Métodos de exclusión de murciélagos hematófagos en edificaciones humanas / Methods for the exclusion of blood-sucking bats in human buildings

Los murciélagos son los únicos mamíferos capaces de volar, y también son un grupo diverso, dentro de los cuales se han identificado 1.116 especies, 202 géneros y 18 familias. Geográficamente, se distribuyen en casi todo el mundo, con excepción del polo Norte y Sur. Existen al menor tres especies de murciélagos hematófagos, las cuales solo habitan en el continente americano: el vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata), el alas blancas (Diaemus youngi), que tienen preferencia por el consumo de sangre de aves, y el vampiro común (Desmodus rotundus), único de estas especies que se alimenta de sangre de mamíferos, incluyendo humanos, siendo ésta la especie de mayor importancia desde un punto de vista sanitario y económico. Es importante destacar que una variedad de nuevas enfermedades infecciosas zoonóticas ocurridas en los últimos años se ha relacionado con los murciélagos. A pesar de ser portadores de diversas enfermedades, también tiene un lado positivo que señala su importancia en la naturaleza, destaca que, debido a su alta sensibilidad a los cambios climáticos, son considerados como buenos indicadores del estado de conservación de bosques. Además, aportan a la diversidad estructural y funcional de los bosques siendo dispersadores de semillas, polinizadores de plantas y controladores de plagas. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como finalidad, el uso de métodos físicos para la exclusión de murciélagos hematófagos que habitan en la zonificación de San Remo, del sector la Molina en Lima, Perú. Posterior a a un diagnóstico inicial, se implementaron los métodos de barrera física, tales como mallas, cortinas o tubos de PCV que impedieron la pernotación de los murciélagos en los hogares zonificados encontrándose una reducción de los índices de infestación(AU)

Bats are the only mammals capable of flight, and they are also a diverse group, within which 1,116 species, 202 genera, and 18 families have been identified. Geographically, they are distributed throughout almost the entire world, with the exception of the North and South Pole. There are at least three species of blood-sucking bats, which only inhabit the American continent: the hairy-legged vampire (Diphylla ecaudata), the white-winged (Diaemus youngi), which prefers to consume bird blood, and the vampire bat. common (Desmodus rotundus), the only one of these species that feeds on the blood of mammals, including humans, this being the most important species from a health and economic point of view. Importantly, a variety of new zoonotic infectious diseases in recent years have been linked to bats. Despite being carriers of various diseases, they also have a positive side that indicates their importance in nature, noting that due to their high sensitivity to climate change, they are considered good indicators of the state of forest conservation. In addition, they contribute to the structural and functional diversity of forests by being seed dispersers, plant pollinators and pest controllers. Therefore, the purpose of this work is the use of physical methods for the exclusion of blood-sucking bats that inhabit the San Remo zoning, in the La Molina sector in Lima, Peru. After an initial diagnosis, physical barrier methods were implemented, such as meshes, curtains or PCV tubes that prevented bats from staying in zoned homes, finding a reduction in infestation rates(AU)

Liquid preparation of diatomaceous earth against the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The lesser mealworm (LMW) is the most important pest in poultry production. Insects are associated to avian pathogens, mainly Salmonella. Its control is based on chemical insecticide, with limited efficacy in population reduction. Also, insect populations are resistant to the main active ingredients used. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a mineral dust that has activity against the LMW when used in dust application. No information is available about DE liquid preparation against this insect. Thus, bioassays were conducted aiming to develop a strategy for DE liquid preparation to this insect control. In laboratory the ideal concentration for poultry house experiment was estimated and the effect of insect contact with poultry litter or chicken feed after application was checked. In the poultry house, DE liquid preparation (10% in water, 1 L·m­2) was applied on the dirt soil of a cleaned and empty poultry house. In the control poultry house, a chemical insecticide was used (cypermethrin 15 g + chlorpyriphos 25 g + piperonyl butoxide 15 g) (1 L·m­2). DE at all concentrations was efficient mainly when insects were dried for 24 h before contact with a substrate. In poultry house, both treatments obtained similar results at 15 days after treatment (94% of reduction of insect population). At 45 days after treatment, the insect population with DE treatment increased 39% while the insect population remained 17% smaller than the initial population with a chemical insecticide. DE liquid preparation has potential to be used as a safe treatment in LMW population management, as a shock treatment.

Effect of germicidal UV-C light(254 nm) on eggs and adult of house dustmites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Astigmata: Pyroglyhidae)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examined the immediate and 24 hours post- irradiation germicidal effects of UV-C lamp on eggs and adults of house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) and Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study investigated the immediate and 24 hours post irradiation mortalities of adult mites exposed to UV-C at different exposure times (5 mins, 10 mins, 15 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins and 60 mins) and distances (10 cm, 25 cm, 35 cm, 45 cm and 55 cm). Fresh eggs of the 2 dust mites were also irradiated at 10, 35 and 55 cm for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 minutes, and observed daily post- irradiation for up to 7 days.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Highest immediate mortality of 100% occurred with direct irradiation at 10 cm distance from UV-C lamp and for 60 mins, for both species of mites. The post 24 hours mean mortality rates were (58.4±17.4)% for D. pteronyssinus and (27.7±9.7)% for D. farinae when irradiated for 1 hour at 55 cm distance under UV-C lamp. When mites were irradiated in the presence of culture media, the highest mortality rates were lower compared to the direct irradiation; at 10 cm distance and 60 mins exposure, the mean mortality was (74.0±6.8)% for D. pteronyssinus and (70.3±6.7)% for D. farinae. Egg hatchability for both species of mites was also notably reduced by greater than 50% following irradiation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Ultraviolet C irradiation is lethal to an array of organisms by damaging their nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). This study demonstrates the increasing mite mortalities with increasing exposure times and decreasing distances.</p>