DISSOCIATIVE TRANCE AND POSSESSION DISORDER IN A MULTIPAROUS FEMALE WITH BAD OBSTETRIC HISTORY – A CASE REPORT

Dissociative trance and possession disorder is common in clinical settings and is dif?cult to differentiate from psychotic disorder by clinicians. It has also been associated with non-suicidal self-injurious behaviours. A case of 24-year-old married female who is 4 months ANC was diagnosed with a case of trance and possession disorder with a bad obstetric history. She received treatment on OPD basis.

Freud e os desdobramentos da questão histérica na história de Christoph Haizmann / Freud and the developments of the hysterical issue in Christoph Haizmann's case / Freud et les développements de la question hystérique dans le cas de Christoph Haizmann / Freud y el desarrollo de la cuestión de la histeria en la historia de Christoph Haizmann

O trabalho visa, inicialmente, delinear algumas referências históricas sobre o tema da histeria, especialmente em sua perspectiva demológica e as "teorias" que articulam a ideia do demônio às "doenças da alma". A seguir resgata-se o artigo freudiano "Uma neurose demoníaca do século XVII", de 1923, quando Freud, a partir de seu interesse pela feitiçaria, possessões e fenômenos afins, dedica-se ao estudo do caso do pintor Christoph Haizmann que, acossado por convulsões e alucinações assustadoras, faz um pacto com o diabo. No referido trabalho, Freud estabelece as relações entre a figura do demônio e a figura paterna destacando uma questão fundamental para o estudo da histeria que servirá para as posteriores elaborações de Lacan sobre o tema.

Initially, this paper aims to outline some historical references about hysteria, especially from its demonological perspective and regarding the "theories" which associate the idea of 'demon' to 'illnesses of the soul'. We take into account Freud's paper 'A seventeenth-century demonological neurosis' (1923), written in a time when Freud examined witchcraft, possessions and other phenomena and analyzed Christoph Haizmann's case who, harassed by convulsions and frightening hallucinations, makes a deal with the devil. In that paper, Freud associates the figure of the demon to the figure of the father, outlining a fundamental question for the studies on hysteria, which will serve for Lacan's developments about that subject.

Cet article vise initialement à délimiter certaines références historiques concernant le thème de l'hystérie, notamment en ce qui concerne sa perspective démonologique et les 'théories' qui lient l'idée du démon aux 'maladies de l'âme'. Ensuite on reprend l'article de Freud « Une névrose démoniaque au XVIIe siècle ¼ rédigé en 1923, lorsque Freud, étant donné son intérêt pour la sorcellerie, les possessions et les phénomènes apparentés, se consacre à l'étude du cas du peintre Christoph Haizmann qui, souffrant de convulsions et d'hallucinations effrayantes, fait un pacte avec le diable. Dans cet article, Freud établit les rapports entre la figure du démon et la figure paternelle en soulignant un enjeu fondamental pour l'étude de l'hystérie qui servira aux élaborations postérieures de Lacan sur ce thème.

Inicialmente, el trabajo tiene como objetivo delinear algunas referencias históricas sobre el tema de la histeria, especialmente en su perspectiva demonológica y las "teorías" que articulan la idea del demonio a las "enfermedades del alma". A continuación, se rescata el artículo freudiano "Una neurosis demoníaca del siglo XVII", de 1923, cuando Freud, a partir de su interés por la hechicería, posesiones y fenómenos similares, se dedica a estudiar el caso del pintor Christoph Haizmann que, atormentado por convulsiones y alucinaciones atemorizadoras, hace un pacto con el diablo. En el referido trabajo, Freud establece las relaciones entre la figura del demonio y la figura paterna destacando una cuestión fundamental para el estudio de la histeria, cuestión que servirá para las posteriores elaboraciones de Lacan sobre el tema.

Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt zunächst einige historische Aspekte zum Thema der Hysterie, insbesondere die dämonologische Dimension und die "Theorien", welche die Idee des Teufels mit den "Seelenkrankheiten" verknüpfen. Freuds Artikel „Eine Teufelsneurose im siebzehnten Jahrhundert" (1923), verfasst in einer Zeit als Freud sich für Hexerei, Besessenheit und verwandte Phänomene interessierte, untersucht den Fall des Malers Christoph Haizmann. Da dieser an Krämpfen und furchterregenden Halluzinationen litt, schloss er einen Pakt mit dem Teufel. In seinem Artikel erörtert Freud die Beziehungen zwischen der Figur des Teufels und der väterlichen Figur, wobei er eine grundlegende Frage für das Studium der Hysterie hervorhebt, die den späteren Ausführungen von Lacan zu diesem Thema dienen wird.

Intra and Inter-psyche Conflicts and Analysis of Symptoms of Jinn Possession

@#Introduction: A jinn possession model from the Islamic epistemology is discussed and its role in causing inter-psyche and intra-psyche conflicts. An analysis of the symptoms of jinn possession can also help differentiate jinn possession from mental disorders. Methods: An analysis of 34 symptoms of jinn possession, derived from symptoms used by globally established ruqyah experts, was conducted using quantitative approach. Out of the 1088 participants, 530 were diagnosed as having jinn possession. Their symptoms were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Principal Component extraction method and Varimax rotation. Results: Some cases of mental health disorders can also be diagnosed as jinn possession according to ruqyah practitioners. The EFA analysis of the symptoms extracted 6 factors associated with jinn possession i.e. “abnormal thoughts”, “faith delusion”, “scary dreams”, “sleep disturbances”, “low mood” and “hallucinations”. Conclusion: Some mental disorders may also be cases of jinn possession. Jinn possession refers to any disorder with an underlying jinn possession factor. “Faith delusion” can be used to distinguish jinn possession from mental disorders. The findings can act as a foundation for the development of a model for jinn possession that will lead to the development of an instrument for the diagnosis of jinn possession

La posesión: entre la mente y el alma / Possession: between the mind and the soul

El siguiente artículo se presenta como resultado del estudio de la posesión demoníaca, primero adentrándose en los aspectos histórico-culturales registrados desde distintas concepciones humanas; en segunda instancia se hará un estudio en torno a la fenomenología del poseso, sus posibles orígenes y consecuencias por medio de los criterios diagnósticos que más se frecuentan en los casos registrados, lo cual se contrastará con modelos biológicos y psicopatológicos que se dirigen a explicar la naturaleza de fenómeno; en tercer lugar, se hará una aproximación a como la posesión es percibida en la actualidad, y cuáles son las posibles soluciones que se ofrecen como tratamiento desde diferentes disciplinas. Finalmente, el artículo ofrece unas minuciosas conclusiones que se dirigen a ofrecer un espacio de reflexión sobre la posesión demoníaca, incentivando a los lectores a comprender el fenómeno desde una mirada científica que exija valorar distintos enfoques de conocimiento.

The following article is presented as a result of the study of demonic possession, first into the historical and cultural aspects reported from various human conceptions, in the second instance a study on the phenomenology of the possessed, their possible origins and consequences through the diagnostic criteria that are more frequent in the cases reported, will be which contrast with biological and psychopathological models heading to explain the nature of the phenomenon; Thirdly, an approach will be to as possession is perceived today, and what are the possible solutions offered as treatment from different disciplines. Finally, the article provides detailed conclusions aiming to offer a space for reflection on the demonic possession, encouraging readers to understand the phenomenon from a scientific point of view requiring different approaches of knowledge value.

Comparative Evaluation of Cost – Effectiveness and Medication Adherence Between Olanzapine and Iloperidone in Patients of Psychosis

Background: To assess the cost – effectiveness between Iloperidone and Olanzapine in relation to different measures of effectiveness and to evaluate significance of medication adherence and costs and outcomes. Methods: A prospective, randomized, comparative, flexible dose clinical study of 1 year duration was conducted in 100 first episode (drug naïve) cases of psychosis attending to psychiatric outdoor patient department of Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly. 50 patients each in olanzapine (OLZ) and Iloperidone (ILO) group comprised the sample size. Patients were regularly evaluated by senior psychiatrist for dose titration. OLZ 10-20mg/day and ILO 6-12mg/day were used. Least expensive brands available in our hospital pharmacy were used. Cost – effectiveness and medication adherence were measured as per the formula. Results: It was observed that ILO (8mg/day) controlled 65-75% cases and 12mg/day dose controlled > 90% cases of psychosis. Whereas OLZ showed this level of control respectively with 10 – 15mg/day (average 12.5mg/day) and 15-20mg/day (average 17.5mg/d). Since olanzapine in 15-20mg/day dose cause more metabolic adverse events particularly obesity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia which need further management hence overall olanzapine is not cost-effective. 42(87.5%) cases had medication possession ratio (MPR) >90% in ILO group compared to 18 (37.5%) cases in OLZ group. Increased medication adherence led to better control and outcomes. Patients with <90% MPR had developed more adverse events and were mostly living in rural areas. Conclusions: Iloperidone is comparatively more cost-effective than olanzapine to control > 90% of patients on long term use.

Knowledge and attitude towards epilepsy among students of economics in Herat, Afghanistan

Objective: We conducted a study on knowledge and attitude towards epilepsy in Afghanistan, where there is no previous report, where Islam coexist with shamanistic concepts derived from earlier beliefs and practices. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire consisting of 19 questions and 72 items, based on questions used in previous studies was distributed to students of economics at Herat University. Results: Of 515 returned questionnaires, 243 were analysed after exclusion of the insufficiently completed questionnaires. Fewer respondents in our survey than in others reported to ever heard or read of epilepsy. Spirit possession as a cause for epilepsy was held by less than 10% of our respondents. Students who marked at least one item that indicated that they viewed Islamic beliefs positively (i.e. Curse from God as a cause of epilepsy, would pray when witnessing a seizure, would recommend to see an imam to a relative with epilepsy) were reluctant to share their room with a person with epilepsy (54.3% vs. 35.4%; p < 0.001) or marry a person with epilepsy (61.2% vs. 37.0%; p < 0.001). They were more pessimistic concerning the effectiveness of treatment of epilepsy. Nevertheless they would more often recommend a relative with epilepsy to see a doctor (63.8% vs 38.6%; p < 0.001). Medical doctors, imams and traditional healers were recommended for the treatment of seizures and epilepsy by the same students, indicative of syncretic concepts and mixed attitude to epilepsy. Conclusion: This study shows that Afghan economic students have mixed modern scientific as well as shamanistic and Islamic concepts of epilepsy.

Possession, Attitudes and Perceptions of Insecticide-treated Bed Nets among Pregnant Women in a Post Conflict District in Northern Uganda.

Background: The use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) is one of the main strategies to control malaria in Uganda. The Uganda’s Ministry of Health had set a target of 50% of households to be covered with ITNs by the year 2007. This study aims at determining ITN possession, attitudes and perceptions among pregnant women who were living in internally displaced persons’ (IDP) Camps where buildings offered little or no protection against mosquitoes in Gulu district. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 20 randomly selected IDP camps in Aswa and Omoro counties, Gulu district, Northern Uganda. Probability proportion to size cluster sampling technique was used to determine the numbers of expectant mothers in the selected camps. Consecutive sampling method was used by moving to the next nearest household until the required numbers of respondents were generated from each camp. Data was collected using well designed pretested questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered by trained research assistants who were fluent in the local language (Acholi). Results: ITN possession: 42% of respondents (95% CI 0.39 – 0.46) possessed ITN. 98% of the respondents reported that it was good to use ITN. 97% of the respondents perceive ITN as being effective at preventing mosquitoes bites which transmit malaria. 96% of the respondents who owned ITN were willing to continue using ITNs. Factors associated with ITN possession were; Having attended antenatal services (aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.24 – 2.98, P-value 0.004); Having attained formal education (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.03 - 2.35, P-value 0.036); Willingness to buy ITN (aOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.22–3.21, P-value 0.006) and Willingness to recommend ITN use to others (aOR 3.77, 95% CI 1.12 – 12.77, P-value 0.033). Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had positive attitudes and perceptions towards ITN use. However, more than half of the respondents lacked ITN which was below the target set by Uganda Ministry of Health. Therefore government and other stakeholders should scale up free ITN distributions among the vulnerable groups if the Ministry of Health and the Roll Back Malaria Global Partnership Target is to be achieved.

O método psicanalítico aplicado à pesquisa social: a estrutura moebiana da alteridade na possessão / The psychoanalytical method applied to social research: the moebian structure of alterity in possession / El método psicoanalítico aplicado a la investigación social: la estructura moebiana de la alteridad en la posesión

Tendo por finalidade explorar possibilidades de aplicação do método psicanalítico além da prática clínica, este trabalho propõe uma interpretação topológica lacaniana do fenômeno da possessão na umbanda. Visa-se apreender o sujeito para além do psiquismo individual, de forma que o espaço subjetivo compreenda - continuamente - a transição de identidades ocorrida no corpo do médium. Isso se sustenta pela concepção de que o sistema interpretativo (que organiza a relação entre o mundo dos espíritos e o mundo dos vivos) e o sujeito coexistem em uma mesma estrutura. Para tanto, parte-se do conceito de significante, por ele ser capaz de criar uma rede de sentidos em função do efeito de um dizer inconsciente. Mediante um estudo de caso, mostra-se como, na possessão, o sujeito - concomitantemente suposto agente e efeito da combinatória significante - apresenta-se tanto como médium quanto como espíritos possuidores, os quais constituem o avesso e o direito de uma estrutura unilateral.

Aiming to explore application possibilities of the psychoanalytical method farther than the clinical practice, this work proposes a Lacanian topological interpretation of the possession phenomenon in Umbanda. The subject is sought beyond the individual psychism in a way that the subjective space continually comprehends the identities transition occurred in the medium's body. This idea is sustained by the conception that the interpretative system (that organizes the relationship between the world of the spirits and the world of the livings) and the subject coexist in the same structure. Therefore, it starts from the concept of significant, as it is capable of creating a net of meanings according to the effect of an unconscious saying. Through a case study, it is shown how the subject, concomitantly supposed agent and effect of the significant combinatory, is presented in the possession as medium and as possessor spirits, which constitute the front side and the verso side of a unilateral structure.

Teniendo por finalidad emplear posibilidades de aplicación del método psicoanalítico además de la práctica clínica, este trabajo propone una interpretación topológica lacaniana del fenómeno de la posesión en la umbanda. Se busca aprehender el sujeto más allá del psiquismo individual, de modo que el espacio subjetivo comprenda - continuamente - la transición de identidades ocurrida en el cuerpo del médium. Eso se sostiene por la concepción de que el sistema interpretativo (que organiza la relación entre el mundo de los espíritus y el mundo de los vivos) y el sujeto coexisten en una misma estructura. Para tanto, se parte del concepto de significante, por este ser capaz de crear una red de sentidos en función del efecto de un decir inconsciente. Mediante un estudio de caso, se muestra, como en la posesión, el sujeto - concomitantemente supuesto agente y efecto de la combinatoria significante - se presenta tanto como médium como también como espíritus poseedores, los cuales constituyen el revés y el derecho de una estructura unilateral.

A study to assess the prevalence of possession disorder in a district of South India

Background: Possession disorders are commonly reported, especially from third world countries, like India, Far East, African and South American countries. Despite the various fast paced technological advances, possession disorder is still prevalent in various rural pockets of India. As an extension of the ongoing WHO ECA study in the department an attempt was made to look at the presentation and prevalence of this rather culturally variable and versatile disorder. Aims: To study the prevalence of ICD-10-RDC diagnosable possession disorder in the revenue district of Chittoor, India. Methods: Probability sampling design (probability proportional to Size) was employed in this study, which was based on the guidelines adopted in the ongoing WHO Longitudinal Epidemiological study on mental disorders in the department of psychiatry, SVRR Hospital, Tirupati, India. After an inquiry method utilizing the key informants in the locality the cases were identified. Then the subjects and the families were interviewed using ICD10 RDC criteria for diagnosing Possession disorder. Prevalence rates were calculated as per the data available and an attempt was made to compare the data available in the department. Results: 364 cases were diagnosed based on the methodology of inquiry of key personnel in the community. A prevalence rate of 0.048 % that is 48 per 100,000 populations is identified. But S.V.R.R.Government General Hospital Psychiatry unit being the only tertiary care facility in this area, should have treated 200 cases in a district having five million populations. During the same period census showed only four case of possession disorder out of fifty five conversion disorder patients which was a small fraction. The reason for the above finding could be that many of these cases were utilizing alternate medical or socio cultural interventions. Conclusion: Prevalence of possession disorder is still high in the rural areas and public need proper education regarding the nature and management of possession disorder. Key message: Only a tip of iceberg is being treated by the psychiatrist, despite the high prevalence of possession disorder in rural India.

Trajetórias investigativas da possessão: uma abordagem etnopsicológica / Investigative courses on spirit possession: an ethnopsychological approach

Não obstante a sua grande difusão na sociedade nacional, o estudo da possessão tem recebido relativamente pouca atenção por parte dos psicólogos brasileiros. Neste artigo, com base em uma revisão da principal literatura clássica e contemporânea sobre possessão e na descrição sumária dos resultados de algumas pesquisas, discutem-se vantagens comparativas de uma abordagem etnopsicológica da possessão embasada na psicanálise lacaniana.

Despite its large diffusion in the national society, the study of possession has received relatively little attention from Brazilian psychologists. In this article, based on a review of major classic and contemporary literature about possession and on a brief description of some researches' results, comparative advantages of an ethnopsychological approach to possession, grounded in Lacanian psychoanalysis, are discussed.

Uma nosologia para os fenômenos sobrenaturais e a construção do cérebro 'possuído' no século XIX / A nosology for supernatural phenomena and the construction of the 'possessed' brain in the nineteenth century

Fenômenos sobrenaturais como os chamados transe e possessão espiritual recebem, no final do século XX, codificação científica, integrando os diagnósticos da psiquiatria hegemônica. No final do século XIX, observamos a apropriação científica de fenômenos considerados originários da superstição ou imaginação popular. Neste trabalho, demonstramos como o transe e a possessão espiritual foram estudados por Franz Anton Mesmer e seus discípulos ao desenvolver o conceito de magnetismo; por James Braid no processo de criação da teoria da hipnose; e por Jean Martin Charcot, marcando a entrada da histeria para as classificações nosológicas. Apesar das diferenças entre essas escolas, identificamos a utilização do cérebro e de metáforas cerebralistas como alicerce das teorias sobre a mente.

At the end of the twentieth century, supernatural phenomena such as so called trances and possession by spirits received a scientific classification, which includes the numerous diagnoses of the dominant psychiatry. At the end of the nineteenth century we can observe a process of scientific categorization of phenomena considered to have originated in superstition or popular imagination. In this work we show how trances and spiritual possession were studied by Franz Anton Mesmer and his followers when developing the concept of magnetism; by James Braid during the creation of his theory of hypnosis; and by Jean Martin Charcot, which marked the entry of hysteria into nosological classification. Despite the differences between these schools, we identify the use of the brain and cerebral metaphors as the foundation of theories of the mind.

Memórias sobre um conflito de terra em relatos de história de vida / Memories of a conflict over the ownership of land present in life history reports

Este artigo se propõe a analisar as memórias de pequenos produtores rurais do assentamento Camucim (litoral sul da Paraíba) sobre um conflito de terra ocorrido no final dos anos 70 e início dos anos 80, do século XX. Essas memórias foram obtidas através de entrevistas de história de vida, que foram submetidas à Análise de Discurso. A partir da história oral, pretende-se analisar o sentido subjetivo construído pelos narradores, através de suas memórias. Nesse sentido, o conflito é relembrado como uma luta legítima, abençoada por Deus, o que nos remete para o papel fundamental da Igreja nesse processo, através da Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT). Além disso, os narradores constroem uma imagem de lutadores corajosos e vitoriosos.

This article aims at analyzing the memories of small landowners of Camucim, a settlement in the South coast of Paraíba, over a conflict concerning the possession of a tract of land in the late 70s and early 80s of the twentieth century. These memories were gathered though Life History interviews and were submitted to Discourse Analysis. Departing from oral history we intend to analyze the subjective sense constructed by the narrators through their memories. In this sense the conflict is recollected as a legitimate struggle, blessed by God. This will lead us to the fundamental role the Church played in this process, through the Commission of the Pastoral of the Land (CPT). In addition to this, the narrators construct an image of brave, victorious fighters.

Efectos de conseguir la primera posesión del balón sobre el marcador en los Campeonatos del Mundo de waterpolo 2003 y 2007 / Efeitos de conseguir a primeira posse da bola sobre o marcador nos campeonatos do mundo de polo aquático 2003 e 2007 / Effect of taking the first ball possession on score during the 2003 and 2007 Water polo World Championships

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de tener la primera posesión del balón sobre el marcador parcial y final en waterpolo. Se grabaron los 192 partidos disputados por todos los equipos participantes en los Campeonatos del Mundo de 2003 y 2007. La muestra estuvo formada por todos los equipos participantes en ambas competiciones. Se utilizó la metodología observacional. Se filmaron los partidos y posteriormente fueron analizados con el software Polo análisis v. 1.0 directo. El 43,4% de los equipos masculinos y el 52,6% de los equipos femeninos que consiguieron la primera posesión del balón disfrutaron de un resultado parcial favorable a lo largo de los periodos. Los equipos masculinos que ganaron más del 50% de los partidos cogieron el primer balón en más de un periodo. Esto ocurrió en la categoría femenina en más de dos periodos. En conclusión, coger el primer balón en un mayor número de periodos se relaciona con un marcador parcial y final favorable.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência de conseguir a primeira posse da bola sobre o marcador parcial e final em polo aquático. Gravaram-se as 192 partidas disputadas por todas as equipes participantes nos Campeonatos do Mundo, de 2003 e 2007. A amostra do estudo foram as equipes participantes das referidas competições. Utilizou-se a metodologia observacional. Os jogos foram filmados e, posteriormente, analisados com o software "Polo Análisis v. 1.0 directo". O resultado demonstrou que 43,4% das equipes masculinas e 52,6% das equipes femininas que conseguiram a primeira posse da bola, desfrutaram de um resultado parcial favorável ao longo dos períodos. As equipes masculinas que ganharam mais de 50% das partidas, conseguiram a primeira bola em mais de um período. Isto ocorreu na categoria feminina em mais de dois períodos. Em conclusão, conseguir a primeira posse da bola em um maior número de períodos está relacionado com um resultado parcial e final favorável.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of taking the first ball possession on the partial and final score in water polo. The 192 matches disputed by team’s participants in the 2003 and 2007 Water Polo World Championship were recorded. The sample included all participants on both competitions. The observational methodology was applied. Matches were filmed and later they were analyzed with "Polo Análisis v. 1.0 directo" software. The 43.4% of men’s teams and 52.6% of the female teams, who got the first ball possession, got a favourable partial result along the periods. The men’s teams that won more than 50% of the matches took the first ball in more than one period. This occurred in the female category in more than two periods. In conclusion, to take the first ball in the majority number of periods is related to favourable partial and final score.

Possessão e inversão da subalternidade: com a palavra, Pombagira das Rosas / Subalternity's possession and inversion: "Pombagira das Rosas" speeks

Este artigo é decorrente de uma pesquisa de campo que analisou a possessão na religião afro-brasileira da Umbanda no terreiro de Umbanda Caboclo Pena Branca, na cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG. No presente recorte é apresentada a narrativa da Pombagira das Rosas, com o propósito de observar a relação de alteridade que se estabelece entre a médium e a entidade. A partir de um quadro conceitual definido por Michael De Certeau, as narrativas são analisadas buscando compreender de que forma a possessão se articula com a realidade histórica das mulheres no Brasil e com a trajetória pessoal da mulher médium que incorpora o referido espírito, redefinindo seu cotidiano. A intenção é focalizar na voz subalterna da entidade as dinâmicas individuais e coletivas que, fazendo uso do imaginário nacional sobre a entidade, possibilitam compreender a possessão como significando solidariedade social.

This article is the result of a field research based analysis of the possession in african-brazilian religion Umbanda's sacred space called "Caboclo Pena Branca", located in the town of Juiz de Fora, MG. Here the narrative of the entity "Pombagira das Rosas" is presented, and the aim is to observe the relationship of alterity established between medium and entity. From the conceptual point of view defined by Michael De Certeau, the narratives are analyzed trying to understand in which form possession is articulated with women's historical reality in Brazil and with the personal trajectory of the medium woman which incorporates the referred spirit, redefining her everyday life. The intention is to focus the subaltern entity's speeches, the individual and collective dynamics, which utilizing national imaginary about this entity enables to observe possession as meaning social solidarity.

Población en situación de desplazamiento en antioquia: El papel del enfoque de derechos en los aspectos técnicos para el diseño y medición de indicadores: (parte 1) / Population in situation of displacement in antioquia: The role of the approach of rights in the technical aspects for the design and the measurement of indicators: (part 1)

Este artículo, expone los resultados y lineamientos metodológicos derivados de una investigación realizada por el Observatorio Departamental de Desplazamiento Forzado de Antioquia (ODDIF) para estimar el estado del Goce Efectivo de Derechos (GED) de la población víctima de desplazamiento forzado en el Departamento. Esta investigación fue realizada en respuesta a los Autos de Seguimiento y a las órdenes impartidas en la sentencia T-025 de 2004 de la Corte Constitucional. El Auto 116 de 2008, estableció los parámetros de medición a adoptar por parte de los entes territoriales para rendir cuentas sobre la garantía de los derechos de esta población. Con el objeto de ofrecer elementos de análisis tanto para las instituciones como para las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, tanto nacionales como internacionales, que analizan y siguen el comportamiento de las situación socioeconómica de las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia, en una serie de cuatro artículos, se cubrirán tanto la metodología de medición como algunos de los resultados hallados en el GED de Antioquia. En esta entrega, en particular, serán expuestos el marco normativo del informe, el enfoque teórico de los indicadores tratados y las principales consideraciones técnicas y metodológicas para su medición. A manera de resultado de investigación, en esta entrega del informe se señala las diferencias -tanto en las metodologías como en las cifras- que hay en la medición de la situación sociooeconómica de la población en situación de desplazamiento realizada por el DNP y la medición de esta realizada por el Observatorio

This article introduces the results and the methodological guidelines derived from a piece of research carried out by the State Observatory of Forced Displacement in Antioquia (ODDIF), in order to estimate the state of Full Possession of Rights of the population victim of forced displacement in the State of Antioquia. This piece of research was carried out as a response to the Proceedings of Follow-up and the orders given in the sentence T-025 as of 2004 of the Constitutional Court. The Proceeding 116 of 2008 established the parameters of measurement to be adopted by the territorial entities, in order to render accounts about the guarantee of the rights of such a population. With the object of offering elements of analysis both for the institutions and the organizations of the civil society, both national and international ones, which analyze and follow the behavior of the socio-economic situation of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia, in a series of four articles, the methodology of measurement and some results found in the Full Possession of Rights in Antioquia will be covered. In this issue, in particular, the normative framework of the report, the theoretical approach of the indicators treated and the main technical and methodological considerations for their measurement will be exposed. By way of result of research, in this issue, both methodological and figure differences, which are used for the measurement of the socio-economic situation of the population who is in a situation of displacement carried out by the National Planning Department and its measurement carried out by the Observatory, are established

Saúde e doença em Moçambique / Health and illness in Mozambique

Baseando-se num longo período de observação directa e entrevistas, este artigo aponta como principal obstáculo às pouco frutuosas tentativas de diálogo entre biomedicina e "medicina tradicional", em Moçambique, o desconhecimento e/ou desvalorização das noções locais acerca da doença, vertentes sociais da sua etiologia e suas implicações para a noção e processo de cura. Assim, a par da caracterização dos tinyanga (terapeutas putativamente possuídos por espíritos) e das terapias que utilizam, o artigo expõe o sistema localmente dominante de interpretação dos infortúnios, em que as causas materiais (como aconteceu) se combinam com factores sociais ou espirituais (porque aconteceu àquela pessoa). Daí decorre que o processo de cura não se esgota no debelar da enfermidade, implicando também a resolução do problema social do qual ela é uma manifestação - o que constitui uma das especialidades destes terapeutas. Por isso, nem o recurso a tinyanga resulta sobretudo de falta de alternativas de cuidados de saúde, nem é concebível, para estes terapeutas, que o seu entrosamento com o sistema de saúde oficial pudesse restringi-los à sua faceta de herbalistas. Contudo, o debate e negociação do seu espaço, papel e estatuto dentro de futuros quadros gerais de prestação de cuidados de saúde não deverão ser feitos através de "tradutores culturais" bem intencionados, que lhes pretendam "dar voz". Os próprios tinyanga dispõem das capacidades e competência para o fazer, assim tenham interlocutores.

Based on a long process of direct observation and interviews, this article states that the main barrier to the unfruitful attempts of dialog between biomedicine and "traditional healers", in Mozambique, is the ignorance and/or undervaluation of the local notions about illness, the social aspects of its aetiology, and their implications for the notion and process of cure. Therefore, together with the characterization of the tinyanga (healers putatively possessed by spirits) and their therapies, the article presents the locally dominant system of misfortune interpretation, in which the material causes (how it happened) are combined with social and spiritual factors (why it happened to that person). As a consequence, the cure is not only the healing of the illness; it includes and demands as well the resolution of the social problem that caused it - and this second aspect of the cure is one of the tinyanga's expertises. For that reason, consulting such healers seldom results from the absence of health care alternatives, and they cannot accept the idea of being limited to their herbalist expertise, in order to be integrated into the official health care system. However, the debate and negotiation about their space, role and status in future general health care systems should not be made through sympathetic "cultural translators". The tinyanga have the abilities to do it with their own voice, as far as they have available interlocutors.

O diagnóstico diferencial entre experiências espirituais e transtornos mentais de conteúdo religioso: [revisão] / Differential diagnosis between spiritual experiences and mental disorders of religious content: [review]

CONTEXTO: Experiências espirituais podem ser confundidas com sintomas psicóticos e dissociativos, constituindo-se muitas vezes em um desafio para o diagnóstico diferencial. OBJETIVO: Identificar critérios que permitam a elaboração de um diagnóstico diferencial entre experiências espirituais e transtornos psicóticos e dissociativos. MÉTODOS:Foi feita uma ampla revisão na literatura sobre o tema, na qual foram examinados 135 artigos identificados em pesquisa no PubMed. RESULTADOS:Foram identificados nove critérios de maior concordância entre os pesquisadores que poderiam indicar uma adequada diferenciação entre experiências espirituais e transtornos psicóticos e dissociativos. São eles, em relação à experiência vivida: ausência de sofrimento psicológico, ausência de prejuízos sociais e ocupacionais, duração curta da experiência, atitude crítica (ter dúvidas sobre a realidade objetiva da vivência), compatibilidade com o grupo cultural ou religioso do paciente, ausência de comorbidades, controle sobre a experiência, crescimento pessoal ao longo do tempo e uma atitude de ajuda aos outros. A presença dessas condições sugere uma experiência espiritual não patológica, mas, por outro lado, há carência de estudos bem controlados testando esses critérios. CONCLUSÕES:Esses critérios propostos na literatura, embora alcançando um consenso expressivo entre diferentes pesquisadores, ainda precisam ser testados empiricamente e direções metodológicas para as futuras pesquisas sobre esse tema são sugeridas.

CONTEXT: Spiritual experiences can be confused with psychotic and dissociative symptoms, providing it is frequently a challenge for the differential diagnosis. OBJECTIVE:To identify criteria to allow the elaboration of a differential diagnosis between spiritual experiences and psychotic and dissociative disorders. METHODS:It was made a wide revision in the literature about the theme, in which 135 articles identified in the research in PubMed were examined. RESULTS:Nine criteria were identified for a greater agreement among the researchers that could indicate an appropriate distinction between spiritual experiences and psychotic and dissociative disorders. They are, in relation to the lived experience: lack of psychological suffering, absence of social and occupational impairments, short duration of the experience, critical attitude (to have doubts about the reality of the experience), compatibility with the patient's cultural or religious group, no co-morbidities, control over the experience, personal growth along the time and an attitude to help the other ones. The presence of those conditions suggests a not pathological spiritual experience, but, on the other hand, there is lack of well controlled studies testing these criteria. DISCUSSION: These criteria proposed in the literature, although reaching an expressive consensus among different researchers, still needs to be tested empirically, and methodological directions for future researches about this theme are suggested.

Method for Determination of Nicotine in Cigarettes by Fluorescein and Fluorimetry-Basic Possession of Bonuses System / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore the determination of nicotine in cigarettes by fluorescein and fluorimetry-basic possession of bonuses system.Methods Nicotine could interfere with fluorescence energy transfer between fluorimetry-basic possession of bonuses.A new way of energy transfer was established to determinate nicotine according to the fluorescence increment of fluorimetry.Results The linear range was 0.2-7.0 mg/L for the concentration of nicotine.The correlative coefficient was 0.9992.The detection limit was 0.18 mg/L.The recovery rates were 99.0 %-105 %,and RSDs were 1.1 %-4.8 % respectively.Conclusion This method is simple,fast,accurate and sensitive.It can be used to determinate nicotine in cigarettes.

O olhar dos psiquiatras brasileiros sobre os fenômenos de transe e possessão / Brazilian psychiatrists approaches on trance and possession phenomena

CONTEXTO: Os fenômenos de transe e possessão despertaram o interesse da comunidade psiquiátrica brasileira, gerando posturas diversificadas. OBJETIVOS: Descrever e analisar como os fenômenos de transe e possessão foram tratados pelos psiquiatras brasileiros: seu impacto na teoria, na pesquisa e na prática clínica entre 1900 e 1950. MÉTODO: Análise de artigos científicos e leigos, teses e livros sobre transes e possessões produzidos pelos psiquiatras brasileiros entre 1900 e 1950. RESULTADOS: Identificam-se duas correntes de pensamento entre os psiquiatras. A primeira, vinculada às Faculdades de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, sob forte influência de autores franceses, deteve-se mais na periculosidade do espiritismo para a saúde mental. Defendia a adoção de medidas repressivas com o poder público. O segundo grupo de psiquiatras, ligado às Faculdades de Medicina da Bahia e Pernambuco, embora não desconsiderasse o caráter patológico ou "primitivo" dos fenômenos de transe e possessão, apresentou uma visão mais antropológica e culturalista. Considerando tais fenômenos como manifestações étnicas ou culturais, alguns defenderam o controle médico e a educação do povo para o abandono dessas práticas "primitivas". Outros não consideravam os fenômenos mediúnicos como desencadeadores da loucura, mas manifestações não-patológicas de um universo cultural, além de não vinculá-los ao atraso cultural da população. CONCLUSÕES: As religiões mediúnicas foram objeto de estudo por longo período, resultando hipóteses e práticas diferenciadas por parte da comunidade psiquiátrica brasileira, constituindo-se oportunidade privilegiada para o estudo do impacto dos fatores socioculturais na atividade psiquiátrica.

BACKGROUND: Trance and possession experiences have raised interest among Brazilian psychiatrists resulting in a variety of approaches. OBJECTIVES: To describe and analyze how Brazilian psychiatrists approached trance and possession experiences: these experiences impact on theory, research and clinical practice between 1900 and 1950. METHOD: Analysis of papers, thesis, and books on trances and possessions written by Brazilian psychiatrists between 1900 and 1950. RESULTS: We detected two main approaches, the first one, related to schools of medicine in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, under strong influence of French researchers, focused on the dangers of spiritism to mental health. They advocated a repressive action to be enforced by governmental authorities. Psychiatrists from schools of medicine in Bahia and Pernambuco formed the second group. Although having not denied the "primitive" or pathological nature of trance and possession phenomena, they held a more anthropological and cultural approach. Some psychiatrists considered these experiences as racial or cultural manifestations, and claimed that the education and medical control of people would make them give up these primitive practices. Others have not considered that mediumistic phenoma are related to mental disorders or inferior cultural level. DISCUSSION: Mediumistic religions were the subject of a long-term investigation conducted by Brazilian psychiatrists resulting in diversified theories and practices which represent a valuable opportunity for the study of sociocultural factors impact on the psychiatric activity.

A função reguladora do transe e possessão ritual nos cultos espiritistas brasileiros

O autor considera neste trabalho as práticas de cura baseadas em cultos animistas bastante difundidos no Brasil. Esses cultos têm como princípio a conversão de seus líderes espirituais após serem curados por suposta intervenção de espíritos tutelares do culto. Estes líderes são, eles mesmos, exemplos do poder dos espíritos em sua comunidade e mediadores entre os membros e os espíritos. O autor considera que estes cultos de cura e conversão têm como base o fenômeno do transe e possessão, o qual, sendo controlado, tem propriedades dessensibilizantes, devolve o autocontrole e libera as forças criativas do indivíduo. Amplia ainda este conceito, considerando tal prática como a base de uma transeterapia inserida na cultura popular.

En este trabajo el autor considera las prácticas de cura basadas en los cultos animistas, bastantes difundidos en gran parte del Brasil. Estos cultos tienen como principio la conversión de sus líderes espirituales después de ser curados por supuesta intervención de espíritus tutelares del culto. Los líderes mencionados son ellos mismos ejemplos de la energía de los espíritus y también mediadores de los miembros de la comunidad con los espíritus. El autor considera que estos cultos de cura y conversión tienen como base el fenómeno del trance y posesión espiritual que, siendo controlada, tiene propiedades desensibilizadoras, puede restaurar el autocontrol del individuo, liberando sus fuerzas creativas. También amplía más el concepto considerando tal práctica como base de una terapia del trance insertada en la cultura popular.

L’auteur prend en compte dans ce travail les pratiques de cure dans le cadre de cultes animistes très répandus dans certaines communautés du Brésil. Ces cultes ont pour principe d’obtenir la conversion des chefs spirituels de ces communautés, après leurs guérisons attribuées aux interventions d’esprits tutélaires. Les chefs sont eux mêmes des exemples du pouvoir des esprits sur sa communauté et des médiateurs entre les individus et ces esprits. L’auteur considère que les cérémonies de cure et de conversion ont pour ressort essentiel le phénomène de transe et de possession, dont le contrôle produit des effets de désensibilisation, rend possible la reprise du self control et libère les forces créatrices de l’individu. Ainsi, de telles pratiques constitueraient la base d’une thérapie par la transe insérée dans la culture populaire.

In this work the author considers the practice of cure based upon animist cults that are largely disseminated throughout Brazil. These cults have as principles the conversion of their spiritual leaders after being cured by the supposed interventions of protective supernatural beings. The leaders mentioned are themselves examples of the power of the spirits in their communities and are also mediators between the community members and the spirits. The author considers the phenomenon of trance and spiritual possession as the base of the cults of cure, which, if kept under control, has desensitization proprieties, can restore one’s self control, freeing creative forces from within the individual. The concept is further enlarged to embrace such practices as the base of a trance therapy inserted in popular culture.