An investigation of body mass index distribution in couples with planned pregnancy in Chongqing / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

The incidences of overweight and obesity in planned pregnant women in Chongqing were 24.15 ％ and 5.02％.Those living in southeast Chongqing,being old age,with primary school education,and unemployment are the key crowds and deserve health management in regard of overweight and obesity as well as reproduction.

Investigation of Toxoplasma infection among planned pregnant women in Chongqing,China / 中国人兽共患病学报

We investigated the Toxop lasma infection prevalence among planned pregnant women in Chongqing ,and to pro‐vide reference for the first level intervention of birth defects in the region .A total of 11 953 planned pregnant women were se‐lected by proportionally stratified multi‐stage random sampling method .Questionnaire survey was given to the women ,and blood samples were collected .Specific IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma were detected with ELISA .Results showed that among the 11 953 cases surveyed ,Toxoplasma IgM was positive in 71 cases ,with the positive rate of 0 .59% ;IgG was positive in 771 cases ,with the positive rate of 6 .54% .The positive rate of IgM and IgG antibodies in the metropolitan core re‐gion of the city was higher than that in the suburb areas (χ2 =35 .28 ,P<0 .000 1 ;χ2 =82 .65 ,P<0 .000 1) .The positive rate of IgM antibody increased with the educational level (χ2trend=3 .25 ,P=0 .001 1) .The positive rates of IgM and IgG varied in occupations among women (χ2 =13 .93 , P= 0 .016 0;χ2 = 15 .58 ,χ2 =0 .008 1) ,with the highest rate of public officials . Planned pregnant women with the history of abnormal pregnancy outcomes had higher positive rate of T .gondii IgM and IgG antibodies than those in the control (χ2 =6 .85 ,P=0 .008 9;χ2 =59 .25 ,P<0 .000 1) .There was no significant difference of IgM positive rate between the planned pregnancy women who had closed contact to cats and the control group (χ2 =0 .23 ,P=0 .628 6) ,while the positive rate of IgG was higher than that of the control group (χ2 =9 .95 ,P=0 .001 6) .T .gondii infec‐tion rate was on the low level of planned pregnant women in Chongqing .Adverse pregnancy outcomes are related to Toxoplas‐ma infection .

Detection and analysis of thyroid-stimulating hormone in women under planned pregnancy in Chongqing / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To screen thyroid function among planned pregnant women in Chongqing, to guide prenatal and postnatal care. Methods Proportional multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to enroll 11 953 planned pregnant women for questionnaire, physical examination, and serum samples collection. Results The median TSH was 2. 04 mIU/ L, P25 = 1. 36 mIU/ L,P75 = 2. 99 mIU/ L. TSH levels being normal, higher, and lower than the reference were 91. 47% , 6. 20% , and 2. 33% , respectively. In Northeast Chongqing, the proportions of median TSH level and TSH level above the upper limit were higher than those in other regions(P<0. 05). With improved education, proportions of TSH above the upper limit and below the lower limit declined(P<0. 05). With the increase in body mass index, the proportion of those whose TSH was above the upper limit showed elevated trend(P<0. 05). In women with history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, their median TSH was higher than that in the control group, and those, whose TSH level exceeded the upper limit, yield higher results than those in the control group(P<0. 05). In women with higher fasting blood glucose The median TSH level was lower than that in normal blood glucose group( P<0. 05), with the fasting plasma glucose concentration and TSH negatively correlated(P<0. 05). Conclusion The abnormal rate of TSH level in planned pregnant women was 8. 53% in Chongqing. The abnormal rate varies by different regions, education levels, body mass indexes, and blood glucose levels. Previous history of adverse pregnancy outcomes was related to elevated TSH levels. It is necessary to take pre-pregnancy thyroid function screening investigation.

Embarazo deseado y planificado, lactancia previa, aptitud para lactar y conocimientos de las madres sobre lactancia / Planned and wanted pregnancy, early breastfeeding, aptitudes for and mother's knowledge about breastfeeding

INTRODUCCIÓN: la OMS y la Unicef recomiendan lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses de vida, y complementada, al menos, hasta los 2 años; sin embargo, los resultados no son los esperados. OBJETIVO: evaluar la relación entre la planificación del embarazo, la lactancia en hijos anteriores, la aptitud referida para lactar y los conocimientos sobre lactancia materna de las gestantes en su tercer trimestre, de los Policlínicos "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" y "Mártires del 9 de Abril", del municipio San José de las Lajas. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal, entre marzo de 2010 y marzo de 2011. De 192 gestantes en su tercer trimestre, y que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, se estudiaron: hijos previos y si recibieron lactancia materna, planificación, deseos del embarazo, aptitudes referidas, así como conocimientos sobre la lactancia. Se aplicaron 22 preguntas y se estableció un sistema de puntaje. RESULTADOS: algo más de la mitad de las madres se consideraron aptas para la lactancia, y asumieron que poseían los conocimientos necesarios para lograrlo, pero menos de la quinta parte mostró poseerlos. Las gestantes que obtuvieron valores superiores en el cuestionario fueron: las que tenían un hijo previo, las que ya habían ofrecido lactancia materna exclusiva de 4 a 6 meses, y las que deseaban y habían planificado su embarazo. CONCLUSIONES: aunque la mayoría de las gestantes consideraron que estaban aptas para la lactancia materna, no demostraron tener los conocimientos necesarios para asumirla exitosamente.

INTRODUCTION: WHO and UNICEF recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and as supplement for two years at least; however, the final results are not the expected ones. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the relationship between planned pregnancy, breastfeeding of previous children, aptitudes for breastfeeding and mother's knowledge about this in the third-trimester pregnant women from "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" and "Martires del 9 de Abril" polyclinics located in San Jose de las Lajas municipality, Mayabeque province. METHODS: a cross-sectional analytical study was carried out from March 2010 through March 2011. One hundred and ninety two women in their third trimester of pregnancy, who met the inclusion criteria, provided information about their early children and their breastfeeding, planning, desires to be pregnant, breastfeeding aptitudes and knowledge. Twenty two questions were posed and then evaluated by a scoring system set for these purposes. RESULTS: over half of mothers regarded themselves as being apt for breastfeeding and they assured that they had the required knowledge for that, but less than one fifth did show it. The pregnant women who scored highest in the questionnaire were those having a child, those having exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months and those who had planned and desired their pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: although the majority of pregnant women considered that they were ready for breastfeeding, they did not show adequate knowledge to succeed in this task.

Serological survey of hepatitis B infection among planned pregnancy couples in Chongqing in 2013 / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and its epidemiological characteristics among planned pregnancy couples in Chongqing.Methods A total of 10 712 planned pregnancy couples were selected by proportionally stratified multi-stage random sampling method during April and December 2013.A questionnaire survey was performed, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) was used for hepatitis B virus surface antigen ( HBsAg ) and hepatitis B surface antibody ( anti-HBs) detection.SAS 8.2 was adopted for data process.Chi-square test and test for linear trend were performed to compare the rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs among different populations.Results Among 21 424 individuals, 1 718 (8.02%) were HBsAg positive.The positive rate of HBsAg in husbands was 9.48%, which was significantly higher than that in wives (6.55%,χ2 =63.39, P0.05).The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs increased with the age (χ2 =2.98 and 9.83,P<0.01).The highest HBsAg positive rate and lowest anti-HBs positive rate were observed among individuals of southeast of Chongqing.The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs varied in people with different occupation.The highest HBsAg and anti-HBs positive rates were found in private business owners (9.18%) and public employees (49.69%) , respectively;and the lowest HBsAg and anti-HBs positive rates were found in public employees (6.79%) and farmers (39.08%), respectively.As the education level increased, HBsAg positive rate was decreasing (χ2 =-3.33, P<0.01), and anti-HBs positive rate was increasing (χ2 =9.73, P<0.01).Conclusions The prevalence of HBV infection is still high among planned pregnancy couples in Chongqing in the year of 2013.Vaccination and the related treatments should be enforced in population with high risk of HIV infection.

Effects of Knowledge and Recognition of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy on Actual Alcohol Use during Pregnancy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the influence in a planned pregnancy of alcohol related family variables, knowledge and recognition of the effects of alcohol use during pregnancy on actual alcohol use during pregnancy. METHODS: The participants were 284 women who had experienced a pregnancy at some time in their lives. The data were collected from December 2011 to January 2012 and the method of data collection was self-report questionnaires. The instruments for this study were AUDIT-K, Knowledge of alcohol use during pregnancy, and Recognition of alcohol use during pregnancy. RESULTS: There were higher incidences of alcohol use during pregnancy when alcohol consumption was a problem, when there was a family member with an alcohol problem, or after having had an artificial abortion. There was no correlation in alcohol use during pregnancy with knowledge, but a correlation with recognition was found. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the main factor in alcohol use during pregnancy is recognition of the effects of alcohol use during pregnancy.

Circunstâncias da ocorrência da gravidez não planejada em mulheres adultas / Circumstances of occurrence of non-planned pregnancy in women user of the Family Health Program ­ Bahia

A gravidez é marcada por mudanças físicas e psicossociais que define novos papéis para a mulher, podendo ser fruto de livre escolha reprodutiva ou ser referida como não planejada. Ações buscando garantir o direito das mulheres a decidir livremente sobre os padrões de reprodução estão implantadas na rede pública de saúde, entretanto um número significativo de mulheres refere vivenciar gravidez não planejada. O PSF se apresenta como possibilidade de dar respostas mais efetivas às demandas das mulheres, pois foi erguido sob princípios que valorizam as especificidades de cada grupo populacional no âmbito da atenção básica. O estudo teve como objetivo conhecer o contexto de vida de mulheres, usuárias do PSF, por ocasião da ocorrência de gravidez não planejada e analisar as circunstâncias de sua ocorrência. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob abordagem qualitativa e enfoque teórico de gênero. O universo empírico do estudo foi constituído por dez mulheres, cadastradas em duas Unidades de Saúde da Família localizadas no Distrito Sanitário do Subúrbio Ferroviário de Salvador-Ba, sendo o material empírico produzido por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas. Os depoimentos das participantes do estudo foram analisados pela técnica de análise de discurso. O discurso expressa uma posição social, cujas representações ideológicas são materializadas na linguagem e sua análise revela a visão de mundo dos sujeitos, sendo essa determinada socialmente. Os resultados mostraram que a maternidade é concebida como importante elemento identitário por todas as mulheres do estudo. Nas que estavam vivenciando a primeira gravidez, em relações estáveis, houve desejo do casal e descuidos que resultaram em gravidez, confirmando-se ambivalência, com aceitação imediata e sentimento de realização feminina. Para mulheres com gravidez subsequente, com desejo de ser mãe concretizado, as circunstâncias da ocorrência fizeram emergir sentimentos contraditórios e se estabeleceu o conflito entre aceitação e rejeição, havendo situações de desejo ou tentativas de abortamento. Quanto ao parceiro, foi constatada a não assunção de responsabilidade com a contracepção, tendo seu apoio importante papel no desfecho da gravidez. As dificuldades das mulheres em compartilhar a responsabilidade com seus parceiros, na gestão cotidiana da contracepção, somaram-se à informações fragmentadas e dificuldades de acesso aos métodos com descontinuidade e/ou limitação na oferta; incompatibilidade entre horários do trabalho com o do serviço de saúde; desejo do parceiro e da própria mulher ancorado nas construções identitárias. Desse modo, a gravidez ocorreu com inexistência da decisão consciente da mulher ou do casal, sendo a ambivalência um forte componente do processo. Uma vez tais situações ocorrendo em área de cobertura do PSF, afirmamos que este se encontra comprometido em seus fundamentos e urge rever a organização das práticas e a vontade política em todos os níveis da gestão para abrir caminhos à autonomia e à liberdade feminina, negadas pelos resultados deste estudo. (AU)

Pre-pregnancy lifestyle of couple for a healthy pregnancy

The purpose of this article is to outline lifestyle habits of couples during pre-pregnancy that promote a healthy pregnancy. A healthy pregnancy is the hope of every couple who intend to have children. However, many of them are surprisingly unaware of practices worth pursuing in everyday life in order to promote a healthy pregnancy. Not only having knowledge about pregnancy but building the lifestyle to prepare one's body adequately for pregnancy will raise the chances of conception, in turn increasing the chance of a healthy pregnancy. Six months prior, a couple should have plans for pregnancy and have proper vaccination. A consultation on living and eating habits helpful for pregnancy is needed and controlling one's weight and checking the overall environment of the work place and home should take place. Three months prior, smoking and drinking should be stopped. A couple should pursue proper eating habits with balanced nutrition and multivitamins including folic acid. A husband should check his lifestyle, always taking into consideration the fact that the fertilized sperm are generated 100 days prior. One month prior to pregnancy, a final check on whether the couple still pursues bad habits for a healthy reproductive life should be done. A wife should avoid passive smoking and any kind of medication. For a healthy pregnancy, a couple should practice the right lifestyle that increases the opportunity for a safe pregnancy.

Pregnancy in adolescence: from planning to the desire to become pregnant – descriptive study / Gestação na adolescência: do planejamento ao desejo de engravidar - estudo descritivo

Problem: Adolescent pregnancy is one of the main problems of public health concerning the health of Brazilian teenagers, being the pregnancy on this population often unplanned and sometimes unwanted by the young girl, her partner and/or family. Objective: Observe the rate and risk factors for unwanted and unplanned pregnancy amongst teenagers. Method: Hereby we present a descriptive study, transversal with quantitative approach that took place at one Maternity-School of Fortaleza with 200 puerperal teenagers that were at the hospital for the end of their pregnancy between March and July of 2009. Results: We've noticed that 67,5% of pregnancies wasn't planned, however, wanted by most of them. Greater planning occurred between teens aged more than 15 years, dun, married, with incomplete basic education and winnings of less than a minimum wage. As for the desire of the gestation, we've noticed the same higher rate between those older than 15, dun, married differing only that these had basic education and winnings of more than 3 minimum wages. The variable that has presented most statistic relevance was the marital status regarding planning and desire to start pregnancy. Conclusion: The need of effective public policies for teenagers became evident, mainly on the access to quality family planning at the healthcare units.

Problema: A gravidez na adolescência constitui um dos principais problemas de saúde pública envolvendo a saúde do adolescente no Brasil, sendo a gravidez nesta população por vezes não planejada e algumas vezes não desejada pela jovem, companheiro e família. Objetivo: Observar a freqüência e os fatores de risco para a gravidez não planejada e não desejada entre adolescentes. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal com abordagem quantitativa realizado em uma Maternidade-Escola de Fortaleza com 200 puérperas adolescentes internadas por resolução da gravidez no período de março a julho de 2009.Resultados: Observamos que 67,5% das gestações não foram planejadas, contudo, desejadas pela maioria. Houve maior planejamento entre as jovens com idade superior a 15 anos, de cor parda, casadas, com ensino fundamental incompleto e renda inferior a um salário mínimo. Quanto ao desejo pela gestação, observamos igualmente maior frequência entre àquelas com idade maior que 15 anos, pardas, casadas, diferindo apenas que estas apresentavam ensino fundamental completo e renda superior a três salários. A variável que apresentou a maior significância estatística foi estado civil com relação ao planejamento e desejo da gravidez. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a necessidade de políticas públicas eficientes para as adolescentes, principalmente no acesso ao planejamento familiar de qualidade nas unidades de saúde.

The Rate of Planned Pregnancy and Associated Factors Related to Planned Pregnancy / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate planned pregnancy rate and associated factors related planned pregnancy. METHODS: We surveyed 1,396 cases from May 2002 to December 2002. The cases were derived from the Maternity school. They filled out questionnaire including planned pregnancy, medico-social-economic status. Then, we assessed the planned pregnancy rate with associated medico-social-economic state, through the prospective study. RESULTS: The planned pregnancy rate is 51.4%. The major factor which affected the planned pregnancy rate is the income of the family. The association with the planned pregnancy rate and the parity, age, and educational attainment of the women are not statistically significant. In unplanned group, exposure to alcohol, X-ray and medication is significantly increased in early pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The planned pregnancy can prevent induced abortion and reduce the birth defects due to early exposure to teratogen. Therefore it is important to make an effort to raise the planned pregnancy rate.