Late effects of Beauveria bassiana on larval stages of Aedes aegypti Linneo , 1762 (Diptera: Culicidae) / Efeitos tardios de Beauveria bassiana nos estágios larvais de Aedes aegypti Linneo, 1762 (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes aegypti is a culicide that has gained relevance over the years due to its ability to transmit various viruses that cause diseases in humans that all the years cause high mortality rates in the world population. The main problem is that Ae. aegypti has managed to establish and maintain a close relationship with humans and their habitat, which is why the search for alternatives to control vector populations becomes imperative. The objective of the present work was to study the effects of two Beauveria bassiana strains on Aedes aegypti. Third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti in 250 mL plastic containers were inoculated with the GHA and NB3 strains at different concentrations (1.5 × 104 , 1.5× 105 , 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 107 conidia/mL). The NB3 strain presented highest mortality values with 63% in the highest concentration i.e., 1.5 × 107 , while for the GHA strain the highest mortality value was 30.7% at the same concentration. The results showed significant difference in mortality with respect to the strain and days post treatment (P = 0.0001), but not with respect to the conidial concentration (P = 0.634). The average mortality of larvae per day for the NB3 for different concentrations ranged from 20 to 25 larvae per day, while for the GHA daily mortality ranged from 5 to 12 larvae. In post-treatment mortality, the highest mortality was recorded in the third stage larvae for the NB3, while for GHA the highest percentage mortality was observed in individuals who managed to reach the adult state. The findings of the current research depicted the noteworthy role of B. bassiana for the management of an important vector of human disease.

O Aedes aegypti é um culicida que vem ganhando relevância ao longo dos anos devido à sua capacidade de transmitir diversos vírus causadores de doenças em humanos que ao longo dos anos ocasionam altas taxas de mortalidade na população mundial. O principal problema é que Ae. aegypti tem conseguido estabelecer e manter uma relação próxima com o homem e seu habitat, por isso a busca por alternativas para o controle das populações de vetores torna-se imperativa. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de duas cepas de Beauveria bassiana sobre Ae. aegypti. Larvas de terceiro instar de Ae. aegypti em recipientes plásticos de 250 mL foram inoculados com as cepas GHA e NB3 em diferentes concentrações (1.5 × 104, 1.5 × 105, 1.5 × 106 e 1.5 × 107 conídios/mL). A cepa NB3 apresentou os maiores valores de mortalidade com 63% na concentração mais alta, ou seja, 1.5 × 107, enquanto para a cepa GHA o maior valor de mortalidade foi 30.7% na mesma concentração. Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa na mortalidade com relação à cepa e dias pós-tratamento (P = 0.0001), mas não com relação à concentração de conídios (P = 0.634). A mortalidade média de larvas por dia para o NB3 para diferentes concentrações variou de 20 a 25 larvas por dia, enquanto para o GHA a mortalidade diária variou de 5 a 12 larvas. Na mortalidade pós-tratamento, a maior mortalidade foi registrada nas larvas de terceiro estágio para o NB3, enquanto para o GHA o maior percentual de mortalidade foi observado em indivíduos que conseguiram atingir o estado adulto. Os resultados da pesquisa atual retratam o papel notável de B. bassiana no manejo de um importante vetor de doenças humanas.

Late effects of Beauveria bassiana on larval stages of Aedes aegypti Linneo, 1762 (Diptera: Culicidae) / Efeitos tardios de Beauveria bassiana nos estágios larvais de Aedes aegypti Linneo, 1762 (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes aegypti is a culicide that has gained relevance over the years due to its ability to transmit various viruses that cause diseases in humans that all the years cause high mortality rates in the world population. The main problem is that Ae. aegypti has managed to establish and maintain a close relationship with humans and their habitat, which is why the search for alternatives to control vector populations becomes imperative. The objective of the present work was to study the effects of two Beauveria bassiana strains on Aedes aegypti. Third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti in 250 mL plastic containers were inoculated with the GHA and NB3 strains at different concentrations (1.5 × 104, 1.5× 105, 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 107 conidia/mL). The NB3 strain presented highest mortality values with 63% in the highest concentration i.e., 1.5 × 107, while for the GHA strain the highest mortality value was 30.7% at the same concentration. The results showed significant difference in mortality with respect to the strain and days post treatment (P = 0.0001), but not with respect to the conidial concentration (P = 0.634). The average mortality of larvae per day for the NB3 for different concentrations ranged from 20 to 25 larvae per day, while for the GHA daily mortality ranged from 5 to 12 larvae. In post-treatment mortality, the highest mortality was recorded in the third stage larvae for the NB3, while for GHA the highest percentage mortality was observed in individuals who managed to reach the adult state. The findings of the current research depicted the noteworthy role of B. bassiana for the management of an important vector of human disease.

O Aedes aegypti é um culicida que vem ganhando relevância ao longo dos anos devido à sua capacidade de transmitir diversos vírus causadores de doenças em humanos que ao longo dos anos ocasionam altas taxas de mortalidade na população mundial. O principal problema é que Ae. aegypti tem conseguido estabelecer e manter uma relação próxima com o homem e seu habitat, por isso a busca por alternativas para o controle das populações de vetores torna-se imperativa. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de duas cepas de Beauveria bassiana sobre Ae. aegypti. Larvas de terceiro instar de Ae. aegypti em recipientes plásticos de 250 mL foram inoculados com as cepas GHA e NB3 em diferentes concentrações (1.5 × 104, 1.5 × 105, 1.5 × 106 e 1.5 × 107 conídios/mL). A cepa NB3 apresentou os maiores valores de mortalidade com 63% na concentração mais alta, ou seja, 1.5 × 107, enquanto para a cepa GHA o maior valor de mortalidade foi 30.7% na mesma concentração. Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa na mortalidade com relação à cepa e dias pós-tratamento (P = 0.0001), mas não com relação à concentração de conídios (P = 0.634). A mortalidade média de larvas por dia para o NB3 para diferentes concentrações variou de 20 a 25 larvas por dia, enquanto para o GHA a mortalidade diária variou de 5 a 12 larvas. Na mortalidade pós-tratamento, a maior mortalidade foi registrada nas larvas de terceiro estágio para o NB3, enquanto para o GHA o maior percentual de mortalidade foi observado em indivíduos que conseguiram atingir o estado adulto. Os resultados da pesquisa atual retratam o papel notável de B. bassiana no manejo de um importante vetor de doenças humanas.

Late effects of Beauveria bassiana on larval stages of Aedes aegypti Linneo, 1762 (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract Aedes aegypti is a culicide that has gained relevance over the years due to its ability to transmit various viruses that cause diseases in humans that all the years cause high mortality rates in the world population. The main problem is that Ae. aegypti has managed to establish and maintain a close relationship with humans and their habitat, which is why the search for alternatives to control vector populations becomes imperative. The objective of the present work was to study the effects of two Beauveria bassiana strains on Aedes aegypti. Third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti in 250 mL plastic containers were inoculated with the GHA and NB3 strains at different concentrations (1.5 × 104, 1.5× 105, 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 107 conidia/mL). The NB3 strain presented highest mortality values with 63% in the highest concentration i.e., 1.5 × 107, while for the GHA strain the highest mortality value was 30.7% at the same concentration. The results showed significant difference in mortality with respect to the strain and days post treatment (P = 0.0001), but not with respect to the conidial concentration (P = 0.634). The average mortality of larvae per day for the NB3 for different concentrations ranged from 20 to 25 larvae per day, while for the GHA daily mortality ranged from 5 to 12 larvae. In post-treatment mortality, the highest mortality was recorded in the third stage larvae for the NB3, while for GHA the highest percentage mortality was observed in individuals who managed to reach the adult state. The findings of the current research depicted the noteworthy role of B. bassiana for the management of an important vector of human disease.

Resumo O Aedes aegypti é um culicida que vem ganhando relevância ao longo dos anos devido à sua capacidade de transmitir diversos vírus causadores de doenças em humanos que ao longo dos anos ocasionam altas taxas de mortalidade na população mundial. O principal problema é que Ae. aegypti tem conseguido estabelecer e manter uma relação próxima com o homem e seu habitat, por isso a busca por alternativas para o controle das populações de vetores torna-se imperativa. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de duas cepas de Beauveria bassiana sobre Ae. aegypti. Larvas de terceiro instar de Ae. aegypti em recipientes plásticos de 250 mL foram inoculados com as cepas GHA e NB3 em diferentes concentrações (1.5 × 104, 1.5 × 105, 1.5 × 106 e 1.5 × 107 conídios/mL). A cepa NB3 apresentou os maiores valores de mortalidade com 63% na concentração mais alta, ou seja, 1.5 × 107, enquanto para a cepa GHA o maior valor de mortalidade foi 30.7% na mesma concentração. Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa na mortalidade com relação à cepa e dias pós-tratamento (P = 0.0001), mas não com relação à concentração de conídios (P = 0.634). A mortalidade média de larvas por dia para o NB3 para diferentes concentrações variou de 20 a 25 larvas por dia, enquanto para o GHA a mortalidade diária variou de 5 a 12 larvas. Na mortalidade pós-tratamento, a maior mortalidade foi registrada nas larvas de terceiro estágio para o NB3, enquanto para o GHA o maior percentual de mortalidade foi observado em indivíduos que conseguiram atingir o estado adulto. Os resultados da pesquisa atual retratam o papel notável de B. bassiana no manejo de um importante vetor de doenças humanas.

Changes of lung microbiome of acute respiratory distress syndrome before and after treatment under open airway / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To analyze the differences and similarities of pre-treatment and post-treatment lung microbiome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and find out the change rules of the lung microbiome in the progression of ARDS according to different prognosis.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted. Patients with ARDS caused by severe pneumonia admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Jiangmen Central Hospital from February 2019 to January 2020 were enrolled as the study subjects. The patients were divided into pre-treatment (ARDS-preT) group (24 cases), post-treatment survival (ARDS-poT-Survival) group (17 cases), and post-treatment death (ARDS-poT-Dead) group (7 cases). ICU patients with mild pulmonary infection and non-ARDS admitted to ICU during the same period were enrolled as control group (25 cases). The similarities and differences of lung microbiome in four groups were analyzed and compared, and the possible pathogenic bacteria (potential risk factors for death) and probiotics (potential survival and protective factors) related to death caused by ARDS were screened.Results:In terms of pathogenic microorganisms, the positive rates of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in the ARDS-poT-Dead group were significantly higher than those in the ARDS-poT-Survival group [57.1% (4/7) vs. 5.9% (1/17) and 57.1% (4/7) vs. 0% (0/7), both P < 0.05]. In the screening of background bacteria, the decrease of bacteria in the ARDS-preT group compared with the ARDS-poT-Survival group, the ARDS-poT-Dead group compared with the ARDS-poT-Survival group, the ARDS-poT-Dead group compared with the control group, the reduced bacteria might be pulmonary probiotics (potential protective factor for ARDS). The screening result was Hydrobacter [ARDS-preT group vs. ARDS-poT-Survival group: 62.5% (15/24) vs. 94.1% (16/17); ARDS-poT-Dead group vs. ARDS-poT-Survival group: 14.3% (1/7) vs. 94.1% (16/17); ARDS-poT-Dead vs. control: 14.3% (1/7) vs. 96.0% (24/25), all P < 0.05]. In the screening of background bacteria, the increase of bacteria in the ARDS-poT-Dead group compared with the ARDS-preT group, the ARDS-poT-Dead group compared with the ARDS-poT-Survival group, the ARDS-poT-Dead group compared with the control group, and the increased bacteria might be potential pulmonary pathogen (potential risk factor for death of ARDS), which belonged to Enterobacteria: Edwardsiella, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Lelliottia, Pantoea, Raoultella. Conclusions:The results revealed the increase of Escherichia coli or Candida albicans in pulmonary pathogenic microorganisms, or the increase of Enterobacteria in background bacteria may be the risk factors for the death of ARDS. Additionally, background bacteria Hydrobacter probably is a protective factor for the survival of ARDS. Whether it can be used as a novel treatment for ARDS is worth further investigation.

Remoção de algas em um sistema de biofiltros submersos / Removal of algae in a submerse biofilter system

RESUMO Esta pesquisa propôs o desenvolvimento de um sistema de biofiltros submersos (SBS), modificados com base na configuração de filtros de pedra, visando ao pós-tratamento do efluente de lagoas de estabilização, inicialmente para a remoção de algas. Foram implantados 2 conjuntos de biofiltros submersos para captar esgoto tratado de duas diferentes profundidades de uma lagoa de maturação - a 60 cm (em uma zona dessa lagoa chamada superficial - ZS) e a 180 cm (em outra zona dessa lagoa chamada intermediária - ZI). Foi utilizada, como recheio dos biofiltros submersos, pedra brita nº 3, nas seguintes alturas de leito filtrante: 50, 100, 150 e 200 cm, tendo por objetivo avaliar a influência desse fator sobre a eficiência de remoção de algas mediante análise de clorofila A e outras 16 variáveis de qualidade associadas neste estudo. Obtiveram-se eficiências para demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) no intervalo de 65 a 80% para ZS e, para ZI, os resultados dessa eficiência tiveram muita variação, sem estabilidade - de forma prática, portanto, o ponto de coleta na ZI mostrou-se não recomendado. Quando às eficiências para clorofila A, para ZS, o intervalo alcançado variou de 65 a 99% e, para ZI, esses resultados foram inferiores aos da ZS. Concluiu-se que a extração a partir da zona superficial da lagoa de maturação e uma profundidade de leito entre 150 e 200 cm foram os parâmetros operacionais que levaram a um melhor desempenho global dos biofiltros submersos modificados e, mais especificamente, quanto às seguintes variáveis: DQO, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), clorofila A e sólidos totais.

ABSTRACT This research proposed the development of a submerged biofilters system, modified based on the configuration of rock filters, aiming at the effluent post-treatment of stabilization lagoons, initially for algae removal. Two sets of submerged biofilters were implemented to collect treated sewage from two different depths of a maturation lagoon - at 60 cm (in a zone of this lagoon called superficial-SZ) and at 180 cm (in a zone of this lagoon called intermediary-IZ). It was used, as filling of submerged biofilters, gravel No. 3, at filtering layers heights of: 50, 100, 150 and 200 cm, aiming to evaluate the influence of this factor over algae removal efficiency toward chlorophyll a, and other 16 quality variables associated in this study. For SZ, efficiencies were obtained for COD in the range of 65 to 80%, and for IZ the efficiency results had a lot of variation, without stability, in a practical way, so the collection point in ZI was not recommended. For SZ efficiencies were obtained for chlorophyll a in the range of 65 to 99%, and for IZ the efficiency results were lower than those of SZ. It was concluded that the collecting from superficial zone of the maturation lagoon, and a layer depth between 150 and 200 cm, were the operational parameters that led to a better overall performance of the modified submerged biofilters, and more particularly to: COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), chlorophyll a, and total solids.

Composição granulométrica do filtro ascendente para pós-tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário / Granulometric composition of the upflow filter for post-treatment of landfill leachate

RESUMO O lixiviado de aterro sanitário apresenta composição variável e complexa e pode ter elevadas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal e matéria orgânica biodegradável e recalcitrante. Devido ao potencial altamente poluidor dos lixiviados estabilizados, além do tratamento biológico convencional, faz-se necessária, em alguns casos, a realização de pós-tratamento para remoção da matéria orgânica recalcitrante, de maneira a atender à legislação vigente. Nesse contexto, os ensaios de coagulação seguida de filtração ascendente em pedregulho como pós-tratamento foram realizados com o objetivo de estabelecer a composição granulométrica que resultasse na melhor condição de eficiência em relação à remoção de matéria orgânica recalcitrante e operação, visando à aplicação do sistema em escala real. Para todos os ensaios, foram aplicados taxa de filtração constante de 15 m3.m-2.dia-1 e dosagem de ferro de 400 mg.L-1 em pH 4,0. A duração das carreiras de filtração, bem como a qualidade do efluente tiveram forte influência em relação à composição granulométrica do filtro, podendo-se constatar a necessidade do emprego de areia fina em sua composição, a fim de garantir a eficiência do tratamento. A concepção técnica de pós-tratamento por coagulação seguida da filtração ascendente com a composição granulométrica definida neste trabalho (tipo 4) foi eficiente para a remoção de matéria orgânica recalcitrante, com remoções de 82,4% de demanda química de oxigênio (valor residual de 194 mg.L-1), de 98,8% de cor verdadeira (valor residual de 49 uH), de 94,3% de carbono orgânico total (valor residual de 52 mg.L-1) e duração de carreira de filtração de 22,6 horas, sem ocorrência de transpasse.

ABSTRACT Landfill leachate presents variable and complex composition and may have high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen and biodegradable and recalcitrant organic matter. Due to the high polluting potential of stabilized leachate, in addition to conventional biological treatment, it is necessary in some cases to perform post-treatment to remove recalcitrant organic matter to meet the current legislation. In this context, the coagulation followed by upflow gravel filtration experiments were carried out with the objective of establishing the granulometric composition that resulted in the best efficiency condition in relation to the removal of recalcitrant organic matter and operation, aiming at the system's application in real scale. For all the tests, a constant filtration rate of 15 m3 m-2 day-1 and an iron dosage of 400 mg L-1 at pH 4.0 were applied. The duration of filtration cycles, as well as the quality of the effluent were strongly influenced by the filter's particle size, and it is possible to verify the need of using fine sand in its composition to guarantee the treatment's efficiency. The technical design of post-treatment by coagulation followed by upflow gravel filtration with the granulometric composition defined in this study (type 4) was efficient in removing recalcitrant organic matter, with removals of 82.4% for COD (residual value of 194 mg L-1), 98.8% for true color (with residual value of 49 uH), and 94.3% for TOC (residual value of 52 mg L-1), resulting in a filtration cycle duration of 22.6 h, with no loss of filtered solids.

Evaluation Of The Stability Of Post Treatment Sagittal Skeletal Changes After Twin Block Therapy On Class Ii Division 1 Subjects

Twin Block appliances are largely used for the correction of skeletal class II malocclusions due to mandibular retrognathism. Due to its patient comfort and ease, this appliance became the major tool for class II skeletal correction. Literature review on this appliance shows mixed responses, some claiming that the results are good and stable while others just put this as an appliance giving temporal acceleration in growth. Hence a study was designed to investigate the stability attained in antero posterior skeletal correction attained with Twin Block appliance. 30 subjects who were treated for mandibular retrognathism were identified. Average age group was 12.9[T1], 14.8 [T2] and 16.5 years [T3]. Pre-treatment, post treatment and a minimum of one year post treatment cephalograms were collected and analyzed. Results obtained from the present study showed that the treatment outcomes that were achieved immediately after twin block therapy was stable and that twin block appliance could be recommended in patients with sufficient growth with mandibular retrognathism.

Imaging Evaluation Following ⁹⁰Y Radioembolization of Liver Tumors: What Radiologists Should Know

Radioembolization using beta-emitting yttrium-90 microspheres is being increasingly used for the treatment of primary and metastatic liver cancers. It is a form of intra-arterial brachytherapy which delivers intense radiation to liver tumors with little embolic effect; this mode of action results in unique post-treatment imaging findings. It is important to understand these imaging findings to avoid misinterpretation of tumor response and to determine further management of the disease. Herein, we discuss the current concepts for assessing tumor response, common post-treatment imaging features, and associated complications following radioembolization.

Sufficient explanation of management affects patient satisfaction and the practice of post-treatment management in spinal pain, a multicenter study of 1007 patients

BACKGROUND: Spinal pain is most common symptom in pain clinic. In most cases, before the treatment of spinal pain, physician explains the patient's disease and treatment. We investigated patient's satisfaction and physician's explanation related to treatments in spinal pain patients by questionnaires. METHODS: Anonymous questionnaires about physician's explanation and patient's satisfaction in each treatment and post-treatment management were asked to individuals suffering from spinal pain. Patients who have spinal pain were participated in our survey of nationwide university hospitals in Korea. The relationships between patient's satisfaction and other factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Between June 2016 and August 2016, 1007 patients in 37 university hospitals completed the questionnaire. In the statistical analysis, patient's satisfaction of treatment increased when pain severity was low or received sufficient preceding explanation about nerve block and medication (P < 0.01). Sufficient explanation increased patient's necessity of a post-treatment management and patients' performance rate of post-treatment management (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that sufficient explanation increased patients' satisfaction after nerve block and medication. Sufficient explanation also increased the practice of patients' post-treatment management.

Comparison of effects of post-treatment with inhalation anesthetics on rat myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury / 重庆医学

Objective To compare the myocardial protective effects of post-treatment with sevoflurane and isoflurane on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI) in adult rats.Methods Twenty-four adult male SD rats were divided into four groups (n =6) by using the random number table,control group (C),isehemia-reperfusion group (R),sevoflurane post-treatment (S) and isoflurane post-treatment group(I).The Langendorff isolated heart perfusion model was established.The heart rate(HR),left ventricular end-diastolic pressure(LLVEDP),left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP),maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure(LV+-dp/dtmax),and maximum rate of decrease of left ventricular pressure(LV-dp/dtmax) were recorded at the end of equilibrium perfusion,and at 30,90 min of reperfusion,respectively.At the end of infusion,1 mm3.of apical myocardial tissue was removed for observing mitochondrial structure under electron microscopy and scoring.The myocardial infarct size(MIS) in the remaining heart tissue was measured by TTC staining.Results Compared with the R group,the S and I groups showed improved cardiac function indicators,decreased MIS,and reduced mitochondrial damage after reperfusion(P＜0.05).Compared with the S group,the I group showed worse heart function,increased MIS,and more severe mitochondrial damage after reperfusion(P＜0.05).Conclusion Post-treatment with sevoflurane and isoflurane has a protective effect on MIRI in adult rats.Post-treatment with sevoflurane has a better cardioprotective effect than that with isoflurane.

High rates of relapse in adolescents crack users after inpatient clinic discharge / Alto índice de recaída em adolescentes usuários de crack após a alta da internação

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate 88 adolescent crack users referred to hospitalization and to follow them up after discharge to investigate relapse and factors associated with treatment. Methods Cohort (30 and 90 days after discharge) from a psychiatric hospital and a rehab clinic for treatment for chemical dependency in Porto Alegre between 2011 and 2012. Instruments: Semi-structured interview, conducted to evaluate the sociodemographic profile of the sample and describe the pattern of psychoactive substance use; Crack Use Relapse Scale/CURS; Questionnaire Tracking Users to Crack/QTUC; K-SADS-PL. Results In the first follow-up period (30 days after discharge), 65.9% of participants had relapsed. In the second follow-up period (90 days after discharge), 86.4% of participants had relapsed. Conclusion This is one of the first studies that show the extremely high prevalence of early relapse in adolescent crack users after discharge, questioning the cost/benefit of inpatient treatment for this population. Moreover, these results corroborate studies which suggested, young psychostimulants users might need tailored intensive outpatient treatment with contingency management and other behavioral strategies, in order to increase compliance and reduce drug or crime relapse, but this specific therapeutic modality is still scarce and must be developed in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar 88 adolescentes usuários de crack no que se refere à hospitalização e dar-lhes seguimento após a alta, para investigar as recaídas e os fatores associados ao tratamento. Métodos Coorte (30 e 90 dias após a alta) de um hospital psiquiátrico e uma clínica de reabilitação, para o tratamento de dependência química em Porto Alegre, entre 2011 e 2012. Instrumentos: entrevista semiestruturada, realizada para avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico da amostra e descrever o padrão de uso de substâncias psicoativas; Escala de Recaída dos Usuários de Crack/ERUC; Questionário de Seguimento de Usuários de Crack/QSUC; K-SADS-PL. Resultados No primeiro período de seguimento (30 dias após a alta), 65,9% dos participantes recaíram. No segundo período de seguimento (90 dias após a alta), 86,4% dos participantes tiveram recaíram. Conclusão Este é um dos primeiros estudos que mostram a prevalência extremamente alta de recaída precoce em adolescentes usuários de crack após a alta, questionando o custo-benefício do tratamento em regime de internação para essa população. Além disso, esses resultados corroboram estudos que sugerem que usuários de psicoestimulantes jovens podem precisar de um adaptado Tratamento Ambulatorial Intensivo, com manejo de contingências e outras estratégias comportamentais, a fim de aumentar a adesão, reduzir o uso da droga ou recaída ao crime. No entanto, essa modalidade terapêutica específica ainda é escassa e deve ser desenvolvida no Brasil.

Detección molecular del papilomavirus humano de alto riesgo en el seguimiento de mujeres tratadas por lesión escamosa intraepitelial / Molecular detection of high risk human papillomavirus in following women treated for squamous intraepithelial lesion

El cáncer de cuello uterino (CCU) es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres en países en vías de desarrollo. La infección persistente por el virus papiloma humano (VPH) es un factor necesario en lesiones preneoplásicas y CCU. La citología cervicovaginal es el método mayormente utilizado para detectar el CCU y su uso combinado con la de detección de ADN viral seis meses post-tratamiento aumenta la efectividad para identificar mujeres tratadas con riesgo de lesión residual/recidiva. El objetivo fue describir la frecuencia de VPH de alto riesgo (AR) en mujeres tratadas por lesión escamosa intraepitelial (SIL) que acudieron al Servicio de Patología Cervical del Hospital San Pablo de enero-diciembre/2014. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transverso, que incluyó 80 pacientes que acudieron al servicio para control post-tratamiento por SIL. Se utilizó Cobas 4800 HPV Test (Roche) para la detección individual de VPH-16 y 18, y un pool de 10 VPH-AR (31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59) y dos de “probable” alto riesgo (66,68). Se encontró infección viral en el 7,5% (6/80) de las pacientes tratadas; identificándose VPH-16 en 3/6 de los casos positivos. En Paraguay existe alta incidencia de lesiones pre-neoplásicas y CCU siendo un problema de salud pública. Los datos observados sugieren que la utilización de este sistema para la detección viral puede llevar a optimizar el seguimiento post-tratamiento y la identificación de VPH-16 y 18 podría contribuir a la selección de pacientes en mayor riesgo de desarrollar una lesión cervical que deben someterse a una vigilancia frecuente y meticulosa.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women in developing country.Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary factor in premalignantlesions and cervical cancer. The Pap smear is the method most commonly used to detect thecervical cancer and its combined with the detection of viral DNA six months post-treatment increases effectiveness to identify women treated in risk with residual/recurrent lesion. Theaim was to describe the frequency of high-risk HPV (HR) in treated women for squamousintraepithelial lesion (SIL) who attended the Cervical Pathology Service of Hospital San Pablofrom January to December/2014. It is cross sectional, descriptive study which included 80patients who attended the service for post-treatment control. The 4800 Cobas HPV Test(Roche) was used, which detects HPV-16 and 18, and a pool of 10 HR-HPV(31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59) and two "probable" high risk (66,68). Viral infection wasfound in 7.5% (6/80) of patients treated; identifying HPV-16 in 3/6 of positive cases. InParaguay there is a high incidence of pre-neoplastic lesions and cervical cáncer remains apublic health problem. The observed data suggest that the use of this system for viraldetection can lead to optimize the post-treatment monitoring and the identification of HPV-16and 18 could contribute to the selection of patients at increased risk of developing cervicalinjury should undergo to frequent and careful monitoring.

Uso de fotorreatores UV para a remoção de diclofenaco, bezafibrato e etinilestradiol de esgoto tratado em sistema UASB-FBP / Use of UV photoreactors to remove diclofenac, bezafibrate and ethynylestradiol from sewage treated in UASB-TF system

RESUMOEste trabalho avaliou a remoção de diclofenaco (DCF), bezafibrato (BZF) e etinilestradiol (EE2) de efluentes de sistema UASB-FBP (reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo seguido de filtro biológico percolador) em fotorreatores UV de lâmpadas imersas (FRI) e emersas (FRE). Os resultados mostram que baixa eficiência de remoção de tais compostos foi obtida em ambos fotorreatores quando se utilizou baixo tempo de contato (~10 min) e baixa concentração inicial de fármacos (0,5 µg.L-1 para EE2, e 21 µg.L-1 para DCF e BZF). O aumento da concentração inicial de DCF (para 20 mg.L-1) e do tempo de contato (para 20 min) resultaram em aumento da eficiência de remoção (de 31 para 83% no FRI e de 36 para 86% no FRE), indicando que compostos dissolvidos presentes no efluente biológico afetaram adversamente a remoção de fármacos nos fotorreatores devido a competição pela radiação UV incidente.

ABSTRACTThis paper evaluated the removal of diclophenac (DCF), bezafibrate (BZF) and ethynylestradiol (EE2) from effluent of an anaerobic reactor coupled to a trickling filter (UASB-TF) in two types of UV photoreactors (immerse UV lamps - FRI and emmersed UV lamps - FRE). The results showed low removal efficiencies in both photoreactors when low contact times (10 min) and low initial concentration of such compounds was used (0.5 µg.L-1 for EE2 and 21 µg.L-1 for DCF and BZF). An increase in the initial concentration of DCF (to 20 mg.L-1) and of the contact time (to 20 min) led to an increase in the removal efficiency (from 31 to 83% in FRI and from 36 to 86% in FRE), suggesting that dissolved compounds present in the biological effluent adversely affected the removal of the pharmaceutical tested due to competition for the incident UV radiation.

Caracterización del paciente que solicita atención de especialidad en periodoncia en una población chilena / Characteristics of patients requesting treatment at a periodontics specialty facility in a Chilean population

Objetivo: Realizar la caracterización de los pacientes que solicitan atención de especialidad en periodoncia. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes inscritos para recibir atención odontológica de una población de la Quinta Región de Chile. Los datos se agruparon de acuerdo con el sexo femenino, masculino y rango de edad. Se registró ausencia o presencia de hábito de tabaco, diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2, ingreso a tratamiento periodontal, abandono de tratamiento e ingreso a terapia periodontal de mantenimiento (TPM). Para el análisis estadístico las diferencias en la frecuencia se determinó con χ2, alpha de 0.05, nivel de confianza de 95%, potencia de 80% y t Student evaluando diferencias en la edad, sexo femenino y sexo masculino. Resultados: Solicitaron atención 110 pacientes, 75 sexo femenino y 35 sexo masculino, ingresaron a la especialidad el 94%. La edad promedio fue de 41 (DE 15) años. Durante el seguimiento por un año, el 68% se mantuvo en tratamiento y el 19% ingresó a TPM. La tasa de DM tipo 2 fue de 4% en mujeres y 31% en hombres (p < 0.001). El rango de edad entre 14 a 29 años abandonó más el tratamiento periodontal. En relación con la DM tipo 2 las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas en la edad promedio, 39.5 (DE 15.3) años (p= 0.002) y edad promedio de abandono, 33.2 (DE 17.7) años (p > 0.001). Conclusiones: Las mujeres asisten más a tratamiento periodontal que los hombres y las personas jóvenes abandonan más el tratamiento. Al estudiar ambos sexos, masculino y femenino, los hombres alcanzaron un mayor porcentaje de DM tipo 2. Además el paciente diabético demostró ser más joven en edad promedio y en edad promedio de abandono de tratamiento periodontal.

Objective: To undertake characterization of patients requesting periodontic specialty care. Material and methods: The present was a descriptive study which included all patients registered to receive dental care in a population of the Quinta Region in Chile. Data were grouped according to male and female gender, as well as age range. The following was recorded: presence or absence of tobacco use habit, type II diabetes mellitus (DM), admission to periodontal treatment, treatment desertion and admission to posttreatment periodontal therapy (PTPT). For statistical analysis of frequency differences χ2 test, alpha 0.05, confidence level 95% potency 80% and t student test were used, assessing differences according to age and gender. Results: 110 patients requested treatment: 75 female and 35 male. 94% were admitted in the specialty program. Average age was 41 years (SD 15). During the one-year follow-up, 68% of patients remained in treatment, and 19% was admitted in PTPT. Type II DM rate was 4% for females and 31% for males (p < 0.001). Patients in age range 14-29 years were more prone to abandon periodontal treatment. With respect to type II DM differences were statistically significant in average age, 39.5 (SD 15.3) years (p = 0.002) and average age for desertion 33.2 (SD 17.7) years (p > 0.001). Conclusions: Women were more inclined to attend periodontal treatment than men, young patients deserted treatment more frequently. Studies on both genders revealed that males exhibited greater rate of type II DM. Additionally, diabetic patients were younger in average age as well as in average age for desertion of periodontal treatment.

Eficiência de lagoas de polimento no pós-tratamento de reator UASB no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura / Efficiency of a polishing pond for the post-treatment of the effluent from UASB reactor treating swine wastewater

Avaliou-se o desempenho de um sistema de lagoas seriadas que recebeu efluentes de reator UASB, no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura. O sistema foi composto de reator anaeróbio de chicanas (RAC), reator UASB, em escala real, e uma série de lagoas (uma lagoa facultativa e três de maturação), em escala piloto. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram: pH, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-am.), fósforo total (Pt), coliformes totais (CT) e Escherichia coli (EC). As lagoas de pós-tratamento contribuíram eficientemente para remoção de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e sólidos, fornecendo um efluente com qualidade para o reuso agrícola ou lançamento em corpos d'água...

The performance of a post-treatment pond for treating swine wastewater from an UASB reactor was evaluated. The system was assembled with an anaerobic baffle reactor (RAC), followed by an UASB reactor (UASB) on a real scale, and a post-treatment pond on a demonstration scale. The following parameters were analyzed: pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), ammonia nitrogen (N-am.), total phosphorus (Pt), total coliforms (CT) and Escherichia coli (E coli.). The post-treatment lagoons contributed efficiently to remove nutrients, organic matter and solids, providing an effluent quality for agricultural reuse or discharge into a body of water...

Remoção de carga orgânica recalcitrante de lixiviado de resíduos sólidos urbanos pré-tratado biologicamente por coagulação química-floculação-sedimentação / Removing recalcitrant organic load of landfill leachate from urban solid waste pretreated biologically by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation

A utilização de pós-tratamentos físico-químicos no tratamento de lixiviados tem sido uma alternativa utilizada para a remoção da carga orgânica presente nesse efluente. Dessa forma, este artigo teve como objetivo avaliar a técnica de tratamento físico-químico pelo processo de coagulação química-floculação-sedimentação como alternativa para pós-tratamento de lixiviado tratado biologicamente. Para isso, utilizou-se o equipamento de reatores estáticos Jarteste, e os parâmetros monitorados para avaliar a eficiência do tratamento físico-químico foram cor verdadeira e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). Por meio da técnica de planejamento fatorial e analisando-se os resultados obtidos, pôde-se verificar que as maiores remoções de cor e de DQO foram encontradas combinando-se dosagem de 400 mgFe+3/L com pH 3,0, alcançando-se 98 e 81% de remoção de cor e DQO, respectivamente.

The utilization of physical-chemical post treatment on landfill leachate has been an option employed to remove organic compounds from this effluent. In this way, this article aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical treatment by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation as an alternative in the post-treatment of landfill leachate submitted to biological treatment. Consequently, it was used a Jar-test to monitor true color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in order to evaluate the efficiency of the physical-chemical treatment. By means of factorial design and analyzing the results, it was found that the best removals of color and COD were attained by combining a dosage of 400 mg Fe+3/L with pH 3.0, achieving 98 and 81% of color removal and COD, respectively.

Detección del virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo por captura híbrida II® según hallazgos citológicos en mujeres tratadas por lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de cuello uterino, período 2006/2010 / Detection of high risk human papillomavirus by hybrid capture II(r) according cytological findings in women treated for squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix, period 2006/2010

OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia del virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo oncogénico (HR-HPV) por captura híbrida II (r) (CH II(r)) según hallazgos citológicos en mujeres tratadas por lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales (SIL) de cuello uterino. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo de corte transverso de una serie de casos, en donde se incluyeron 122 mujeres tratadas, 79 (65%) por SIL de bajo grado (LSIL) y 43 (35%) por SIL de alto grado (HSIL) que concurrieron al Laboratorio de HPV del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, para realizarse un control post-tratamiento, periodo 2006/2010. RESULTADOS: Se observó un total del 28% (34/122) de mujeres tratadas por SIL positivas para HR-HPV, detectándose infección viral en un 20% de las mujeres con ausencia de SIL (NSIL) (22/108), 83% de las mujeres con LSIL (10/12) y 100% de las mujeres con HSIL (2/2). De las 34 mujeres positivas para HR-HPV, 10 mujeres (29%) presentaron valores altos (100 pg/mL o más) de carga viral relativa, detectándose un aumento de casos positivos con la severidad de la lesión (28% NSIL, 30% LSIL, 50% HSIL). CONCLUSION: La detección de HR-HPV por CH II(r), así como los valores de carga viral relativa altos, en especial en mujeres con NSIL podrían ayudar a identificar mujeres tratadas con riesgo a desarrollar recidivas, contribuyendo así a fortalecer el programa de prevención de cáncer de cuello uterino. .

OBJECTIVE: To determinate the frequency of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) by hybrid capture II (r) (CH II(r)), according cytology results in women treated for squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix (SIL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study of a series of cases that included 122 women treated, 79 (75%) for low grade SIL (LSIL) and 43 (35%) for high grade SIL (HSIL) attending at the HPV Laboratory at the Health Sciences Research Institute (IICS), National University of Asunción (UNA), for post-treatment control during period 2006/2010. RESULTS: A total of 28% (34/122) of women treated for SIL were positive for HR-HPV, detecting viral infection in 20% of women with no SIL (NSIL) (22/108), in 83% of women with LSIL (10/12) and in 100% of women with HSIL (2/2). Of 34 women positive for HR-HPV, 10 women (29%) had high values (100 pg / mL or more) of relative viral load, detecting an increase of positive cases with severity of the lesion (28% NSIL, 30% LSIL, 50% HSIL). CONCLUSION: HR-HPV detection by CH II(r) and high relative viral load values especially in women with NSIL could help to identify treated women at risk of developing recurrence, thereby contributing to strengthening the cervical cancer prevention program. .

Operação de filtros biológicos percoladores pós-reatores UASB sem a etapa de decantação secundária / Operation of trickling filters post-UASB reactors without the secondary sedimentation stage

A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar filtros biológicos percoladores (FBP) pós-reatores UASB operando sem a etapa de decantação secundária, em termos da remoção da demanda bioquímica e química de oxigênio (DBO e DQO) e sólidos suspensos totais (SST). O aparato experimental consistia em um reator UASB que alimentava quatro FBP em paralelo, preenchidos com diferentes materiais suporte. O reator UASB operou em regime hidráulico permanente, e três condições operacionais foram impostas aos FBP durante o período experimental. Em geral, os sistemas UASB/FBP foram capazes de promover o atendimento aos padrões de lançamento. Em condições de baixas cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV), o uso de materiais de enchimento de maior área superficial específica não proporcionou ganhos expressivos em termos de desempenho. Contudo, o uso de meio suporte baseado em espumas de poliuretano propiciou melhoria significativa na qualidade do efluente final. O uso de sistemas UASB/FBP sem decantadores secundários parece ser uma promissora alternativa para a simplificação operacional da tecnologia, e uma importante estratégia para o tratamento de efluentes domésticos em países em desenvolvimento. No entanto, o sucesso do emprego desta tecnologia fica condicionado ao correto gerenciamento do lodo anaeróbio do reator UASB, a fim de que sejam evitadas sobrecargas nos FBP.

The research aimed at evaluating the operation of trickling filters (TF) post-UASB reactors without the secondary sedimentation stage, in terms of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. The experimental apparatus consisted of one UASB reactor followed by four TF in parallel, each one filled with a different packing media. The UASB reactor was operated at a permanent hydraulic regime, while three operational conditions were imposed to the TF during the experimental period. In general, the UASB/TF systems were able to comply with the discharge standards. At low organic loading rates (OLR), no improvements in terms of organic matter removal, with the use of higher surface area packing media were observed. However, the use of a sponge-based packing media provided significant improvements on final effluent quality. The use of UASB/TF systems without secondary sedimentation can constitute an attractive alternative in terms of operational simplification of this technology, and an important strategy for domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries. However, the success of this technology is strictly connected to the correct anaerobic sludge management of the UASB reactor, in order to avoid overloads on the TF.

Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes on sleep and sleep disturbances pre- and post-antidepressant treatments in patients with major depression / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective To explore the relationship between dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes on sleep and sleep disturbances before and after a short-term pharmacotherapy in patients with major depression. Methods Sixty-six (29 male, 37 female, 34.0±9.5 years old) patients with major depression were recruited before the treatment. Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS) questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) were assessed before and after a 4-week antidepressant treatment. Results After the 4-week antidepressant treatment, depressive and anxiety symptoms were alleviated significantly, whereas sleep disturbance still persisted. And sleep quality was closely related with problematic sleep beliefs after the treatment.Conclusion Some evidences are provided for cognitive behavioral therapy during antidepressant therapy, and the therapy should be matched with problematic beliefs and attitudes.

Caracterização e tratabilidade biológica dos efluentes líquidos gerados em cabines de pintura de uma indústria moveleira / Characterization and treatability of wastewater from a dying hood of a furniture industry

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os efluentes gerados em cabines de pintura de uma indústria moveleira e avaliar a eficiência de sistemas biológicos (anaeróbio e aeróbio) para o seu tratamento. O efluente industrial apresentou elevado teor de matéria orgânica (DQO total de 634 a 2.790 mg.L-1; DBO5 total de 360 a 972 mg.L-1) e baixos teores de macronutrientes (NTK de 1,9 mg.L-1 e Ptotal de 0,5 mg.L-) e metais tóxicos. Os ensaios de tratabilidade em reator UASB (~25ºC e tempo de detenção hidráulica - TDH = 10 horas), indicaram uma eficiência máxima de remoção de matéria orgânica de 90 por cento na composição volumétrica 70:30 (efluente industrial:esgoto sanitário). A alimentação do reator UASB só com efluente industrial resultou em acúmulo de ácidos graxos voláteis e inibição microbiana, mas o uso de pós-tratamento aeróbio (TDH = 96h) garantiu elevada eficiência global (~88 por cento) de remoção de matéria orgânica.

The main objective of this work was to characterize the wastewater from the dying hood of a woven furniture industry, and to assess the efficiency of biological processes (anaerobic and aerobic) for its treatment. The physical-chemical characterization of the industrial wastewater showed a high organic matter content (total COD from 634 to 2,790 mg.L-1; total BOD5 from 360 to 972 mg.L-1), low content of macronutrients (NTK of 1.9 mg.L-1 and P of 0.5 mg.L-1) and toxic metals. The anaerobic degradation tests in a bench-scale UASB reactor (25ºC and hydraulic retention time - HRT = 10 hours) showed that a maximum removal efficiency of 90 percent was obtained when the reactor was fed with 30 percent raw sewage and 70 percent industrial wastewater. The feeding of UASB reactor with only industrial wastewater resulted in volatile fatty acids accumulation and microbial inhibition; however, the use of aerobic post-treatment (HRT = 96 hours) granted a high (~88 percent) organic matter removal efficiency.