Assessing the validity of flap motility sign in predicting the extent of anterior capsular tears in phacoemulsification

Capsulorhexis is an integral step of cataract surgery, and continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis is crucial during phacoemulsification to prevent intraoperative complications. However, sometimes during phacoemulsification in complicated and hard cataract cases, rhexis extension may occur, resulting in posterior capsular rent, nucleus drop, cortex drop, and aphakia. It may not always be possible to continue with phacoemulsification in all cases. In this perspective, the authors describe a novel flap motility sign (FMS) to predict the extent of anterior capsular tear during phacoemulsification. A total of 21,678 patients underwent phacoemulsification for three years, from July 2016 to June 2019. One hundred and twenty-one patients had an anterior capsular tear. There were 102 cases (84.3%) with pre-equatorial tears and 19 cases (15.70%) with postequatorial tears. All pre-equatorial flaps were everted and fluttering, and all postequatorial flaps were inverted and nonfluttering. Posterior capsule rupture (PCR) was observed in all 19 cases of postequatorial flaps (100%). No PCR was observed in patients with fluttering and everted flaps (0%). In-the-bag and scleral-fixated intraocular lens implantations succeeded in pre-equatorial and postequatorial tears, respectively. There was no case of a nucleus drop. This study validates FMS as a predictor for identifying the extent of anterior capsular tears, thereby determining the endpoint of safe phacoemulsification and the site for intraocular lens implantation. Pre-equatorial tears allow for the continuation of safe phacoemulsification and in-the-bag intraocular implantation. Postequatorial tears necessitate timely conversion to small-incision cataract surgery or extracapsular cataract extraction.

Retrospective analysis of the role of anterior segment optical coherence tomography and outcomes of cataract surgery in posterior polar cataract

Purpose: To evaluate the visual and surgical outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with posterior polar cataract (PPC) and to evaluate the benefits of preoperative anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS?OCT). Methods: This was a retrospective, single?center study. Case records of patients diagnosed with PPC who underwent cataract surgery either by phacoemulsification or manual small?incision cataract surgery (MSICS) from January to December 2019 were analyzed. Data collected include demographic details, preoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), AS?OCT, type of cataract surgery, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and visual outcome at 1?month follow?up. Results: One hundred patients were included in the study. Preoperative posterior capsular defect was noted on AS?OCT in 14 patients (14%). Seventy?eight underwent phacoemulsification and 22 underwent MSICS. Intraoperatively, posterior capsular rupture (PCR) was seen in 13 patients (13%) and cortex drop was noted in one among them (1%). Out of 13 PCRs, 12 were found to have posterior capsular dehiscence preoperatively in AS?OCT. The sensitivity of AS?OCT for detecting posterior capsule dehiscence was 92.3% and specificity was 97.7%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 85.7% and 98.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of PCR between phacoemulsification and MSICS (P = 0.475). The mean BCVA at 1 month was found to be better with phacoemulsification than MSICS (P = 0.004). Conclusion: Preoperative AS?OCT has excellent specificity and negative predictive value in identifying posterior capsular dehiscence. It thus helps to plan the surgery and counsel patients appropriately. Both phacoemulsification and MSICS provide good visual outcome with similar complication rates.

Study-of-phacoemulsification-vs-phacotrabeculectomy-in-management-of-primary-angle-closure-glaucoma

Introduction: The study was conducted to evaluate IOP management by surgical modalities such as combined trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification and phacoemulsification surgery alone. Vision impairment is a major public health problem and the burden is increasing with increase in aged population. This study wasAims And Objectives: undertaken for study the IOP management by surgical modalities such as combined trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification and phacoemulsification surgery alone. A pre-designed prospective study was conducted at the OPD of upgraded Department of Ophthalmology at LLRM Medical College, Meerut. A total of 60 patients were divided in to two equal groups randomly and studied. Majority of the patients in both the groups wereObservation And Result: aged between 61 – 70 years. Females outnumbered males in this study which was statistically significant between the two groups. The mean pre- operative intra ocular pressure was 23.3 mm Hg in combined surgery group and 23.9 mm Hg in cataract surgery alone group. Mean Intra ocular pressure decreased regularly in each follow up more in combined group than the cataract surgery alone group. The mean intra ocular pressure after 1 years follow up in combined surgery group was 10.8 mm Hg and 13.4 mm Hg in the cataract surgery alone groups which was statistically significant. Mean BCVA before the operation was 3.2 in combined surgery group and 3.8 in cataract surgery before surgery. Mean BCVA declined after 1 year of follow up in combined surgery group was 1.9 and 2.7 in cataract surgery alone group which was statistically significant. The surgery success was complete in 80.0% of the combined surgery group and 60% of the cataract alone group. Criteria For Failure Of Surgeries Ÿ The IOP >23 MMHG at the end of 1 year or Ÿ The IOP not reduced by 20 % from base line at the end of 1 year Conclusion: This study was mainly undertaken to study the efficacy of combined trabeculectomy with cataract extraction and cataract only on primary angle closure glaucoma. This study had found that, the reduction of intra ocular pressure in both the groups but more prominent in combined surgery group than cataract alone surgery group.

Risk factors for posterior capsule rupture in mature cataract surgery: A study of 1302 cases

Purpose: To identify the risk factors predisposing posterior capsule rupture (PCR) during mature cataract surgery. Methods: A total of 1302 consecutive mature cataract cases were included in this retrospective study. A detailed examination was performed for each patient and risk factors including age, gender, systemic diseases, ocular comorbidities, surgeon, and surgery method were recorded. Cases with PCR during surgery were classified as complicated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with a generalized estimating equations method was applied for statistical analysis. Results: The overall rate of PCR was 7.30% (n=95 eyes). After adjusting for confounders, factors that remained significant on multivariate analysis were strabismus (odds ratio [OR]: 5.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.17–14.97; P < 0.001), phacodonesis (OR: 4.62, 95% CI: 2.59–8.22; P < 0.001), history of trauma (OR: 4.46, 95% CI: 1.64–12.12; P = 0.003), surgery method (extracapsular cataract extraction/phacoemulsification) (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.60–4.26; P < 0.001), and pseudoexfoliation (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.20–3.16; P = 0. 007). Conclusion: Strabismus, phacodonesis, history of trauma, extracapsular cataract extraction method, and pseudoexfoliation were found to be important risk factors for developing PCR. Appropriate preoperative and perioperative precautions for these higher?risk cases can reduce complications

Comparing the number of attempts required for complete nuclear chop using calibrated and conventional phacotip

Background: Phacoemulsification is a state of art technique with a steep learning curve the configuration of the phacotip affects the efficacy and execution of the nuclear chopping techniques. Inadequate penetration of phacotip may result in partial thickness nuclear cleavage with residual posterior plane and over enthusiastic penetration may result in posterior capsule rupture. This may be avoided if some estimate can be made preoperatively of the depth of penetration required to achieve full thickness crack.Methods: A total of 60 eyes of 60 patients with age related cataract with grade 4.0 to 6.9 (LOCS III) fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study after written informed consent. They were divided into two groups A and B with 30 patients each randomly using envelope method and were operated using conventional and calibrated phacotips respectively and the number of attempts required to achieve complete nuclear chop was noted.Results: In group A, vertical chop was safely and effectively done is 23 patients in just one attempt while it took 2 attempts in 6 patients and 3 attempts in 1 patient. In group B, it took just one attempt in 26 patients while 2 attempts were required in 4 patients. The two groups were comparable (p value 0.453) and was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: With the use of a calibrated phacotip, the surgeon already knows to what depth he has to penetrate the tip into the center of nucleus depending upon the grade of cataract which results in safe and effective chop in minimum attempts where as in the conventional phacotip, it is more of a blind process. Hence the calibrated phacotip has taken the guess work out of question.

Ruptura de la cápsula posterior en la cirugía del cristalino / Posterior capsule rupture in crystalline lens surgery

RESUMEN La cirugía de catarata constituye hoy en día un reto para el cirujano oftalmólogo. Cada año se someten a este proceder miles de pacientes con el único propósito de mejorar su calidad visual, y por tanto su calidad de vida. Es por esto que lograr un acto quirúrgico libre de complicaciones es vital para que este procedimiento se pueda efectuar sin contratiempos. El advenimiento de nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas y de la tecnología de punta hace que el cirujano de catarata esté constantemente tratando de satisfacer las exigencias de los pacientes que se someten a esta intervención. Teniendo en cuenta que dentro de las complicaciones transoperatorias una de las más frecuentes y temidas es la ruptura de la cápsula posterior, se realizó una búsqueda de diversos artículos publicados en los últimos diez años, utilizando la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, con el objetivo de conocer los principales factores de riesgo, el diagnóstico, el manejo y las complicaciones asociadas a la ruptura capsular tras la cirugía del cristalino(AU)

ABSTRACT Cataract surgery is nowadays a challenge for eye surgeons. Thousands of patients undergo cataract surgery every year with the sole purpose of improving their visual quality and thus their quality of life. It is therefore crucial that complications do not occur during surgery, so that the procedure may be conducted without any mishap. Cataract surgeons should be aware of the new surgical techniques and state-of-the-art technology in the field to meet the demands of patients undergoing this surgical procedure. Bearing in mind that posterior capsule rupture is one of the most common and feared intraoperative complications, a search was conducted of papers published on the Infomed platform, particularly the Virtual Health Library, in the past ten years, with the purpose of collecting information about the main risk factors, diagnosis, management and complications associated to capsule rupture after lens surgery(AU)

Clinical Characteristics of Intraocular Foreign Bodies According to Entrance Location: Corneal vs. Non-Corneal

PURPOSE: To investigate differences in the clinical features of post-traumatic intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) according to their entrance locations, specifically, those penetrating the cornea and those not penetrating the cornea. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with an IOFB from January 2011 to July 2016. The patients were divided into two groups: those in whom the IOFB entered through the cornea (“corneal entrance” group) and those in whom the IOFB did not penetrate the cornea (“non-corneal entrance” group), and compared. Damage to the anterior and posterior capsule, retinal tear, and retinal detachment were analyzed, and differences in surgical techniques including the IOFB extraction route and intraocular lens implantation were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 43 eyes (43 patients) were included, with 33 (76.7%) in the corneal entrance group and 10 (23.3%) in the non-corneal group. The posterior capsule was preserved in 24.2% (eight) of eyes in the corneal group and 80% (eight) of eyes in the non-corneal group. The corneal group had significantly more posterior capsule ruptures but dramatically fewer retinal tears (39.4%) than the non-corneal group (80% retinal tears). CONCLUSIONS: The location of IOFB entrance is a predictable factor of lens capsule and retinal injuries.

Comparison of Posterior Capsule Rupture Rate during Phacoemulsification by Novice Ophthalmologists: Microscope vs. Intracameral Illumination

PURPOSE: We compared the posterior capsule rupture (PCR) rate between microscope versus intracameral illumination in phacoemulsification surgery performed by novice ophthalmologists. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 300 eyes of 211 patients who underwent phacoemulsification by novice ophthalmologists from March 2012 to October 2017. Novice ophthalmologists (n = 6) were divided into those using microscope illumination (n = 4) and intracameral illumination users (n = 2). The first 50 cataract surgery cases of each novice ophthalmologist were reviewed. The results using a phacoemulsification machine and microscopy were the same. The intraoperative complications and learning curve in each case were evaluated. RESULTS: Phacoemulsifications performed by novice ophthalmologists showed a statistically significant difference in PCR rate between the microscope illumination (19.0%, 38/200) and intracameral illumination (4.0%, 4/100) groups (p = 0.001). The incidence of PCR was reduced to 22%, 18%, 16%, 12%, and 8% per 10 cases in the microscope group, while it was 15% in the first 10 cases and 0% in 50 cases thereafter in the intracameral illumination group. CONCLUSIONS: Novice surgeons had a lower PCR rate during cataract surgery using intracameral illumination than using microscope illumination. Both groups showed a tendency for the PCR to decrease with increasing surgical cases, but the intracameral illumination group showed a shorter learning curve.

Extended focal length intraocular lens implantation in posttraumatic posterior capsular rupture

We present a case of posterior capsular defect with traumatic cataract after blunt trauma in which an extended focal length intraocular lens (IOL) was implanted in the bag after conventional phacoemulsification and anterior vitrectomy. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography performed preoperatively aided in the confirmation and documentation of the capsular integrity. Intraoperative trocar anterior chamber (AC) maintainer allowed AC maintenance without further complications. IOL was well centered postoperatively at 6 months, and the unaided visual acuity was 20/20 for distance and N8 for near. The report showed that an extended depth of focus IOL can be placed in eyes with ruptured posterior capsule for good visual outcome in posttraumatic young eyes and it may not be considered as a relative contraindication for it.

Cataract Surgery in Asian Countries – An Overview.

Cataract, the leading cause of blindness in the world, is treated with surgery, and is the most common eye surgery performed. A PubMed search was done to review the spectrum of practice of cataract surgeries in Asian countries. Coverage for surgeries varied in different countries which depends mainly on the surgical facilities available in the region or country. Outreach programs, free surgeries and reimbursement of transport influence this. The cost of cataract surgery depends on type of cataract operation, government/private hospital, and facilities provided in the hospital, day care/in patient surgery, and economic status of people in the region/country. Phaco surgery was more expensive than extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS). Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) was cheaper than ECCE in India. Local anaesthesia (retrobulbar, peribulbar, subtenon and topical) is used compared to general anaesthesia. Pain was more in topical compared to regional anaesthesia though no pain was reported for phacoemulsification under topical. Several manouveres have been utilised in difficult cases to optimise the outcomes. These include invention and modification of instruments, phacodynamic settings and surgical techniques. Specific regimes for pupillary dilatation have been recommended. In Diabetics, trenching was difficult. Elimination of cotton balls reduced fibres in the anterior chamber. Innovations in intraocular lenses (IOL) are glued IOL, Artisan iris fixated IOL, intrascleral fixation of IOL with Y sutures. Visual outcomes varied based on techniques of surgeries and types of IOLs used. The advancement of techniques and instrumentation has benefited patients with cataracts by improving outcomes.

Visual outcome following posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification in a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia

Purpose: To analyse the visual outcomes of cases with posterior capsule rupture (PCR) compared to those without PCR following phacoemulsification. The occurrence of posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification surgery for cataract can have serious implications in the visual recovery. However, recognition of PCR and proper management can yield a successful visual outcome. This study analysed the visual outcomes of cases with PCR compared to those without PCR. Methods: This is a case-control study. All patients who underwent cataract surgery from 2011 to 2012 in Hospital Melaka were traced from the National Eye Database (NED) of Malaysia. The visual outcomes were classified as good, borderline and poor as per WHO guidelines. The data was analysed with SPSS version 12 IBM. Results: Out of 80.4% (2519) of eyes that had undergone phacoemulsification (PHACO) type of surgery, 3.06% (77 cases) had posterior capsule rupture complication. There was no significant difference in the visual outcome of borderline between cases with PCR and cases without PCR (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.989; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.382- 2.560). However, cases with PCR were significantly less likely to have good vision compared to those without PCR (OR 0.335; 95% CI 0.157-0.714). Conclusion: The study reveals that a significant number of patients without PCR had good vision, whereas those with PCR did not get good vision. We would like to suggest meticulous care during phacoemulsification surgery to avoid PCR in order to obtain good visual outcomes.

Clinical outcomes of pars plicata anterior vitrectomy: 2‑year results.

Purpose: To demonstrate the safety and outcome of a surgical approach that uses pars plicata site for anterior vitrectomy during phacoemulsification procedure complicated by posterior capsule rupture and residual cortical matter. Design: Single center, retrospective, interventional, noncomparative study. Materials and Methods: Medical records of a consecutive series of 35 eyes of 35 patients who underwent pars plicata anterior vitrectomy (PPAV) were reviewed. The main outcome measures were corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity (CDVA, UDVA), early and late postoperative complications and intraocular pressure (IOP). Ultrasound biomicroscopic (UBM) evaluation of sclerotomy site and spectral domain optical coherence tomography analysis for central macular thickness (CMT) was performed. The final visual outcome at 2 years was evaluated. Results: At 2 years follow‑up, the mean postoperative UDVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]) and CDVA (logMAR) was 0.49 ± 0.26 and 0.19 ± 0.14, respectively. There was no significant change in the IOP (P = 0.061) and the mean CMT at 2 years was 192.5 ± 5.54 μm. The postoperative UBM image of the sclerotomy site at 8 weeks demonstrated a clear wound without any vitreous adhesion or incarceration. Intraoperative hyphema was seen in 1 (2.8%) case and postoperative uveitis was seen in 2 (5.7%) cases, which resolved with medications. No case of an iatrogenic retinal break or retinal detachment was reported. Conclusions: PPAV enables a closed chamber approach, allows thorough cleanup of vitreous in the pupillary plane and anterior chamber and affords better access to the subincisional and retropupillary cortical remnant with a significant visual outcome and an acceptable complication rate.

Clinical Features of Posterior Capsule Rupture during Phacoemulsification Performed by Novice Ophthalmologists

PURPOSE: To report the related factors of posterior capsule rupture and the difference of postoperative visual prognosis after phacoemulsification by analyzing clinical features of the surgery performed by ten novice ophthalmologists. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated electronic medical records of 326 patients (412 phacoemulsification cases) who underwent surgery by novice ophthalmologists certified by the Board of Ophthalmology after a resident training program. RESULTS: The number of cataract surgeries performed by each surgeon within the ophthalmology fellowship period (6 months - 2 years) ranged from 16 to 75 eyes, and perioperative posterior capsule ruptures occurred in 64 of 412 eyes (15.5%). Factors such as age, sex, laterality, axial length and clinical courses were not related to the rate of posterior capsule rupture. Nucleosclerosis was significantly related to the posterior capsule rupture rate and was especially higher in the group with a grade higher than five compared to that in the groups with a grade less than 5 based on the Lens Opacities Classification System III (p = 0.033). Factors of surgeon's subspecialty, nucleofractis method, and period between residency and the fellowship were not related to the posterior capsule rupture rate, except when considering anesthetic methods. The posterior capsule rupture rate was less frequent in the retrobulbar surgery group than the topical surgery group (p = 0.046). Postoperative visual outcomes were significantly different at postoperative day one and one month (p = 0.023, 0.022, respectively) but not at postoperative two months (p = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS: Phacoemulsifications performed by novice ophthalmologists showed a statistically significant difference in posterior capsule rupture rate between nucleosclerosis and anesthesia groups. Postoperative visual outcome differed at postoperative day one and one month but not after two months postoperatively.

Clinical Features of Posterior Capsule Rupture during Phacoemulsification Performed by Novice Ophthalmologists

PURPOSE: To report the related factors of posterior capsule rupture and the difference of postoperative visual prognosis after phacoemulsification by analyzing clinical features of the surgery performed by ten novice ophthalmologists. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated electronic medical records of 326 patients (412 phacoemulsification cases) who underwent surgery by novice ophthalmologists certified by the Board of Ophthalmology after a resident training program. RESULTS: The number of cataract surgeries performed by each surgeon within the ophthalmology fellowship period (6 months - 2 years) ranged from 16 to 75 eyes, and perioperative posterior capsule ruptures occurred in 64 of 412 eyes (15.5%). Factors such as age, sex, laterality, axial length and clinical courses were not related to the rate of posterior capsule rupture. Nucleosclerosis was significantly related to the posterior capsule rupture rate and was especially higher in the group with a grade higher than five compared to that in the groups with a grade less than 5 based on the Lens Opacities Classification System III (p = 0.033). Factors of surgeon's subspecialty, nucleofractis method, and period between residency and the fellowship were not related to the posterior capsule rupture rate, except when considering anesthetic methods. The posterior capsule rupture rate was less frequent in the retrobulbar surgery group than the topical surgery group (p = 0.046). Postoperative visual outcomes were significantly different at postoperative day one and one month (p = 0.023, 0.022, respectively) but not at postoperative two months (p = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS: Phacoemulsifications performed by novice ophthalmologists showed a statistically significant difference in posterior capsule rupture rate between nucleosclerosis and anesthesia groups. Postoperative visual outcome differed at postoperative day one and one month but not after two months postoperatively.

Rotura de cápsula posterior en cirugía de catarata: frecuencia, manejo y resultado visual / Posterior capsule rupture in cataract surgery: frequency, management and visual result

Para determinar la frecuencia de rotura de cápsula posterior (RCP) durante la cirugía de catarata, el manejo intra y postoperatorio y la agudeza visual (AV) final, se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, con fichas de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de catarata en nuestro servicio entre Abril de 2007 y Marzo de 2008. Se analizaron datos demográficos, antecedentes patológicos, AV pre y postoperatoria, alteraciones a nivel del fondo de ojo, técnica quirúrgica, experiencia del cirujano, pérdida de vítreo durante la cirugía, tipo de vitrectomía, implante de lente intraocular, complicaciones postoperatorias. Setecientos cincuenta y cuatro pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía de catarata en el periodo de estudio, 54 (7.1%) presentaron RCP. Se seleccionaron fichas de 49 pacientes con RCP para el análisis de las variables. La edad promedio fue de 69 años, 38 pacientes (76%) tenían AV preoperatoria de cuenta dedos a buena percepción luminosa, 10 pacientes (20.4%) presentaban dilatación pupilar menor a 6mm y 19 (38.8%) pseudoexfoliación capsular, 73.5% fueron operados por residentes. Se realizó extracción extracapsular en el 79.6% de los casos. El 73.5% presentó pérdida de vítreo y se realizó vitrectomía, 69.4% recibió implante de lente intraocular y 26.5% presentó complicaciones postoperatorias. El 75.5% de los pacientes llegó a una AV postoperatoria mejor a 20/140. Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa al comparar la AV postoperatoria con la presencia de complicaciones (p: 0.01). La RCP es una complicación a la que están expuestos todos los cirujanos de catarata y el manejo adecuado es fundamental para evitar en lo posible las complicaciones y lograr una buena AV.

To determine the frequency of the posterior capsule rupture (PCR) during cataract surgery, the intra and post-operatory management and the final visual acuity (VA) an observational retrospective study was carried out with the records of patients subjected to cataract surgery in our service from April 2007 to March 2008. Demographic data, pathological records, pre and postoperative VA, alterations of the fundus of the eye, surgical technique, experience of the surgeon, vitreous loss during the surgery, vitrectomy type, implant of intraocular lenses, postoperative complications. Seven hundred fifty four patients were subjected to cataract surgery during the study period, 54 (7.1%) presented PCR. Records of 49 patients with PCR were selected for the variable analysis. Mean age was 69 years old, 38 patients (76%) had preoperative AV of count fingers to light perception, 10 patients (20.4%) presented pupil dilation lower than 6 mm, 19 (38.8%) showed capsular pseudoexfoliation and 73.5% were operated by residents. Extracapsular extraction was made in 79.6% of the cases. The 73.5% presented vitreous loss and were subjected to vitrectomy, 69.4% received implant of intraocular lenses and 26.5% presented post-operatory complications. The 75.5% of the patients achieved a post-operatory VA better than 20/140. A statistically significant relation was found when the post-operatory VA was compared with the presence of complications (p: 0.01). The PCR is a complication to which all cataract surgeons are exposed to and the adequate management is essential to avoid complications as much as possible and achieve good VA.

Risk Factors for Anterior Chamber Membrane Formation After Phacoemulsification / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM: To investigate risk factors for the development of membrane formation in the anterior chamber after pha coemulsification.· METHODS: A total of 1356 patients who underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of single piece polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) IOL were prospectively evaluated. Presence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome, nuclear hardness, pupil size, phaco time, effective phaco time, systemic diseases, perioperative complications (capsulorhexis rupture, zonular dialysis, posterior capsule rupture with vitreous loss), location of IOL placement and postoperative complications (intraocular pressure changes, synechia formation) were analyzed as risk factors for development of membrane formation.· RESULTS: In 111 (8.1%) patients postoperative fibrinous anterior uveitis with membrane formation was observed. The mean time for membrane formation was postoperative second day (range postoperative 1st and 7th day). Mean duration of the presence of membrane was 5.2 days (range 1 to 48 days). Among the patients who had membrane formation, +4 hardness of the nucleus was present in 45%, while it was present in only 13.5% of patients who did not have membrane formation. The difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). In the membrane-forming group, mean phaco time was 2.4minute and mean effective phaco time was 32.8 seconds,compared to 1.8 minute and 22.1 seconds in the membrane-free group. Both parameters were significantly longer in the membrane-forming group (P＜0.05). Posterior capsule rupture with vitreous loss and sulcus implantation of IOL was seen in 33% of membrane-forming patients and in 11% of membrane-free patients (P＜0.05). Other risk factors were not statistically different between membrane-forming and membrane-free patients. On postoperative first and 7th day, the mean best corrected visual acuity in the membrane-forming group was 0.2 and 0.4 respectively, versus 0.4 and 0.6 in the membrane-free group on Snellen chard (P＜0.05). But three months after surgery, the best corrected visual acuity was similar between the membrane-forming and membrane- free patients (0.8 and 0.9 respectively).· CONCLUSION: Higher nucleus hardness, longer phaco time and effective phaco time, and posterior capsule rupture during surgery were risk factors which significantly assocaiated with postoperative fibrinous membrane formation in the anterior chamber.

A Case of Posterior Capsule Rupture after Blunt Ocular Trauma in a Child

PURPOSE: To report a case of isolated posterior capsule rupture (PCR) with cataract after blunt ocular trauma in a child. METHODS: A 6-year-old female visited our institution complaining of blurred vision (best corrected visual acuity: counting fingers at 30 cm) in the left eye three months after blunt ocular trauma. Slitlamp examination showed the cataract and PCR with intact anterior capsule. Removal of the cataract was approached via a scleral tunnel incision. Anterior vitrectomy was performed and a foldable intraocular lens (IOL) was inserted in the sulcus. RESULTS: Visual acuity was improved to 0.7 two days after the surgery and further improved to 1.0 at two months. CONCLUSIONS: An isolated PCR with cataract is a rare complication of blunt ocular trauma. We present a case of PCR after blunt ocular injury as well as a surgical procedure to safely remove the cataract via an anterior approach and implantation of the IOL in the sulcus.

Clinical Results of Posterior Capsule Ruptures in the First 1000 Phacoemulsification Cases

PURPOSE: To analyze the results of posterior capsule rupture (PCR) that occurred in the first 1000 cases performed by a newly trained phacoemulsification surgeon. METHODS: The medical records of 47 eyes of 45 patients who suffered PCR among the first 1000 cases of cataract surgery performed by one newly trained surgeon were reviewed. All surgeries started with the plan of phacoemulsification and there was no supervision by any experienced surgeon. RESULTS: Over the course of the series of 1000 cases, the PCR incidence rate steadily fell from 12% in the first 100 cases to 4.7% (47 cases) for all 1000 cases as the operator gained experience with the techniques. However, after the change of phaco machine and the technique of nucleus removal, the incidence increased abruptly to 11% and then decreased again. There was no significant difference in PCR incidence between surgeries of the first eye and the second eye of the 335 patients who underwent cataract surgery in both eyes by the surgeon (p=0.534). PCR occurred most commonly in the course of phacoemulsification (83.0%) and mainly in the eyes with severe nucleus sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: In the early stages of the career of a phacoemulsification surgeon, the PCR incidence showed a learning curve that decreased with increasing experiences, then it increased again after the change of operational procedure before finally decreasing once more. In the surgery of the second eye, poor patient cooperation could be overcome with a careful approach, and PCR occurred most commonly in the course of phacoemulsification (83.0%).

A case of isolated posterior capsule rupture and traumatic cataract caused by blunt ocular trauma

An isolated rupture of the posterior capsule that is caused by a blunt ocular trauma has been rarely reported and is usually detected incidentally during surgery for a complicated cataract. We found an isolated posterior capsule rupture on the third day after trauma in a 25-year-old man who was admitted for the treatment of traumatic hyphema and we performed a phacoemusification and anterior vitrectomy with PC-IOL, implantation because of the traumatic cataract which had progressed after the injury. The PC-IOL was implanted safely into the capsular bag without severe enlargement of the posterior capsular rupture. The break seems to function as a capsulotomy which provides a clear visual axis. We report this case with a review of the literatures.

A Case of Isolated Posterior Capsule Rupture Caused by Blunt Ocular Trauma

Isolated rupture of the posterior capsule caused by blunt ocular trauma is rarely reported and is usually detected incidentally during surgery for the associated cataract. We report a case of isolated posterior capsule rupture detected during cataract surgery in a 33-year-old man who had traumatic cataract. In this case, the ruptured posterior capsule had relatively large defect in size(5x5 mm)with thickened and fibrosed edge and vitreous opacity existed. The surgical management of this case consisted of phacoemulsification with PC-IOL implantation and pars plana vitrectomy. During surgery, although the posterior capsule rupture was large, further rupture of the capsule was prevented by the fibrosed edge which tightened the margin ofthe ruptured capsule, and so PC-IOL implantation could be possible securely.