Histogenesis of human fetal liver from 12 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation

Background: Fetal human liver developmental morphology is very important for diagnosis of congenital anomalies. The development of human liver is an ongoing process which begins after fertilization and continues into post-natal life. Liver is one of the organs of gastrointestinal tract having both exocrine and endocrine functions and capable of regeneration. Not only adult liver, the fetal liver is also an important organ with Haemopoietic functions. Pediatric liver transplants accounting for 10-15% of all liver transplants worldwide occur due to congenital defects.Methods: The study is conducted on 50 livers procured from 50 aborted fetuses (34 males and 16 females) ranging from 12 to 36 weeks of gestation .After confirming their age through CRL they were grouped. Then processed to form sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and seen under light microscope.Results: Histogenesis and development of human liver in prenatal period was observed under the microscope at various gestational age groups which was confirmed with lobular pattern, portal triad structures ,central vein and sinusoids showing fetal haemopoietic function which regress towards the term.Conclusions: The present study gave emphasis on all physical parameters and a detail histogenesis and development of human liver in prenatal period from 12 to 36 weeks of gestation. This work agreed with previous studies.

The liver micromorphology of the african palm squirrel epixerus ebii / Micromorfología del hígado de la ardilla de palma africana epixerus ebii

The normal liver histology of the African palm squirrel Epixerus ebii was investigated to fill the information gap on its micromorphology from available literature. The liver was covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue- the perivascular fibrous capsule. Beneath this capsule is the liver parenchyma were the hepatocyte were supported by reticular fibres. The hepatocytes in the lobules were hexagonal to polygonal in shape. Some hepatocytes were bi-nucleated. Clear spaces in the parenchyma must be storage sites for lipids in the liver. The classic hepatic lobules presented central vein surrounded by several liver cells. At the portal triad, hepatic vein, hepatic arteries and bile ducts were seen. While the hepatic arteries and veins were lined by endothelium, the bile ducts were lined by simple cuboidal cells. Nerve fibres were also seen in the region of the portal triad. Hepatic sinusoids lined by endothelium were seen in the liver parenchyma between liver lobules. The sinusoids contained macrophages. This report will aid wild life biologists in further investigative research and Veterinarians in diagnosing the hepatic diseases of the African palm squirrel.

Describimos la histología hepática normal de la ardilla de palma africana Epixerus ebii para llenar el vacío sobre su micromorfología en la literatura disponible. El hígado está cubierto por una cápsula de tejido conectivo denso, la cápsula fibrosa perivascular. Debajo de esta cápsula se encuentra el parénquima hepático en el cual fibras reticulares apoyan los hepatocitos. Los hepatocitos en los lóbulos son hexagonales de forma poligonal. Observamos algunos hepatocitos bi-nucleados. Evidentes espacios en el parénquima deben ser emplazamientos de almacenamiento de los lípidos en el hígado. Los lóbulos hepáticos clásicos presentan una vena central rodeada de varias células hepáticas. En la tríada portal, se observó la vena hepática, las arterias hepáticas y los conductos biliares, mientras que las arterias y venas hepáticas estaban revestidas por endotelio, los conductos biliares estaban alineados por células cuboides simples. También se observaron fibras nerviosas en la región de la tríada portal. Sinusoides hepáticos revestidos por endotelio fueron observados entre los lobulillos hepáticos en el parénquima hepático. Los sinusoides contenían macrófagos. El presente estudio ayudará a los biólogos de la fauna silvestre en una investigación más precisa, y a los médicos veterinarios en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades hepáticas en la ardilla de palma africana.

Comparative Histology of Human and Cow, Goat and Sheep Liver

Comparative histology deals with the comparison of microscopic structural relations of the various animals with in the ecosystem. Here, we compare the microscopic structure of the human liver with domestic animals like cow, sheep and goat. Human and cow, goat and sheep’s liver were taken and divided in to 3 groups. We kept liver specimen in formalin for fixation. Thin cut sections of specimen were taken after paraffin embedding. Slides were stained by Haematoxylene and Eosin, later observed the histological features under light microscope. The study was undertaken to compare the histological differences like hepatic lobule, connective tissue septa, portal triad, hepatocytes of liver between human and cow, goat and sheep. It plays a useful tool for morphological studies based on the evolution. Hepatic lobule was hexagonal in shape in cow, goat and sheep, but it was not clearly seen in human liver. Hepatocytes were larger in human beings but smaller and polygonal in cow, goat and sheep. Connective tissue septa were scanty in human liver, in comparison to other animals. Central vein was closer to the hepatic lobule in human and goat’s liver, while in case of cow and sheep, it was found to be close to the portal triad. This comparative histological study may be useful to all the research scholars who undertaken similar studies, veterinary scientists and the field of liver transplantation.

The Impact of Concomitant Splenectomy on the Portal Pressure in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

PURPOSE: Concomitant splenectomy in cirrhotic patients is known to ameliorate the tendency to bleed and it decreases the portal venous pressure (PVP). However, the direct measurement of the change in the PVP after concomitant splenectomy has not yet been reported. We tried to measure the change of the PVP before and after splenectomy. METHODS: From March 2000 to May 2006, 18 patients underwent anatomical liver resection with concomitant splenectomy. All the patients had liver cirrhosis, thrombocytopenia and/or esophageal varix. Through the 5 French feeding tube, which was inserted into the right gastroepiploic vein after laparotomy, we directly measured the PVP before and after splenectomy, and also under portal triad clamping (PTC). RESULTS: After splenectomy, the PVP decreased significantly from 261.11+/-45.87 mmH2O to 221.11+/-38.48 mmH2O (p<0.05). Under PTC, the PVP decreased significantly from 605.00+/-116.48 mmH2O to 513.89+/-70.56 mmH2O (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Concomitant splenectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis resulted in a significant reduction of the PVP.

Hemodynamic Effects of Hepatic Cooling and Portal Decompression during Hepatic Resection with Portal Triad Clamping / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Portal triad clamping (PTC) during hepatic resection (Pringle maneuver, PM) can afford reduced intraoperative bleeding and bloodless surgical field. But inflow obstruction of blood to liver during PM can bring hemodynamic changes to the patient. This study was designed to evaluate the hemodynamic changes before, during and after PM application during hepatic resection. We also compared the hemodynamic effects of hepatic cooling before PM with/without portal decompression during PM. METHODS: The patients were divided into three groups; PM (P group, n=9), PM after hepatic cooling with 400 ml of 4oC lactated Ringer's solution (LR) (C+P group, n=13), PM after hepatic cooling and portal decompression with portocaval shunt (C+P+S group, n=7). Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), cardiac index (CI) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured before, during and after PM. RESULTS: Portal pressure of C+P+S group (208.3+/-36.6 mmH2O) was lower than P (487.3+/-92.9 mmH2O) and C P (553.6+/-77.0 mmH2O) group during PM. CIs of P and C P group were decreased (15, 13% respectively) during PM. After reperfusion, CIs and SVRIs of P, C+P and C+P+S group were all increased (CI; 33, 26, 50%, SVRI; 30, 40, 50%, respectively) than end of PM. CONCLUSION: PM itself doesn't make abrupt hemodynamic change. Hepatic cooling with 4oC LR (400 ml) before PM increases MAP because of increased SVRI. Reperfusion after PM for 50 minutes, hemodynamic depression could occur by decreased SVRI, especially in case of decompressed portal pressure with portocaval shunt during PM.

Hemodynamic Effects of Hepatic Cooling and Portal Decompression during Hepatic Resection with Portal Triad Clamping / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Portal triad clamping (PTC) during hepatic resection (Pringle maneuver, PM) can afford reduced intraoperative bleeding and bloodless surgical field. But inflow obstruction of blood to liver during PM can bring hemodynamic changes to the patient. This study was designed to evaluate the hemodynamic changes before, during and after PM application during hepatic resection. We also compared the hemodynamic effects of hepatic cooling before PM with/without portal decompression during PM. METHODS: The patients were divided into three groups; PM (P group, n=9), PM after hepatic cooling with 400 ml of 4oC lactated Ringer's solution (LR) (C+P group, n=13), PM after hepatic cooling and portal decompression with portocaval shunt (C+P+S group, n=7). Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), cardiac index (CI) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured before, during and after PM. RESULTS: Portal pressure of C+P+S group (208.3+/-36.6 mmH2O) was lower than P (487.3+/-92.9 mmH2O) and C P (553.6+/-77.0 mmH2O) group during PM. CIs of P and C P group were decreased (15, 13% respectively) during PM. After reperfusion, CIs and SVRIs of P, C+P and C+P+S group were all increased (CI; 33, 26, 50%, SVRI; 30, 40, 50%, respectively) than end of PM. CONCLUSION: PM itself doesn't make abrupt hemodynamic change. Hepatic cooling with 4oC LR (400 ml) before PM increases MAP because of increased SVRI. Reperfusion after PM for 50 minutes, hemodynamic depression could occur by decreased SVRI, especially in case of decompressed portal pressure with portocaval shunt during PM.