inoculated into test tubes. The tetraploids were identified by flow cytometry and classical cytogenetics. In vitro seedlings were measured: root length, nodal segment length, leaflet number and total leaf area. In the acclimatization phase, the area of the second leaf and total leaf, petiole radius, stem length, fruit weight with calyx, without calyx, fruit diameter, number of seeds and brix of the pulp were evaluated. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, total chlorophyll / total carotenoid ratio and chlorophyll a / b ratio were also estimated. The treatment that most produced tetraploid seedlings was with 0.08% colchicine per 24h. No significant difference was observed in 7 (seven) variables, these being all variables of photopigments, stem diameter (steam) and brix. In general, diploid (2x) plants were better in 9 (nine) while tetraploid seedlings were better in 6 (six) of the phytotechnical variables. It was concluded that the MS medium supplemented with 0.08% colchicine for 24 h allowed P. alkekengi tetraploides to be obtained with better phytotechnical qualities.

Physalis alkekengi é uma planta ornamental que também pode ser usada como planta medicinal devido às suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, bactericidas, antitumorais e fungicidas. A poliploidização pode ser uma ferramenta importante para o melhoramento genético dessa espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter tetraplóides in vitro e avaliar as características fitotécnicas de P. alkekengi. Para isso, segmentos nodais de P. alkekengi var. Franchettii foram inoculados em placas de Petri contendo 100 ml de meio MS suplementado com colchicina nas concentrações 0; 0,04; 0,08; 0,12; e 0,16% e mantido no escuro por 24 e 48h. Após os respectivos períodos de tratamento com colchicina, os segmentos foram inoculados em tubos de ensaio. Os tetraplóides foram identificados por citometria de fluxo e citogenética clássica. As plântulas in vitro foram medidas: comprimento da raiz, comprimento do segmento nodal, número de folhetos e área foliar total. Na fase de aclimatação foram avaliadas a área da segunda folha e área foliar total, raio do pecíolo, comprimento do caule, peso do fruto com cálice, sem cálice, diâmetro do fruto, número de sementes e brix da polpa. Também foram estimadas clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total, carotenóides totais, razão clorofila total / carotenóide total e razão clorofila a / b. O tratamento que mais produziu mudas tetraplóides foi com colchicina a 0,08% por 24 horas. Não foi observada diferença significativa em 7 (sete) variáveis, sendo todas variáveis de fotopigmentos, diâmetro do caule (vapor) e brix. Em geral, as plantas diplóides (2x) foram melhores em 9 (nove) variáveis fitotécnicas, enquanto as mudas tetraplóides foram melhores em 6 (seis). Concluiu-se que o meio MS suplementado com colchicina a 0,08% por 24 h permitiu obter tetraploides de P. alkekengi com melhores qualidades fitotécnicas.

Health-risk assessment of Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) envenomations on urban beaches in São Luís city, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) is a cosmopolitan species, with a widespread distribution and responsible for a great number of injuries caused by cnidarians worldwide, including Brazil. Geoprocessing technology, however, has never been used to assess the spatial distribution of these animals on beaches. The aim of this study was to carry out a health risk assessment of Portuguese man-of-war (P. physalis) envenomations on the São Marcos and Calhau beaches in São Luís city, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive and quantitative study concerning primary data on the occurrence of the Portuguese man-of-war (P. physalis) and human envenomations in the studied places, conducted over a two-year period in São Luís, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: Envenomations mainly occurred on beaches presenting high density of P. physalis during the dry period. Vinegar has been incorporated as a first aid, according to recommendations set by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve prevention and control actions of human envenomation, risk areas for this type of envenomation should be clearly indicated as alert areas. Inclusion of the geographical location of the envenomation in the Notification/Investigation SINAN Form was suggested for allowing the continuity of studies involving this public health issue.

Pharmacognostical And Phytochemical Standardization Of Physalis Minima L. Leaf

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of Physalis minima leaf. Methods: The leaf of Physalis minima was examined for macroscopical, microscopical, physicochemical parameters and fluorescence analysis. Extracts obtained from the leaf was analyzed for phytochemical screening and estimation of total tannin, phenolic and flavonoid content following the standard procedure available in the literature. Results: Morphologically, the leaf was found to be ovate in shape, 5 to 8 cm long and up to 3 cm width with dentate margin, asymmetrical base, hairy surface, reticulate veins on each side of midrib, green in colour, characteristic odour and slight bitter in taste. Microscopic study has shown the important diagnostic characters of Solanaceae family which is characterized by presence of dorsiventral leaf with anomocytic stomata, grandular or uniseriate trichomes and cluster crystal of calcium oxalate. Physicochemical parameters like foreign organic matter (0.78%), loss on drying (8.23%), total ash (11.4%), acid insoluble ash (2.2%), water-soluble ash (6.1%), sulphated ash (2.4%) alcohol soluble extractive (10.4%), water-soluble extractive (9.5%), ether soluble extractive (1.8%) foaming index (below 100), swelling index (1), volatile oil and heavy metal content were quantified. Phytochemical analysis of different extracts of Physalis minima leaf has shown the presence of phytoconstituents viz. alkaloids, steroids, tannin, flavonoids, protein. Quantification of phytoconstituents was also reported like phenols (10.59±0.65 mg/gm equivalent to tannic acid), tannin (8.24±0.27 mg/gm equivalent to tannic acid) and flavonoids (87.17±0.87 mg/gm equivalent to rutin) respectively. Conclusion: This present study was provided the qualitative and quantitative standard of Physalis minima will help to prevent the possible steps of adulteration with other species of the same genus.

HPLC Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds in Physalis angulata Linn. and Physalis micrantha Linn. (Solanaceae)

Physalis angulata Linn. and Physalis micrantha Linn. (Solanaceae) used for different medicinal purposes in Nigeria and other parts of the world were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to determine their phytochemical profiles. Forty five (45) alkaloids, 36 flavonoids, 18 glycosides and 44 phenolic acids were observed in the plants. P. angulata had the highest concentrations of flavonoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids while P. micarantha had the highest concentration of glycosides. The presence and concentration of these chemicals in these studied species confirm their medicinal and ethno-botanical uses and make them potential sources of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industries.

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L., Solanaceae) / Silenciamento de genes induzidos por vírus (VIGS) em physalis (Physalis peruviana L., Solanaceae) / Silenciamiento génico inducido por virus (VIGS) en uchuva (Physalis peruviana L., Solanaceae)

Abstract Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana, L.) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Solanaceae family that produces an edible berry appreciated for its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. Its production is often limited by diseases and reproducible fruit quality. Recent studies have reported genes associated with fruit quality and resistance response to the root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph,) which causes vascular wilt. In order to standardize a method to validate the biological function of candidate genes in the non-model species P. peruviana, we tested the robust approach in reverse genetics, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). In this study, we validated and optimized VIGS using an insert of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in a silencing viral vector generated from tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Leaves infiltrated with Agrobacterium (GV3101 strain) showed photo-bleached segments, which were distinctive for PDS suppression at 7 days post-infection (dpi). More than half of the treated plants showed photo-bleaching, indicating an efficiency rate of 50 % of the VIGS protocol. The results of this study showed that VIGS can be used for future functional gene characterization implicated in the immune response, disease resistance and fruit quality in capegooseberry.

Resumo A physalis (Physalis peruviana, L.) é uma planta herbácea pertencente à família Solanaceae, que produz uma baga comestível apreciada por suas propriedades nutracêuticas e farmacêuticas. Sua produção com frequência se vê limitada devido a enfermidades e baixa reprodutibilidade na qualidade do fruto. Estudos recentes reportaram genes associados com a qualidade do fruto e com a resposta de resistência ao fungo radicular Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph.), que causa esmorecimento vascular. Com a finalidade de padronizar um método para validar a função biológica de genes candidatos na espécie não-modelo P. p ruviana, avaliamos uma aproximação robusta em genética invertida, o sil nciamento de genes induzidos por vírus (VIGS). Neste estudo, validamos e otimizamos o VIGS usando um inserto da fitoeno desaturase (PDS) em um vetor viral de silenciamento produzido a partir do vírus do chocalho do tabaco (TRV). As folhas infiltradas com Agrobacterium (cepa GV3101) mostraram segmentos fotobranqueados, que foram distintivos para a supressão de PDS a 7 dias pós-infecção (dpi). Mais da metade das plantas tratadas mostraram fotobranqueamento, o que indica uma taxa de eficiência de 50 % do procotolo VIGS. Os resultados de este estudo mostraram que o VIGS pode ser usado em caracterizações futuras de genes funcionais implicados na resposta imune, na resistência a enfermidades e na qualidade do fruto de physalis.

Resumen La uchuva (Physalis peruviana, L.) es una planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las solanáceas, que produce una baya comestible apreciada por sus propiedades nutracéuticas y farmacéuticas. Su producción con frecuencia se ve limitada debido a enfermedades y a falta de reproducibilidad en la calidad del fruto. Estudios recientes han reportado genes asociados con la calidad del fruto y con la respuesta de resistencia al hongo radicular Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph,), que causa marchitamiento vascular. Con el fin de estandarizar un método para validar la función biológica de genes candidatos en la especie no-modelo P. peruviana, evaluamos la aproximación robusta en genética inversa, el silenciamiento génico inducido por virus (VIGS). En este estudio, validamos y optimizamos el VIGS usando un inserto de la fitoeno desaturasa (PDS) en un vector viral de silenciamiento producido a partir del virus del cascabeleo del tabaco (TRV). Las hojas infiltradas con Agrobacterium (cepa GV3101) mostraron segmentos fotoblanqueados, que fueron distintivos para la supresión de PDS a 7 días pos-infeccion (dpi). Más de la mitad de las plantas tratadas mostraron fotoblanqueo, lo cual indica una tasa de eficiencia del 50 % del protocolo VIGS. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que el VIGS se puede usar en futuras caracterizaciones de genes funcionales implicados en la respuesta inmune, la resistencia a enfermedad y la calidad del fruto en la uchuva.

Withaminimas A-F, six withanolides with potential anti-inflammatory activity from Physalis minima / 中国天然药物

Withaminimas A-F (1-6), six new withaphysalin-type withanolides were isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis minima L.. The structures of these compounds were elucidated through a variety of spectroscopic techniques including HR-MS, NMR, and ECD. Compound 1 belongs to rare 18-norwithanolides, and 2-3 were 13/14-secowithanolides. According to the traditional usage of P. minima, inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccaride-activated RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated, and compounds 1-4 exhibited significant inhibitory effects with IC values among 3.91-18.46 μmol·L.

Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma harzianum Isolated from Physalis angulata / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the secondary metabolites of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum,which was isolated from Physalis angulata. Method:The strains were cultured in a big-scale by oscillating incubator. Then the obtained culture liquid and mycelia were extracted by EtOAC and actone,respectively. The extracts were integrated after recovery of solvents, and then the active secondary metabolites were isolated and purified by comprehensive use of open ODS flash column,sephadex LH-20,HPLC,and LC-MS analysis techniques. Their structures were identified according to their physico-chemical properties and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. The cytotoxicities of the compounds were determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay. Result:Ten compounds isolated from T. harzianum were identified as destruxin A2(1),destruxin B2(2),3-isobutyl-pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione[cyclo (leu-pro dipeptide)](3),cyclo (Phen-pro) dipeptide(4),cyclonerodiol(5),brevianamide F(6),N-acetyltryptamine(7),9-hydroxyl-(2-methylpropyl) isobutyl phthalate(8),5-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-7-methoxychromone(9),and phenylpropionic acid(10). Compounds 1-10 didn't exhibit significant cytotoxicity to lung cancer cell line A549 in the MTT assay (IC50 ≥ 20 mg·L-1). Conclusion:All compounds were isolated from T. harzianum for the first time.

The "target + activity" method for rapid discovery of active compounds targeting Hsp90 in pancreatic cancer cells from Physalis angulata L / 药学学报

The purpose of this study was to select the active compounds targeting Hsp90 protein in pancreatic cancer cells through a new dual "target + activity" rapid discovery technique. We combined an in vitro anti-cancer activity screening method with a dual-luciferase reporter gene and multi-chromatography separation technology, for rapid discovery of potential Hsp90 inhibitors from the Chinese herbal medicine Physalis angulata L. The anti-proliferation activity of those compounds was assessed in pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 by MTT assays. The molecular mechanisms of Hsp90 inhibition were explored by Western blot and shRNA knockdown assays. As a result, two withanolides, withanolide E (WE) and 4β-hydroxywithanolide E (HWE), were identified from Physalis angulata L. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of WE and HWE were 0.71±0.03 and 1.23±0.10 μmol·L-1 for the growth of BxPC-3 cells in 48 h. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that WE and HWE significantly induced heat shock element (HSE) activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The molecular mechanism study showed that after exposing to 5 μmol·L-1 WE or HWE for 48 h, the aggregation of Hsp90 dimer was upregulated to 6.5±1.3 and 11.8±2.0 fold, while the expression of Hsp90 client protein Akt was downregulated to 21.7%±2.8% and 9.8%±1.4% of the control group. Moreover, the Hsp90 inhibitory activity of WE or HWE was canceled by shRNA mediated Hsp90 knockdown. Overall, based on the dual "target + active" rapid discovery technique, two new Hsp90 inhibitors WE and HWE were found from Physalis angulata L. The Hsp90 inhibitory mechanism of WE and HWE may be mediated by induction of Hsp90 aggregate dimer and inhibition of Hsp90 client protein Akt expression.

Physicochemical characterization and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of goldenberry extract nanoemulsion / Caracterização físico-química e avaliação da toxicidade in vitro e in vivo de nanoemulsão contendo extrato de goldenberry

ABSTRACT: Oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion containing goldenberry extract was elaborated using a high-energy ultrasonic bath method. Physicochemical characterization of the formulation was carried out by determining pH, mean droplet diameter, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential. Nanoemulsion toxicity was assessed using in vitro assays with tumor and non-tumor cell lines, and in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans. The pH of the nanoemulsion was 3.84, the mean droplet diameter was 268 ± 7 nm, PDI 0.113 and zeta potential -13.94 mV. Results of the cytotoxicity assays employing non-tumor cells indicated that the extract associated or not with nanoemulsion maintained cell viability at different concentrations tested. In the assays using tumor lineage, it is observed that the nanoemulsion containing the extract had higher antitumor activity than the free extract. As for the in vivo tests, there was no change in the survival rate of the worms.

RESUMO: Nanoemulsão óleo/água (O/A) contendo extrato de goldenberry foi elaborada utilizando método de banho ultrassônico de alta energia. A caracterização físico-química da formulação foi realizada pela determinação do pH, diâmetro médio de gotas, índice de polidispersão (PDI) e potencial zeta. A toxicidade das nanoemulsões foi avaliada utilizando ensaios in vitro com linhas celulares tumorais e não tumorais e in vivo utilizando Caenorhabditis elegans. O pH da nanoemulsão foi de 3,84, o diâmetro médio das gotículas foi de 268 ± 7 nm, PDI 0,113 e o potencial zeta -13,94 mV. Os resultados dos ensaios de citotoxicidade empregando células não tumorais indicaram que o extrato associado ou não à nanoemulsão manteve a viabilidade celular em diferentes concentrações testadas. Nos ensaios, utilizando linhagem tumoral, observou-se que a nanoemulsão contendo o extrato apresentou maior atividade antitumoral do que o extrato livre. Quanto aos testes in vivo, não houve mudança na taxa de sobrevivência dos vermes.

Characterization of different native american physalis species and evaluation of their processing potential as jelly in combination with brie-type cheese

Abstract Faced with the need for greater knowledge of the different physalis species, the aim of this study was to characterize different Native American physalis species (Physalis peruviana L., Physalis pubescens L., Physalis angulata L., Physalis mínimos L. and Physalis ixocarpa Brot) as to their physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Besides that, in order to increase their use and add even more value to this fruit, we also evaluate the influence of these different species on the physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics of physalis jelly. In addition, this study evaluated the sensory acceptance of the combination of physalis jellies obtained from different species with brie-type cheese. The Peruviana, Pubences and Angulata, are highlighted for being the nutritionally richest species, with the highest levels of phenolic compounds, vitamin C and antioxidant. Moreover, they stand out for originating the most widely sensory accepted jellies, either in pure form or in combination with brie-type cheese.

Antifungal and cytotoxic activities of extracts obtained from underutilised edible tropical fruits

Objective: To evaluate antifungal and cytotoxic activities of four underutilised fruit species, i.e. Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Cynometra cauliflora (nam-nam), Mangifera pajang (M. pajang) (Bambangan) and Physalis minima (wild gooseberry). Methods: Extracts from the fresh flesh of Artocarpus altilis and Cynometra cauliflora, the flesh and kernel of M. pajang, and the whole fruit of Physalis minima were obtained by sequential extraction using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. Each extract was assessed against six species of human fungal pathogens using a colourimetric broth microdilution method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using African monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells. Results: All 30 extracts showed inhibitory activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. However, none of the extracts were active against Aspergillus fumigatus. The ethanol, methanol and water extracts from the kernel of M. pajang fruit showed the strongest activity against three species of Candida and Trichophyton interdigitale, with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.001 - 0.630 mg/mL. The corresponding mean 50% cytotoxic concentrations for these three extracts were 358.7, 158.4 and 261.3 μg/mL, respectively against Vero cells. In contrast, the flesh of M. pajang fruit (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts) showed statistically significant (P<0.001; ANOVA) strong toxicity against the cells, with 30.6, 13.5 and 22.2 μg/mL of mean values of 50% cytotoxic concentrations, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that the bioactivity of the kernel of M. pajang fruit is more selective towards fungi and thus is a potential source of new antifungal agents.

Isolation and structural characterization of chemical constituents from fruits of Physalis pubescens / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents from the fresh fruits of Physalis pubescens. Methods Compounds were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel column, Sephadex LH-20 gel column, and preparative HPLC methods. Physicochemical properties and spectroscopic methods were employed for the structure elucidation. Results Twenty compounds were obtained and identified as osthol (1), xanthotoxin (2), isopimpinellin (3), imperatorin (4), (-)-meranzin hydrate (5), auraptenol (6), 1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanone (7), 2,5-dimethoxybenzoquinone (8), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (9), (S)-methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate (10), pyrocatechol 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), benzyl β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), 2-phenylethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), p-hydroxybenzene propanoic acid (14), 3,4-dihydroxybenzene propionic acid (15), (1-O-p-coumaroyl)-(6-O-β-glucosyl)-β-glucoside (16), 1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (17), N-trans-feruloyltyramine (18), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (19), and bergapten (20), respectively. Conclusion Compounds 1-16 are obtained from Physalis genus for the first time.