Salud mental perinatal en pandemia por covid-19: un estudio con puérperas en dos provincias Argentinas / Perinatal Mental Health in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study with Postpartum Women in Two Argentine Provinces

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La salud mental perinatal está relacionada con los procesos fisiológicos, psicológicos y socioculturales implicados en la concepción, embarazo, parto, puerperio y vínculo temprano, e incluye a la díada madre-bebé. El objetivo de este trabajo fue indagar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud mental perinatal, específicamente con relación a la depresión posparto (DPP) y las diversas preocupaciones que manifestaron las mujeres en este contexto. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal a través de una encuesta cara a cara con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística en tres hospitales (dos de la provincia de Entre Ríos y uno de la provincia de Buenos Aires). RESULTADOS: El 68% de las mujeres mostraron indicadores de DPP evaluada con la Escala de Edimburgo, es decir, manifestaron haberse sentido infelices y con dificultades para dormir, con miedo, tristeza, preocupación y pensamientos negativos, en la última semana. Existen relaciones significativas entre la depresión puerperal, el hospital, la cantidad de personas con las que conviven las puérperas y el estado de salud. DISCUSIÓN: Esta investigación permitió generar información útil para mejorar prácticas, intervenciones y políticas que redunden en garantía de derechos en salud mental perinatal.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Perinatal mental health is related to the physiological, psychological and sociocultural processes involved in conception, pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium and early bonding, and includes the mother-baby dyad. The objective of this work was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health, specifically in relation to postpartum depression (PPD) and the various concerns expressed by women in this context. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted through a face-to-face survey with open and closed questions. It used a non-probabilistic sample in three hospitals (two from the province of Entre Ríos and one from the province of Buenos Aires). RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of the women showed indicators of PPD according to the Edinburgh Scale, that is, they stated that they felt unhappy and had difficulty sleeping, with fear, sadness, worry and negative thoughts, in the last week. There are significant relationships between PPD, the hospital, the number of people with whom postpartum women live, and health status. DISCUSSION: This research generated useful information to improve practices, interventions and policies guaranteeing rights in perinatal mental health.

Anemia en puérperas andinas peruanas según el tipo de parto: estudio comparativo / Anemia in Peruvian Andean puerperal women according to type of delivery: a comparative study

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir y comparar las características obstétricas de pacientes puérperas, con anemia, con finalización del embarazo por parto o cesárea. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo y comparativo de pacientes con anemia en el puerperio de parto y de cesárea atendidas en el Hospital de Lircay de Huancavelica en el año 2020. Se aplicó la técnica del análisis documental y el instrumento fue una ficha de recolección de datos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 162 partos y 46 cesáreas. En las características patológicas se encontró una diferencia significativa: anemia en el embarazo (112 de 162; 69.1% posparto y 23 de 46 [50% de poscesárea]), trastornos hipertensivos (4 de 162; 2.5% postparto y 8 de 46 [7.4% de poscesárea]), hemorragias de la segunda mitad del embarazo (2 de 162 [1.2% de postparto] y 4 de 46 [8.7% poscesárea]). En cuanto al grado de anemia se encontró diferencia significativa en ambos grupos en relación con el grado moderado (89 de 162 [54.9%] postparto y 33 de 46 [71.7%] en poscesárea). CONCLUSIONES: En la frecuencia de anemia puerperal se encontró una diferencia conforme al tipo de finalización del embarazo. La edad, grado de escolaridad, anemia gestacional, trastorno hipertensivo, hemorragia de la segunda mitad de embarazo y la placenta previa se identificaron como factores con diferencias significativas en la anemia, según el tipo de finalización del embarazo.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the obstetric characteristics of postpartum patients with anemia, with termination of pregnancy by delivery or cesarean section. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational, descriptive and comparative study of patients with anemia in the postpartum period after childbirth and cesarean section attended at the Lircay Hospital in Huancavelica in 2020. The documentary analysis technique was applied and the instrument was a data collection form. RESULTS: A total of 162 deliveries and 46 cesarean sections were analyzed. In the pathological characteristics a significant difference was found: anemia in pregnancy (112 of 162; 69.1% postpartum and 23 of 46 [50% post cesarean]), hypertensive disorders (4 of 162; 2.5% postpartum and 8 of 46 [7.4% post cesarean]), hemorrhages in the second half of pregnancy (2 of 162 [1.2% postpartum] and 4 of 46 [8.7% post cesarean]). Regarding the degree of anemia, a significant difference was found in both groups in relation to moderate degree (89 of 162 [54.9%] postpartum and 33 of 46 [71.7%] postcesarean section). CONCLUSIONS: In the frequency of puerperal anemia, a difference was found according to the type of termination of pregnancy. Age, level of education, gestational anemia, hypertensive disorder, hemorrhage in the second half of pregnancy and placenta previa were identified as factors with significant differences in anemia, according to the type of termination of pregnancy.

Estudios de imagen cerebral en el diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades hipertensivas del embarazo y convulsiones. Reporte de dos casos / Brain imaging studies in the differential diagnosis of patients with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and seizures. Report of two cases

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las crisis convulsivas durante el embarazo son la complicación neurológica más frecuente. Casi todas ocurren en pacientes con epilepsia; cuando aparece la primera durante el embarazo debe establecerse su causa. PRIMER CASO: Paciente de 28 años, con antecedente de hipertensión arterial. Cursaba el puerperio posquirúrgico tardío con preeclampsia sobreagregada cuando tuvo tres crisis convulsivas. Acudió a urgencias y la trataron con sulfato de magnesio: evolucionó a estatus epiléptico. Los estudios de neuroimagen reportaron trombosis de la vena cortical frontal izquierda. Se aplicaron medidas de neuroprotección con adecuada evolución clínica y fue dada de alta del hospital sin déficit motor, sensitivo y cognoscitivo. SEGUNDO CASO: Paciente de 22 años, con antecedente de citopatía mitocondrial del fenotipo oftalmoplejía externa progresiva crónica. Cursaba su primer embarazo sin control prenatal. A la semana 28 sufrió cefalea y una crisis convulsiva. Acudió a urgencias debido a la hipertensión arterial; le prescribieron un antihipertensivo y sulfato de magnesio. Los estudios de neuroimagen reportaron: síndrome de encefalopatía reversible posterior, secundario a eclampsia. Se interrumpió el embarazo y la paciente evolucionó favorablemente. CONCLUSIÓN: Las convulsiones en el embarazo y puerperio en mujeres con enfermedades hipertensivas pueden tener un comportamiento benigno o ser potencialmente mortales. Se propone un algoritmo diagnóstico para tratar a estas pacientes, resalta la sospecha clínica de otras causas de convulsiones como la principal indicación de estudios de imagen.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Seizures during pregnancy are the most frequent neurological complication. Most occur in patients with epilepsy. When the first crisis appears during pregnancy, the cause must be determined. FIRST CASE: A 28-year-old patient with a history of high blood pressure. She was in the late puerperium with over-added preeclampsia when she presented three seizures. She went to the emergency room and started magnesium sulfate, evolving to epileptic status. Neuroimaging studies were performed and reported thrombosis of the left frontal cortical vein. Neuroprotection measures were applied with adequate clinical evolution. She was discharge without motor, sensory and cognitive deficits. SECOND CASE: A 22-year-old patient with a history of a chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia mitochondrial cytopathy. She was in her first pregnancy without prenatal control. At the 28 week she began with headache and had a seizure. She went to the emergency department with high blood pressure, so she was given antihypertensive therapy and magnesium sulfate. Neuroimaging studies reported a posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to eclampsia. The pregnancy was interrupted, and she evolved favorably. CONCLUSION: Seizures in pregnancy and puerperium in women with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy may have benign behavior or may be life-threatening. We propose a diagnostic algorithm for the approach of these patients, highlighting the clinical suspicion of other causes of seizures as the main indication of imaging studies.

Meningitis sifilítica aguda / Acute syphilitic meningitis

Se trata de un paciente de 28 años de sexo femenino, que presentó un cuadro clínico rápidamente progresivo de cambios en el comportamiento y deterioro del estado de conciencia. Ingresó con puntaje de Glasgow de 8/15 y requirió intubación traqueal. Tenía respuesta plantar extensora bilateral, pupila izquierda midriática de 5 mm, sin respuesta a la luz, ptosis palpebral del mismo lado y nistagmo con componente rápido hacia la izquierda. El contenido de proteínas del líquido cefalorraquídeo fue de 0,86 g/l con pleocitosis moderada de predominio linfocitario. Tres semanas antes del ingreso, presentó parto vaginal eutócico; no tuvo control prenatal durante el embarazo. En el recién nacido se demostró serología reactiva para sífilis y FTA-ABS positivo. La paciente también fue hallada reactiva para serología de sífilis en el líquido cefalorraquídeo, con diagnóstico de meningitis sifilítica aguda. La prueba ELISA para VIH fue negativa.

A 28 year-old woman presented with a rapidly progressive clinical picture of behavioral changes and altered level of consciousness. She was admitted with Glasgow Coma Score 8/15, 5 mm dilated non-reactive left pupil, right ptosis and nystagmus with left lateral gaze. Protein content at cerebrospinal fluid was 0,86 g/L with pleocytosis. Three weeks earlier, the patient underwent vaginal delivery of a pregnancy without prenatal care, and the newborn was found to be reactive to syphilis serology and positive on FTA-ABS test. The patient was found positive as well for syphilis on serologic tests for syphilis, corresponding yhe picture to neurosyphilis.HIV testing was negative in the patient.

Las adolescentes no pierden densidad mineral ósea en el posparto: estudio comparativo con adultas / Adolescents do not lose bone mineral density postpartum: comparative study with adult women

OBJETIVO: Analizar el patrón de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO), calcio y estradiol séricos, consumo de calcio, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y lactancia en adolescentes y adultas a 15, 90 y 365 días posparto (dpp). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cohorte prospectivo en 33 adolescentes y 39 adultas con evaluación antropométrica, dietética y ósea en L2-L4 y cuello de fémur; bioquímica con estradiol y calcio séricos. RESULTADOS: Las adolescentes aumentaron de los 15 a los 365 dpp 16 por ciento su DMO de L2-L4, las adultas 3 por ciento. La edad se asoció a este cambio (β=13.779, EE=3.5, p=0.001); la lactancia no se asoció (β=-0.705, EE=0.647, p=0.283). Las adultas presentaron mayor DMO de L2-L4 a 15, 90 y 365 dpp respectivamente (1.151vs 0.978g/cm², 1.195vs1.070g/cm², 1.195vs1.123g/cm², p<0.003). CONCLUSIONES: Las adolescentes incrementaron su DMO tres veces más que las adultas. El cambio en la DMO fue dependiente de la edad e independiente de la práctica de lactancia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pattern of bone mineral density (BMD), serum concentrations of estradiol and calcium levels, dietary calcium, body mass index (BMI), and lactation in adolescents and adult women at 15, 90, and 365 postpartum days (ppd). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted of 33 adolescents and 39 adult women. Anthropometric and dietetic evaluations were performed, as well as evaluations of bone mineral density in L2-L4 and femur neck. Estradiol concentrations and calcium serum levels were determined. RESULTS: L2-L4 BMD increased by 16 percent in adolescents, and 3 percent in adult women from day 15 to 365 ppd. While age was associated with this change (β=13.779, EE=3.5, p=0.001), lactation was not (β=-0.705, EE=0.647, p=0.283). The adult women had a higher L2-L4 BMD at 15, 90, and 635 ppd (1.151 vs 0.978g/cm², 1.195 vs 1.070g/cm², 1.195 vs 1.123g/cm², respectively) (p<0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents' BMD increased three times more than that of adult women. For all women, BMD was dependent of age and independent of lactation.

Determinantes nutricionais e sóciodemográficos da variação de peso no pós-parto: uma revisão da literatura: [revisão] / Nutritional and socio-demographic determinants of post-partum weight change: a literature review: [revision]

This study is a review of nutritional and sociodemographic factors determining post-partum weight variation. A bibliographical search was carried out on the electronic databases Scientific Eletronic Library On-line (SciELO), Latin-American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) for titles published in the past decade (1997-2008). Thirteen articles, one technical note and two books considered relevant to the subject and published prior to 1997 are also cited in the review. The review prioritized studies involving randomized clinical trials and follow-up carried out among pregnant and post-partum women. The results show that the following are the main factors associated with post-partum weight variation: gestational weight gain above the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine, Pregestational Body Mass > 25 kg/m2, diet, duration and intensity of breast-feeding and socio-demographic factors, such as being black, having given birth only once, the age of the mother, low income and low schooling. Regular physical activity is recommended as a strategy for avoiding excessive weight gain and improving weight loss during post partum. In Brazil, there is no national strategy for preventing excessive weight gain and ensuring adequate weight loss during this period. During post-partum, most health service actions are restricted to ensuring that mothers breastfeed.

Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sobre os fatores nutricionais e sócio-demográficos da variação de peso no pós-parto. Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados eletrônicas Scientific Eletronic Library On-line (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) referente a literatura publicada na última década (1997-2008). Treze artigos, um informe técnico e dois livros considerados relevantes sobre o assunto e publicados anteriormente ao ano 1997 foram citados na revisão. A revisão priorizou estudos de ensaios clínicos randomizados e de seguimento realizados com gestantes e mulheres no pós-parto. Os resultados obtidos mostram como principais fatores associados com a variação de peso no pós-parto o ganho de peso gestacional acima das recomendações do Institute of Medicine, Índice de Massa Corporal Pré-Gestacional > 25 kg/m2, dieta, tempo e intensidade do aleitamento materno e os fatores sócio-demográficos: raça negra, primiparidade, idade materna, baixa renda e baixa escolaridade. A prática regular de atividade física é recomendada como uma estratégia para evitar o ganho de peso excessivo e melhorar a perda de peso durante o pós-parto. No Brasil não existe uma estratégia nacional para prevenir o ganho de peso excessivo e garantir a adequada perda de peso nesse período. Durante o pós-parto, a maioria das ações de saúde visa basicamente garantir o aleitamento materno.

Níveis de retinol e carotenóides séricos e intercorrências gestacionais em puérperas / Vitamin A serum and gestational intercurrences in postpartum women

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre intercorrências gestacionais e níveis de retinol e carotenóides em puérperas atendidas em maternidade pública do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 262 puérperas atendidas na Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. O estado nutricional antropométrico foi avaliado pelo do índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional e pelo ganho ponderal gestacional, e foram coletadas informações sobre intercorrências gestacionais nos registros médicos dos prontuários. Foram adotados os pontos de corte 1,05µmol/L e 80µg/dL para definir inadequação dos níveis de retinol e carotenóides séricos, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e dois vírgula sete por cento da amostra foi acometida por intercorrências gestacionais, destacando-se anemia (29,0 por cento), inadequação dos níveis de retinol (24,4 por cento), e síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez (5,7 por cento). Observou-se maior proporção de obesidade pré-gestacional entre mulheres com síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez, em comparação com as não portadoras de tal intercorrência. Verificou-se menor nível médio de carotenóides séricos entre as que desenvolveram síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez e 91,7 por cento destas apresentaram inadequação destes nutrientes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados revelam acometimento importante de mulheres por intercorrências gestacionais e por deficiências nutricionais. Além disso, apontam a obesidade pré-gestacional como um possível fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez e sugerem uma associação entre baixos níveis de carotenóides e tal intercorrência.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate an association between pregnancy complications and serum retinol and carotenoid levels in puerpere seen at a public maternity of Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: The sample consisted of 262 puerpere seen at the Maternity School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Nutritional status was assessed by determining the body mass index before pregnancy and by the weight gained during pregnancy. Information on pregnancy complications was collected from the medical records. Low levels of serum retinol and carotenoids were defined as those below the cut-off points of 1.05mmol/L and 80mg/dL respectively. RESULTS: Almost half the sample (42.7 percent) had pregnancy complications which included anemia (29.0 percent), low retinol levels (24.4 percent) and gestational hypertension (5.7 percent). Women with gestational hypertension were more likely to be obese before pregnancy when compared with those without gestational hypertension. The mean serum levels of carotenoids were also found to be lower among women who developed gestational hypertension and 91.7 percent of these women had inadequate levels of these nutrients. CONCLUSION: The results show that many women suffer pregnancy complications and have nutritional deficiencies. Furthermore, they indicate that pregestational obesity may be a risk factor for the development of gestational hypertension and suggest an association between low serum carotenoid levels and gestational hypertension.