Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from poultry farms in Kelantan, Malaysia

Aims@#Linezolid has become a decisive therapy in treating infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Currently, the emergence of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus further complicates the therapeutic options and leads to global health threat not only in hospital setting but in the community. The study aimed at antimicrobial pattern of Enterococcus isolated from 6 poultry farms in Kelantan, Malaysia.@*Methodology and results@#Between February and December 2019, 300 broiler cloacal swab sample (Gallus gallus domesticus) were collected and screened for linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) using a standard biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Among all the samples, 32.3% (n=97/300) grew Enterococcus, 71.1% (n=69/97) of it were identified Enterococcus casseliflavus by molecular identification, whilst remaining isolates 28.9% (n=28/97) were further identified as Enterococcus gallinarum by 16S rRNA sequencing. None of the isolates were found to exhibit high-level resistance to vancomycin. However, 3/97 (3.1%) were exhibit resistance to high-level gentamicin based on Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Whereas 48/97 (49.5%) of isolates were observed to be resistant to ampicillin, 28/97 (28.9%) were resistant to penicillin. Surprisingly, among the two strains isolated, 18.6% (n=18/97) of it were resistant to linezolid. Isolates showed resistance to linezolid by disk diffusion test were verified by VITEK-2 automated system (bioMérieux, USA) with MIC ≥8 µg/mL. All antimicrobial susceptibility test and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) results were interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#In conclusion, this study has reported the prevalence of linezolid resistant Enterococcus (LRE) in highly intrinsic antibiotic resistant of E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum in Malaysia poultry farms, alongside with the truancy of vanA strains. The emergence of LRE strains is an alarming problem to the animal husbandry and healthcare setting worldwide. This could lead to potentially untreatable and life-threatening enterococcal infections. Even more worrying is the spread of LRE to geographical regions where these strains were previously unreported, which may pose a global health threat. Antimicrobial surveillance in poultry husbandry is thus, dimly necessary to prevent wide spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Synanthropic diptera affecting layer poultry farms: a review / Dípteros sinantrópicos de importância para a avicultura de postura: uma revisão

The poultry farm of posture is an economic activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In this context, the control of synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the flies' species most regularly found in poultry farms are the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the Brazilian poultry industry.(AU)

A avicultura de postura é uma atividade econômica de grande relevância para o Brasil. Aspectos sanitários dos plantéis de galinhas poedeiras, tais como infestações por parasitos e pragas avícolas, influenciam significativamente os indicadores de produtividade desse setor. Nesse contexto, o controle de dípteros sinantrópicos constitui um dos desafios de avicultores e profissionais da área. No Brasil, o controle de moscas em ambientes avícolas é baseado, sobretudo, no uso de pesticidas, ao passo que o uso de outras alternativas é menos recorrente. Entre as espécies de moscas mais frequentes em granjas avícolas de postura, destacam-se Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., entre outras. O objetivo desta revisão é realizar a compilação da literatura existente sobre a ocorrência, o impacto nos sistemas avícolas, a biologia, a epidemiologia e o controle das espécies de dípteros sinantrópicos consideradas importantes para a avicultura de postura brasileira.(AU)

One Factor at A Time based optimization of protease from poultry associated Bacillus licheniformis.

Bacteria were isolated from poultry farm of Guduvanchery, Tamil Nadu, India and exhibited variable protease activity on skim milk agar plates. Of 10 bacterial isolates screened, Bacillus licheniformis strain 018 was observed as a hyperprotease producer and it was further characterized using biochemical and molecular tools. Protease production from the isolate was enhanced by optimizing the culture conditions using One Factor at A Time (OFAT) method. The bacteria exhibited its optimal enzyme activity at pH- 9.0, temperature- 35⁰C, agitation speed- 130 rpm, incubation time- 24 h, carbon source- casein and nitrogen source- yeast extract. On the other hand, the crude proteases were found to be significantly active and stable at broad range of pH (5.0-9.0) and temperature (30-60⁰C). To the best of my knowledge this is the first report on the production and enhancement of alkaline protease from poultry farm isolate using OFAT method. Stability of the enzyme at high temperature and pH can be explored for varied industrial applications.

Detection of Hepatitis E Virus RNA in Chicken Droppings and Pig Feces in Ogun and Lagos States, South Western, Nigeria.

Background/Aim: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of sporadic and epidemic cases of enteric non-A non-B hepatitis in humans. It estimated that 14 million symptomatic cases of HEV infection, with 300,000 deaths and 5,200 stillbirths occur annually worldwide, with developing countries in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast and Central Asia, the Middle East, and northern and western parts of Africa being the most affected. This study was carried out to detect the presence of HEV RNA in commercial chicken and pigs in some parts of Ogun and Lagos states, South Western, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 550 fecal samples were collected from chicken and pigs in both states. HEV RNA was extracted from the fecal samples and amplified by nested-PCR. Gel electrophoresis was used to evaluate the nested-PCR products. Results: HEV RNA was detected in 10(1.8%) of the 550 samples. This comprised of 5(6.7%) positive from chicken droppings and 5(1.7%) from pigs feces. The result also showed that 3(4.3%) of chicken droppings collected from Ogun state were positive while there was no positive cases recorded in pig feces. Similarly 2(40%) of chicken droppings collected in Lagos state were positive while 5(1.7%) of pig feces were also positive. Conclusion: The detection of HEV among commercially available chicken and pigs poses a great economic danger to poultry farmers and a tremendous public health risk to consumers of pork meat in Nigeria.

Antibacterial Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Garlic Against New Strains of Pathogenic Bacteria: An in vitro Study.

The aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of garlic at different concentration were tested against two new strains of Bacillus species isolated from poultry farm. Among all the extracts of garlic tested, the ethanolic extracts showed increased inhibitory effect with maximum zone of inhibition of 21 mm against Bacillus licheniformis strain BIHPUR 0104. The aqueous extracts were more effective compared to methanolic extracts against Bacillus subtilis strain AK but methanolic extracts were showing more inhibitory effect than aqueous extracts against Bacillus licheniformis strain BIHPUR 0104. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of garlic were active even at low concentration (5%) against Bacillus licheniformis strain BIHPUR 0104. Active compounds of garlic ethanol extracts were separated by Thin layer chromatography using Butanol:Ethanol (9:1 and 1:1) as eluting solvent and Rf values were calculated of the spots obtained. These results suggest that garlic is a potential spice to control pathogenic bacterial strain.

Antimicrobial Resistant Pattern of Fecal Escherichia Coli in Selected Broiler Farms of Eastern Hararge Zone, Ethiopia.

A study was conducted to determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from Cloacal swab of broiler chickens in selected farms of Eastern Harrarge zone of Ethiopia. Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli were done by using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. 65 selected isolates were subjected to 9 antimicrobial agents to determine their resistance by the disk diffusion method. Accordingly, the resistance of E.coli was tetracycline (90%), streptomycin (78%), ampicillin (60%), amoxicillin (56%), erythromycin (45%), ciprofloxacin (38%), and chloramphenicol (15%). None of the isolates showed resistance to gentamicin. Sensitivity was observed in case of 80%, 77%, 44%, 32%, 26%, 20%, 20%, 15%, and 10% of the isolates for chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, respectively. Intermediate resistance/susceptibility was recorded for 5-35% of the isolates. 92.3% of the isolates tested showed multidrug resistance for 2 or more antimicrobials and the highest levels (18.5%) of multidrug-resistant E. coli were observed for 3 antimicrobials accounting 7.7% for tetracycline-ampicillin-streptomycin and 10.8% for tetracycline-ampicillin-amoxicillin. This study showed resistance against the antibiotics that are commonly used in poultry. Furthermore, it was concluded that gentamicin, chloramphenicole and ciproflaxin will be the first drugs of choice to resist infections caused by E. coli in chicken in Ethiopia. These findings confirm significant increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in the E. coli isolates which is most probably due to increased use of antibiotics as feed additives for growth promotion and prevention of diseases and use of inappropriate antibiotics for treatment of diseases. Hence, excess or abusive use of antimicrobials should be guarded through judicious application of antimicrobials.

Resistance pattern of fecal escherichia coli in selected broiler farms of eastern hararghe zone, ethiopia.

A study was conducted to determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from Cloacal swab of broiler chickens in selected farms of Eastern Harrarge zone of Ethiopia. Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli were done by using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. 65 selected isolates were subjected to 9 antimicrobial agents to determine their resistance by the disk diffusion method. Accordingly, the resistance of E.coli was tetracycline (90%), streptomycin (78%), ampicillin (60%), amoxicillin (56%), erythromycin (45%), ciprofloxacin (38%), and chloramphenicol (15%). None of the isolates showed resistance to gentamicin. Sensitivity was observed in case of 80%, 77%, 44%, 32%, 26%, 20%, 20%, 15%, and 10% of the isolates for chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, respectively. Intermediate resistance/susceptibility was recorded for 5-35% of the isolates. 92.3% of the isolates tested showed multidrug resistance for 2 or more antimicrobials and the highest levels (18.5%) of multidrug-resistant E. coli were observed for 3 antimicrobials accounting 7.7% for tetracycline-ampicillin-streptomycin and 10.8% for tetracycline-ampicillin-amoxicillin. This study showed resistance against the antibiotics that are commonly used in poultry. Furthermore, it was concluded that gentamicin, chloramphenicole and ciproflaxin will be the first drugs of choice to resist infections caused by E. coli in chicken in Ethiopia. These findings confirm significant increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in the E. coli isolates which is most probably due to increased use of antibiotics as feed additives for growth promotion and prevention of diseases and use of inappropriate antibiotics for treatment of diseases. Hence, excess or abusive use of antimicrobials should be guarded through judicious application of antimicrobials.

Primer informe de celulitis cutánea por Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae en dos trabajadores rurales / First report of cutaneous cellulitis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in two rural workers

Se informan dos casos de celulitis cutánea en trabajadores de un mismo criadero de aves a corral del área rural de la ciudad de Tandil, Argentina. En ambos pacientes fue identificado E. rhusiopathiae a partir de cultivos de muestras obtenidas por biopsia. La investigación del reservorio evidenció que en todas las muestras de las excretas de aves y en dos muestras de los residuos del alimento, se aisló E. rhusiopathiae con idéntico perfil bioquímico y de resistencia antimicrobiana al de las cepas aisladas de los dos casos clínicos. Si bien son necesarios estudios moleculares para establecer la relación epidemiológica entre las cepas aisladas de los pacientes y las del criadero, se puede inferir que la fuente de infección humana fue el criadero extensivo de aves de corral.

This report describes two cases of cutaneous cellulitis in workers at the same poultry farm in the rural area of Tandil, Argentina. In both patients E. rhusiopathiae was identified from culture samples obtained through biopsy. Investigation of the reservoir showed that, in all samples of fowl waste and in 2 samples of feed, E. rhusiopathiae was isolated with identical biochemical and antibiotic resistance profiles to those of the isolated strains in the case reports. Even though molecular analyses are required to establish an epidemiologic relation between the strains found in the patients and those on the farm, it can be inferred that the source of human infection was the extensive poultry farm.